Origin of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in central Iraqi soils

The δ18O and δD values of gypsum crystallization water together with δ18O and δ34S of sulfates were used as reliable techniques to study source of sulfur and mode of gypsum formation in selected central Iraqi soils.Six representative pedons on different geologic units were studied.The slope of 3.2 for δ18O and δD plot of gypsum crystallization water showed that evaporation was the major process of gypsum deposition in the study area.The mean δ34S value of +17.58 ‰ showed that Cretaceous sea sulfate followed by Tertiary is the source of sulfur in studied soils.The heavier δ34S value(+17.58 ‰) of the study area compared to central Iran(+13.5 ‰) proved that gypsum in central Iraq soils has been formed in the later stage of evaporation and that Iraqi landforms were cut off from the Tethys seaway after central Iran was evolved.     

娘子关泉域径流-排泄区岩溶水污染特征及成因分析

娘子关泉域径流-排泄区主要分布于山西省阳泉市,泉域内岩溶水是阳泉市重要的供水水源。分析评价了泉域径流-排泄区水质变化,结果显示岩溶水污染严重,主要污染物为SO2-₄、总硬度、TDS。岩溶水中SO2-₄的浓度来源对判别总硬度和TDS的污染源具有指示性意义,应用硫同位素(34S)计算表明采煤是岩溶水水质污染的重要原因。与2003年水质对比,地表水和岩溶水中SO2-₄来自煤系硫的比重都有所增加,尤其以岩溶水排泄区的增长速率最大。      

Ore-forming fluid characteristics and genesis of vein-type lead-zinc mineralization of Xiaohongshilazi deposit,Jilin Province,China

The Xiaohongshilazi mineral deposit in Jilin Province,China,is located in the accretion zone in the northern margin of the North China Block. The deposit contains two types of ore bodies: layered Pb-Zn ore bodies in volcanic rock and vein-hosted Pb-Zn ore bodies controlled by fractures. The vein Pb-Zn ore bodies are strictly controlled by tectonic fracture zones trending in S-N direction,which comprise sulfide veins or sulfidebearing quartz veins distributed along faults or structural fissures. The ores mainly appear mesh-vein and vein structures,and also show solid-solution separation and metasomatic textures. The metal minerals are mainly sphalerite,galena,and pyrite,etc. Wall-rock alteration includes mainly sericitization,chloritization,silicification and carbonatization,etc. Microscope observations and Raman spectroscopy analyses indicate that the oreforming fluid of the vein Pb-Zn ore bodies was mainly magmatic water with low temperature,low salinity,and a shallow depth of metallogenesis( ~ 1.5 km). Sulfur and lead isotope analyses indicate that the sulfide source is mainly formation sulfur or biogenic sulfur,which is similar to the sulfur source of hydrothermal deposit( negative( δ~(34) S values),while the main Pb source was the upper crust with some mantle input. This article argues that the vein Pb-Zn ore body of the Xiaohongshilazi deposit is a low-to medium-temperature hydrothermal vein type related to the formation of a shallow magma chamber.     

地下水硫酸盐溯源的进展、问题和发展趋势

识别地下水溶解性硫酸盐来源及其生物地球化学循环过程是保障饮用水安全和水生态安全的重要前提, 对于地下水资源的管理和保护具有重要的意义。在广泛查阅文献的基础上, 总结了不同地下水硫酸盐来源δ34S_SO4和δ18O_SO4值域范围; 综述了地下水硫酸盐溯源及硫生物地球化学循环过程解析的研究进展, 指出了存在问题和发展趋势。地下水硫酸盐来源识别方法经历了水化学方法→单同位素→双同位素→多同位素和多示踪剂定性识别→定量评估的发展历程; 因特定地域来源的硫、氧同位素差异和生物地球化学转化过程等因素的影响, 地下水硫酸盐溯源尚存在较大的不确定性。建议在地下水流系统框架上结合土地利用分布, 布置采样点采集污染源和地下水样品, 测定水化学和硫酸盐的硫氧同位素值及其他辅助性示踪剂同位素值或浓度, 利用多学科、多方法充分融合研究区水文地球化学、渗流场、土地利用等信息, 解析地下水硫酸盐的来源及其贡献, 以支撑地下水资源保护和污染防治的科学实施。      

Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry for quick detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in environmental water samples

Detection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria has largely been dependent on targeted gene sequencing technology or traditional cell cultivation, which usually takes from days to months to carry out. This clearly does not meet the requirements of analysis for time-sensitive samples and/or complicated environmental samples. Since energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) can be used to simultaneously detect multiple elements in a sample, including sulfur, with minimal sample treatment, this technology was applied to detect sulfur-oxidizing bacteria using their high sulfur content within the cell. This article describes the application of scanning electron microscopy imaging coupled with EDS mapping for quick detection of sulfur oxidizers in contaminated environmental water samples, with minimal sample handling. Scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the existence of dense granules within the bacterial cells, while EDS identified large amounts of sulfur within them. EDS mapping localized the sulfur to these granules. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the bacteria detected in our samples belonged to the genus Chromatium, which are sulfur oxidizers. Thus, EDS mapping made it possible to identify sulfur oxidizers in environmental samples based on localized sulfur within their cells, within a short time (within 24 h of sampling). This technique has wide ranging applications for detection of sulfur bacteria in environmental water samples.     

贵州普定灯盏河岩溶泉的硫同位素季节变化特征

通过对贵州普定后寨地下河补给区的灯盏河岩溶泉为期1年的泉水水文地球化学特征与水中SO2-4的硫同位素组成及季节性变化规律的分析,揭示灯盏河岩溶泉泉水中硫酸盐的来源及形成机理.结果表明:灯盏河岩溶泉的水化学类型主要为HCO-3·SO2-4 Ca2+型,具有很高的硫酸盐浓度,且变化幅度较大,SO2-4浓度为0.35~8.76mmol·L-1;灯盏河泉水SO2-4的硫同位素组成为(3.80~25.76)×10-3,反映泉水的硫同位素组成主要受土壤有机硫氧化和石膏岩层溶解的控制;泉水硫同位素组成季节性变化明显,表现为旱季大于雨季,且旱季变化平缓,主要受石膏溶解的控制,而雨季变化幅度较大,反映雨季地下水硫酸盐土壤有机硫源贡献的增加及其季节性差异.     

非质量硫同位素分馏效应研究进展

非质量硫同位素分馏效应是目前国际上最前沿的稳定同位素地球化学研究领域之一。在简要介绍非质量分馏理论的基础上,对近几年非质量硫同位素分馏效应的最新研究成果进行总结和分析。关于非质量硫同位素分馏的微观来源机制存在较多争议,有待于进一步探索;采用SF6为工作气体是现有硫同位素高精度测定的主要制样技术;非质量硫同位素分馏效应研究为火星大气演化及火星生命痕迹探询、古代大气氧化条件、地球早期硫循环、火山活动对气候的影响等重大地质科学问题的解释开辟了一条独特的新途径。最后对非质量硫同位素分馏领域研究趋势进行了探讨。     

印度尼西亚戴里Sedex型铅锌矿集区成矿流体特征及成矿物质来源:流体包裹体及同位素地球化学证据

戴里铅锌矿集区位于印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛西北部,是一个主要产于页岩、具有巨型规模的Sedex型铅锌矿。通过系统的流体包裹体测试及H、O、S、Pb等同位素分析,以对其成因进行约束。分析结果表明:①戴里铅锌矿流体包裹体均一温度范围为189~315℃,峰值为220~240℃;②δD_V-SMOW值范围为-68.7‰~-76.4‰,平均为-72.9‰,δ18O_V-SMOW值范围为+5.9‰~+19.5‰,平均为+16.6‰;③黄铁矿δ34S_CDT值为正值,集中分布在+25.49‰~+26.36‰之间;④铅同位素显示较高的μ值（9.92~10.17,平均值为10.04）和ω值（38.06~40.51,平均值为39.26）。该矿床成矿流体温度为中温（220~240℃）,成矿流体可能以岩浆水为主,有少量浅源水的加入,硫、铅均为单一来源,其中硫主要来自海水,铅来源于上地壳。      

