Electrostatic self‐assembly dyeing of cotton fabrics

A new approach to the dyeing of cotton fabrics using an electrostatic self‐assembly method was evaluated. Cotton fabrics were pretreated with 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonuium chloride and cationic charges were produced on the fabric surfaces. For the dyeing of cotton fabric, reactive and acid dyes were used. Oppositely charged anionic reactive/acid dyes and cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were alternately deposited on the surface of cationised cotton fabrics. Ten multilayer films of dye/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) were deposited on the cotton fabric surfaces using a padder. The build‐up of the multilayer films and the level of colour strength (K/S) achieved are discussed. Samples of cotton fabrics were also dyed with the same dyes, but using the exhaust method, and both types of dyed samples were compared. The washing, rubbing and light fastness properties were evaluated for the dyed fabrics.     

The enhanced cationic dyeability of ultraviolet/ozone‐treated meta‐aramid fabrics

Aramid fabrics were photo‐oxidised by ultraviolet/ozone irradiation. The surface properties of the modified fabrics were characterised by reflectance, attenuated total reflectance, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and surface zeta potential. The ultraviolet irradiation caused the oxygen content of the aramid fabric surface to increase, with the appearance of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, and reduced the surface zeta potential, coupled with improved water wettability. Moreover, the crystalline structure did not change after ultraviolet/ozone treatment according to X‐ray diffraction results. The modified aramid fabrics showed higher affinity to cationic dyes, which may have resulted from the newly introduced electrostatic interaction between cationic dyes and anionic dyeing sites on the photo‐oxidised surface layers. Although colour fastness to both staining and rubbing were good to excellent, colour fastness to shade change was moderate. Furthermore, the ultraviolet/ozone pretreatment and cationic dyeing of aramid fabrics may overcome the loss in the mechanical properties associated with previously recommended dyeing methods for aramid fabrics.     

Pretreatment of cotton fabrics with polyamino carboxylic acids for salt‐free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes

In this study, polyamino carboxylic acids have been used to improve the dyeability of cotton in a salt‐free reactive dyeing process. These polyamino carboxylic acids were prepared by partial carboxylation of polyvinylamine. Cotton fabric was pretreated with polyamino carboxylic acids and dyed with reactive dyes. The colour strengths of the dyed fabrics were evaluated by measuring the K/S values. The fastness properties (washing, rubbing and light fastness) of the dyed cotton fabrics were also measured. The pretreatment of cotton with polyamino carboxylic acids creates positive charges on the fabric surface. In this way, salt‐free reactive dyeing of cotton or dyeing with only a small amount of electrolyte is possible.     

Synthesis of cationic binder through surfactant-free emulsion polymerization for textile pigment applications

The cationic P(DMDAAC-BA-MMA-HEA) copolymer latex was prepared with diallyldimethylammonium chloride, butyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and hydroxyethyl acrylate as monomers via surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. The structures and morphologies of the latex were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The utilization performance of the cationic latex as a binder for pigment dyeing of cotton fabrics was investigated. FT-IR showed that the polymer was prepared successfully. TEM micrograph revealed that the hybrid latex particles were uniform spheres with the diameter ranged from 500 to 600 nm. Cotton fabric dyed with the cationic binder demonstrated 3–4 grade dry and wet rubbing fastness and 4 grade soaping fastness, which were comparable with commercial binders. Moreover, the binder can be used safely in pigment dyeing to give the dyed fabric improved hand feel and excellent elongation at break. It could be said that an efficient way to produce a binder with good performance was developed by the use of cationic emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization.     

Preparation of fluorescent pigment latex and its application on binder‐free printing of cotton fabrics

The recognized disadvantages of pigment printing are the stiff hand feel owing to the large particle size of the binder and pigments and the crosslinked binder introducing rigidity. In the current study, fluorescent pigment latex (FPL) was prepared via mini‐emulsion polymerization and further applied on cotton fabric printing in the absence of binder. The mini‐emulsions were prepared by dispersing the fluorescein in the monomers methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA) with DNS‐86 as emulsifier, hexadecane as co‐emulsifier, and ammonium persulfate as initiator. The Fourier‐transform infrared‐attenuated total refraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the fluorescein was successfully encapsulated into P(MMA‐co‐BA) and the polymer content was 91.22%. The surface morphology study revealed that compact and smooth film was formed onto the surface of FPL printings, which resulted in better hand feel and rubbing fastness as compared to the conventional printings with a large amount of binder. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45826.     