原油中硫代金刚烷的分析鉴定和地球化学应用

硫代金刚烷在原油中普遍存在,其独特的分子结构和形成过程使其在石油工业中具有广泛应用。对目前在硫代金刚烷分析鉴别、成因机制、热稳定性和在油气领域应用等方面的研究进展及存在问题进行了系统总结。结果表明:目前原油中硫代金刚烷主要包括烃源岩生烃演化和热化学硫酸盐还原(TSR)作用两种成因机制,其中烃源岩生烃演化可形成原油中初始含量的硫代金刚烷,TSR作用可进一步生成大量的硫代金刚烷;硫代金刚烷的笼数越高热稳定性越高,在高成熟时可以发生热裂解作用;硫代金刚烷随TSR作用增强而不断富集,是TSR作用可靠的分子标志物;硫代金刚烷的δ^34S值通过TSR作用来改变,能够反映TSR作用的成因类型;在未遭受TSR作用的前提下,原油中硫代金刚烷的初始含量和δ^34S值代表着原始烃源岩的特征,可以应用于原油族群的划分。从目前的研究现状来看,硫代金刚烷的具体成因机制和详细的热稳定性界限还不甚明确;应用硫代金刚烷的含量来判识TSR作用时,要结合硫同位素和其他指标参数等结果才最为可靠;硫代金刚烷目前主要应用于TSR作用判识研究,在油-油对比和油-源对比方面的研究尚待进一步加强。     

硫对地球表层生态系统中镉迁移转化影响的研究进展:以土壤-植物系统为例

硫作为植物体内蛋白质、多种酶和其他生理活性物质的重要组成成分,具有不可替代性,是作物生长必需营养元素。由于硫元素的化学特征及其特殊的生理功能,使得硫在地表生态系统的迁移转化过程中与重金属元素镉的生态环境效应产生一定的耦合作用,并直接或间接影响镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移和累积。在一定土壤环境条件下,硫通过价态变化直接与重金属元素镉发生作用,影响镉的生物有效性; 另外,硫可通过影响植物根表铁锰胶膜的形成改变镉在土壤中的迁移性; 其次,借助植物体内有机硫化合物的合成间接影响镉在植物体内不同部位的迁移与积累。目前硫对土壤-植物系统中镉迁移积累影响的研究结果不尽一致,两种元素的相互作用存在多向性和复杂性,这可能与土壤环境条件、植物根际微域差异等因素有关,且相关综述性的工作较少。因此,本研究综合国内外相关研究,介绍了硫与镉在土壤-植物系统中的交互作用,并分析了硫影响下镉在土壤-植物系统中迁移累积的相关机制及成因,为硫素及其化合物应用于重金属镉污染农用地土壤的治理及其安全利用提供参考。      

黔西北普宜地区富关键金属元素硫铁矿地质、地球化学和S同位素特征及其对成因的约束

探讨黔西北普宜地区富关键金属元素硫铁矿的同位素地球化学特征、元素地球化学特征及成因, 可以为硫铁矿资源开发、伴生有益元素综合利用与评价及理解富关键金属元素硫铁矿聚集机制提供更为丰富的信息。在全面收集已有地质、矿产资料的基础上, 结合野外实地调查, 应用元素地球化学及硫同位素分析等方法, 对该区硫铁矿地球化学特征及成因做了较为深入研究, 并初步建立成矿模式。结果表明: 富关键金属元素硫铁矿主要赋存于中二叠统龙潭组(P₂l)底部的晶屑凝灰岩中, 矿体形态简单, 呈层状分布, 硫铁矿中共(伴)生的稀土, Li, Nb, Zr, Ga等有益元素均可综合利用。w(ΣREE)平均为431.24×10-6, 最大值为1 634.57×10-6, 一般在180×10-6~1 630×10-6之间; w(Ga)平均为32.51×10-6, 一般为25×10-6~120×10-6, 最大为120.00×10-6; w(Nd)平均为103.29×10-6, 一般为40×10-6~380×10-6, 最大为380.00×10-6; w(Li)最大值为1 366.00×10-6; w(Al₂O₃)最大值为42.17%。硫铁矿稀土元素配分模式表现为轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素相对亏损的右倾型。矿石中成矿元素Ga, Li, Zr, Ti, Se, Cd, Nb, V, Hg等元素相对富集, Ba, Sr, Zn, Te等元素相对贫化。硫铁矿石中黄铁矿硫同位素δ34S变化范围主要在-33.90‰~-18.60‰之间, 平均值-16.04‰, 为轻硫富集型, 富关键金属元素硫铁矿的硫源受生物细菌还原作用影响较大。硫铁矿主要是在沉积阶段通过微生物铁还原、微生物硫酸盐还原和化学铁还原驱动下形成的。初步认为赋存于硫铁矿中的稀土主要以类质同象替代形式赋存于黏土矿物中, 形成过程可分为风化搬运阶段、沉积成矿阶段和成岩后生作用阶段。      