Cetylpyridinium chloride cationic finishing improves the dyeing and antibacterial properties of madder dyed cotton

In this work, after cationic pretreatment of cotton fabric with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), the compound of citric acid (CA) and succinic acid (SUA) were used as crosslinking agents to dye cotton fabrics with natural madder dye to improve the dyeing and antibacterial properties and realise the multifunctional finishing of cotton fabric. The effects of mordant dyeing, CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing, and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing on the microstructure and properties of cotton fabrics were compared. The dyeing by the three processes occurred primarily in the amorphous zone of the fibres, and all kept the original crystalline form of the cotton. CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing and CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyeing increased the thermal stability of the cotton fabric. CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton obtained excellent dyeing results with the colour depth value (K/S) of 12.3 and rubbing fastness and washing fastness of levels 4–5, and the levelness and dye permeability were acceptable. Furthermore, the antibacterial rate against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus reached 99.99%, and the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) reached 50+. Moreover, the wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) increased by 55% compared with raw cotton. This showed that CPC/CA + SUA crosslinked dyed cotton had excellent antibacterial, anti-ultraviolet, and anti-wrinkle performances.     

Synthesis and application to cellulose of reactive dye precursor of anti‐bacterial N‐halamine

To achieve textile dyeing and functional finishing in one process, a bleach‐resistant reactive dye precursor to anti‐bacterial N‐halamine was synthesised by reacting a type of dichlorotriazine reactive dye with 4‐amino‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine. The synthesised compound, which can be transformed to an N‐halamine molecule by exposure to dilute bleach solution, was used to dye cotton fabrics. After exposure to a dilute sodium hypochlorite solution, dyed cotton fabrics showed excellent anti‐bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli O157:H7, facilitating a ca. 6‐log reduction in bacteria within a short period of contact. Compared with the dichlorotriazine reactive dye, the reactive dye precursor demonstrated comparable dyeing properties including exhaustion and fixation values. No differences in rub fastness, wash fastness or bleach fastness were detected between fabrics dyed with, respectively, dichlorotriazine reactive dye and the reactive dye precursor to N‐halamine.     

Synthesis and salt‐free dyeing characteristics of cationic reactive dyes containing polyetheramine segments

A series of cationic reactive dyes containing both quaternary ammonium and polyetheramine as soluble groups and monochlorotriazine as a reactive group have been synthesised and applied to cellulose fibre by salt‐free exhaust dyeing. Investigation of the synthesis method and dyeing properties of these cationic reactive dyes showed that the best pH value for these dyes is 6, and also that these cationic reactive dyes give a high substantivity to cellulose. In the salt‐free dyeing process, their adsorption was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm during the primary exhaustion stage, but in the secondary exhaustion stage the adsorption was in accordance with the Freundlich isotherm, and their secondary exhaustion reached up to 96% and above. Moreover, the degree of fixation, the levelling, and the transfer properties on cotton fabric were good. Light fastness reached grade 5–6, washing, perspiration, and dry rubbing fastness reached grade 4 and above, but wet rubbing fastness reached only grade 3–4.     

Synthesis and characterization of waterborne polyurethane containing UV absorption group for finishing of cotton fabrics

To improve the ultraviolet resistance and color fastness of the cotton fabrics, a new multifunctional finishing agent of waterborne polyurethane containing UV absorption group (WPUUV) was synthesized and characterized with ¹HNMR and UV spectroscopy. Stability of WPUUV and their finishing performance on cotton fabrics were investigated. Results showed that the various color fastnesses such as the dry and wet rubbing fastnesses, wrinkle recovery angle and softness of the dyeing cotton fabrics were obviously improved by WPUUV, which provided good UV protection function for dyeing cotton fabrics as well.     

Study of the Influence of Gemini Cationic Surfactants on the Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Polyester Fabrics Using Naphthalimide Dyes

In this paper, the dyeing and fastness properties of three monoazo naphthalimide dyes including different imide groups (dye 1: ethyl amine, dye 2: ethyl glycinate and dye 3: glycine) on a polyester fabric were investigated in the presence of two gemini cationic surfactants (symbolized as 12‐4‐12 or 14‐4‐14) and a conventional single chain surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). The color strength (K/S) of naphthalimide dyes on polyester fabric was measured through the reflectance spectrophotometric method, and the values obtained in the presence of different cationic surfactants increased in the order of dye 3 < dye 2 < dye 1. Although the K/S values indicated that the gemini cationic surfactants had almost no effect on the dyeing behavior of dye 1, but they were effective in dyeing ability of dye 2 and dye 3. The data for dye 2 demonstrated that build up of polyester fabrics in the presence of gemini surfactants are more than the conventional cationic surfactant, and also K/S values of dye 3 on polyester fabrics were in the order: DTAB > 12‐4‐12 > 14‐4‐14. It was found that the washing and rubbing fastness properties improved with increasing the concentration of surfactants. In addition, the sublimation fastness of dye 3 was more than the other dyes owing to the presence of a polar group in its chemical structure, and the light fastness of naphthalimide dyes on polyester fabrics was generally moderate.     

Reactive dyeing of silk using commercial acid dyes based on a three‐component Mannich‐type reaction

Acid dyes are employed for commercially dyeing silk, which results in ionic bonds between the silk fibroin and the dye. This generally leads to low wet fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics. In this work, three commercial acid dyes with aromatic primary amine structures were selected to dye silk using a Mannich‐type reaction, resulting in improved wet fastness of dyed silk by forming covalent bonds between silk fibroin and dye. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing was applied to silk fabrics at both 30 and 90°C in trials. Dyeing at 90°C can shorten the dyeing time compared with dyeing at 30°C, even although dye exhaustion and relative fixation at 90°C were a little lower. The dyeing process was optimised when the dyeing temperature was 90°C, dyebath pH 4, dye‐to‐formaldehyde ratio 1:30 and holding dyeing time 60 minutes. The results showed that the dye exhaustion on silk fabrics for the three aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes exceeded 94% and their relative fixation was over 80%. Their washing and rubbing fastness reached grade 4 or higher. Hence, the colour fastness properties of dyed silk fabrics using the Mannich‐type reactive dyeing method is superior to the conventional acid dyeing method using the same aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing for silk fabrics at 90°C can be developed into a novel and rapid reactive dyeing method, promising an effective dyeing process with excellent colour fastness.     

Preparation of melamine‐formaldehyde encapsulated fluorescent dye dispersion and its application to cotton fabric printing

In this study, CI Solvent Yellow 43 was encapsulated by melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin via in situ polymerisation to prepare the core‐shell structured fluorescent pigment. Fourier Transform‐infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterise the encapsulated CI Solvent Yellow 43, indicating that MF successfully encapsulated CI Solvent Yellow 43 and that a core‐shell structure was formed. The prepared MF encapsulated fluorescent dye dispersion was also applied to flat screen printing of cotton fabrics, and the colour properties and fastness properties (washing and rubbing fastness) of printed fabrics were studied. The results showed that the encapsulated CI Solvent Yellow 43 printed cotton fabric exhibited a higher chroma and fluorescence intensity than that printed with unencapsulated CI Solvent Yellow 43. Moreover, the washing and rubbing fastness of the encapsulated CI Solvent Yellow 43 printed fabric was improved.     

The study of colour fastness of commercial microencapsulated photoresponsive dye applied on cotton,cotton/polyester and polyester fabric using a pad‐dry‐cure process

Commercial microencapsulated photoresponsive dye was applied on cotton, polyester/cotton and polyester fabric using a pad‐dry‐cure process. Colour fastness of the photoresponsive fabrics to washing, wet cleaning, dry cleaning, rubbing and light was investigated. The CIELAB colour values of the fabrics before and after testing were measured using a reflectance spectrophotometer, and the colour differences were calculated to evaluate the fastness properties. The fabrics had better colour fastness to wet cleaning and washing than to dry cleaning. The fabrics showed higher colour fastness to wet than to dry rubbing. The photoresponsiveness of the fabrics decreased with prolonged exposure time to artificial light due to low photostability of the microcapsules.     

Telechelic PEG-polymers end-capped with chromophores: Using as cationic reactive dyes and salt-free dyeing properties on cotton fabrics

In this article, telechelic polymers containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) moieties as space groups were combined with chromophores to synthesize cationic reactive dyes (BCD-R, BCD-Y, and BCD-B). The salt-free dyeing performance of these telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes on cotton fabrics was evaluated. The exhaustion and fixation of the dyes in salt-free dyeing was above 89.33 and 77.22%, respectively. The color fastness of dry rubbing for the three dyes reached grade 4–5, and their color fastness to light reached grade 5–6. Their washing fastness also reached grade 4–5, except for that of BCD-Y (grade 3–4). The results showed that the dyes possessed good leveling and build-up properties and substantivity to cellulose fiber. The zeta potential (ξ-potential) of dyed fabric was estimated, and it was found that the ξ-potential of the fabrics increased after dying with telechelic polymeric cationic reactive dyes, and the more dye that was used, the greater ξ-potential increase. The exhaustion curves of dyes were also determined, and they were much different from those of anionic reactive dyes. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BCD-R were investigated. It was found that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model gave the best fit of the experimental data at all three tested dyeing temperatures (25, 45, and 65°C) with R² values over 0.998. Both the Langmuir and Freundlich models could be used to describe the adsorption of BCD-R onto cellulose fibers and the Langmuir model fit the experimental data better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, ΔH, and activation energy) of the dye adsorption process were researched further. The results indicated that the adsorption of BCD-R onto cotton fibers was spontaneous and exothermic and that after adsorption onto the cotton fibers, the degree of freedom of the dye decreased.     

Using carbon black nanoparticles to dye the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics

Carbon black (CB) aqueous dispersion was prepared and used to dye the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics through exhaust dyeing process. The effects of CB concentration, CB nanoparticles size, dyeing bath pH, dyeing time and dyeing temperature were investigated. The color yields of dyed fabrics were evaluated on Kubelka‐Munk value K/S. The surface morphologies of cationic modified and nonmodified cotton fabrics were measured by video microscope. The fabrics presented 18.9 of the color yield with the dyeing conditions: the dyeing solution contained 2% o.w.f. CB and dyeing at 80°C for 30 min with pH 13 using a 50 : 1 liquor ratio. The images of the video microscope demonstrated a clear surface profile for the cationic‐modified cotton fabrics dyed with smaller CB particle size solutions. These results indicated that CB nanoparticles were suitable for dyeing the cotton fabrics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis of an amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer and its application in reactive dyeing on cotton as a salt-free dyeing auxiliary

A water-soluble amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer was synthesised from methyl acrylate and diethylene triamine by melt polycondensation. Its molecular weight and possible structure were characterised by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The zeta potential of cotton fabrics treated with the aqueous solution of the amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer (6 g dm⁻³) in the presence of citric acid (2 g dm⁻³) and sodium hypophosphite (3 g dm⁻³) of the liquid phase is positive at pHs lower than 7.5. Dyed with reactive dyes, the treated cotton fabric displayed a markedly enhanced colour strength, even when dyeing had been carried out in the absence of the electrolyte. The washing fastness, rubbing fastness and levelling properties of the dyed, treated cotton fabrics were also good compared with that obtained by conventional dyeing. The dyeing behaviour of Reactive Brilliant Yellow A-4GLN on treated cotton fabric was examined and found to follow a Langmuir-type adsorption curve. It is concluded that the amino-terminated hyperbranched polymer can be used as a salt-free auxiliary in reactive dyeing on cotton.     

Properties of PHMS‐g‐p [butylacrylate (BA)‐N‐hydroxyl‐methyl acrylamide (NMA)] graft copolymer emulsions

Emulsion graft copolymerization of poly(hydrogenmethylsiloxane) (PHMS) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of functional comonomer N‐hydroxyl‐methyl acrylamide (NMA) was conducted by batch emulsion copolymerization to modify the properties of polysiloxane. Morphology of graft copolymer particles was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The effect of polymerization method, PHMS content, initiator concentration, and NMA content on stability of emulsion, morphology, size of particle, and rheological properties were investigated. It has been found that stability of emulsion is better by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization than that of batch emulsion polymerization and it increased with increasing PHMS‐NMA concentration. Increasing PHMS concentration and NMA concentration, the particle size and the viscosities increase. The property of resistance to electrolytes of graft copolymer emulsions and swelling property of film were also discussed. Results showed PHMS‐g‐P [butylacrylate (BA)‐N‐hydroxyl‐methyl acrylamide (NMA)] graft copolymer emulsion has good resistance to electrolytes and the water absorption of its film increases with increasing BA‐NMA content grafted onto PHMS. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 2209–2217, 1999     

Preparation and properties of poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)‐co‐(acrylic acid)]/silica nanocomposite latex prepared using an acidic silica sol

BACKGROUND: Polyacrylate/silica nanocomposite latexes have been fabricated using blending methods with silica nanopowder, in situ polymerization with surface‐functionalized silica nanoparticles or sol–gel processes with silica precursors. But these approaches have the disadvantages of limited silica load, poor emulsion stability or poor film‐forming ability. RESULTS: In this work, poly[styrene‐co‐(butyl acrylate)‐co‐(acrylic acid)] [P(St‐BA‐AA)]/silica nanocomposite latexes and their dried films were prepared by adding an acidic silica sol to the emulsion polymerization stage. Morphological and rheological characterization shows that the silica nanoparticles are not encapsulated within polymer latex particles, but interact partially with polymer latex particles via hydrogen bonds between the silanol groups and the ? COOH groups at the surface of the polymer particles. The dried nanocomposite films have a better UV‐blocking ability than the pure polymer film, and retain their transparency even with a silica content up to 9.1 wt%. More interestingly, the hardness of the nanocomposite films increases markedly with increasing silica content, and the toughness of the films is not reduced at silica contents up to 33.3 wt%. An unexpected improvement of the solvent resistance of the nanocomposite films is also observed. CONCLUSION: Highly stable P(St‐BA‐AA)/silica nanocomposite latexes can be prepared with a wide range of silica content using an acidic silica sol. The dried nanocomposite films of these latexes exhibit simultaneous improvement of hardness and toughness even at high silica load, and enhanced solvent resistance, presumably resulting from hydrogen bond interactions between polymer chains and silica particles as well as silica aggregate/particle networks. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

核/壳型有机硅改性苯丙乳液印花粘合剂的合成及应用

以过硫酸钠(NaPS)为引发剂,苯乙烯(St)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为核单体,甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸异辛酯(EHA)、苯乙烯(St)、丙烯酸(AA)为壳单体,采用种子乳液聚合法,制备了硬壳软核型苯丙乳液,对其进行有机硅改性,得到核壳型有机硅改性苯丙乳液(简称硅丙乳液),将其用作涂料印花粘合剂。研究了核壳单体质量比、丙烯酸用量、乙烯基硅油用量对乳液性能及印花性能的影响;并用热失重分析仪和透射电镜进行了表征。较佳配方为:核/壳单体质量比为6∶4,AA质量分数为2.5%,乙烯基硅油质量分数为10%～15%。该乳液的理化性能较好,耐热性优于核/壳苯丙乳液,将其用于涂料印花,改善了堵网性,印花织物的干、湿摩擦牢度,皂洗牢度,手感以及表观得色量可以达到工业用华润粘合剂的水平。     

Novel hydrolysable azo disperse dyes based on N‐ester‐1,8‐naphthalimide: dyeing of polyester–cotton blends

The dyeing of polyester–cotton blends with new alkali‐hydrolysable azo disperse dyes based on N‐ester‐1,8‐naphthalimide was investigated. Polyester–cotton blend fabrics were dyed using both one‐ and two‐bath methods. Dyes 3 and 4 offered lower colour yield on polyester using the one‐bath method. For the rest of the dyes, employing either the one‐ or two‐bath method resulted in a similar colour yield on polyester fabric. The results for fastness properties and colour yield of the dyeings showed that the dyes were suitable for dyeing polyester–cotton blends using the one‐bath method. The kinetic study of hydrolysis of the dyes in alkali media obeyed the pseudo first‐order reaction rate.