莱芜潘西煤矿降低高硫煤含硫量的几点措施

根据目前国内煤炭脱硫技术的发展现状,该文分析研究了潘西煤矿的煤质特征和硫的赋存状态特征。为了降低商品煤中的硫分,潘西煤矿采取了筛选和捡选原煤中黄铁矿结核降低商品煤硫分,上下组煤合理配采降低商品煤硫分,洗选法降低硫分等措施,使煤的质量明显提高,获得了较好的经济效益。     

Production of DMS and DMSP in different physiological stages and salinity conditions in two marine algae

Dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) production by Scrippsiella trochoidea and Prorocentrum minimum was investigated to characterize the effects of physiological stage and salinity on DMS and DMSP pools of these two marine phytoplankton species.Axenic laboratory cultures of the two marine algae were tested for DMSP production and its conversion into DMS.The results demonstrated that both algal species could produce DMS,but the average concentration of DMS per cell in S.trochoidea(12.63 fmol/L) was about six times that in P.minimum(2.01 fmol/L).DMS and DMSP concentrations in algal cultures varied significantly at different growth stages,with high release during the late stationary growth phase and the senescent phase.DMS production induced by three salinities(22,28,34) showed that the DMS concentrations per cell in the two algal cultures increased with increasing salinity,which might result from intra-cellular DMSP up-regulation with the change of osmotic stress.Our study specifies the distinctive contributions of different physiological stages of marine phytoplankton on DMSP and DMS production,and clarifies the influence of salinity conditions on the release of DMS and DMSP.As S.trochoidea and P.minimum are harmful algal bloom species with high DMS production,they might play an additional significant role in the sulfur cycle when a red tide occurs.     

广西大瑶山西侧层控矿床稳定同位素特征

本文通过对大瑶山西侧成矿带泥盆系层控矿床中的铅、硫、碳、氢、氧等稳定同位素组成特征研究,探讨了本区成矿物质的来源和含矿溶液性质。认为,铅主要源于上地壳泥盆系—寒武系岩石,后生阶段有部分印支—燕山期幔源铅(基性岩)加入:重晶石硫源于寒武—泥盆纪海水硫酸盐,而硫化物矿物硫源于细菌还原海水硫酸盐成的H_2S;矿物包裹体流体水的氢、氧同位素组成说明后生期含矿热液属于大气降水深循环形成的热囱水,部分碳、氧同位素组成反映了成矿带北段可能有岩浆期后热液的叠加。据此,将本区划为前泥盆纪、泥盆纪、印支期等三期成矿作用,形成了成岩、成岩—后生和后生层控矿床系列,具有多源、多期、多阶段特点。     

Simulated perturbation in the sea-to-air flux of dimethylsulfide and the impact on polar climate

Marine biogenic emission of dimethylsulfide(DMS) has been well recognized as the main natural source of reduced sulfur to the remote marine atmosphere and has the potential to affect climate,especially in the polar regions.We used a global climate model(GCM) to investigate the impact on atmospheric chemistry from a change to the contemporary DMS flux to that which has been projected for the late 21~(st) century.The perturbed simulation corresponded to conditions that pertained to a tripling of equivalent CO_2, which was estimated to occur by year 2090 based on current worst-case greenhouse gas emission scenarios.The changes in zonal mean DMS flux were applied to 50°S-70°′S Antarctic(ANT) and65°N-80°N Arctic(ARC) regions.The re sults indic ate that the re are clearly diffe rent impacts after perturb ation in the southern and northern polar regions.Most quantities related to the sulfur cycle show a higher increase in ANT.However,mo st sulfur compounds have higher peaks in ARC.The perturbation in DMS flux leads to an increase of atmo spheric DMS of about 45% m ANT and 33.6% in ARC.The sulfur dioxide(S02) vertical integral increases around 4 3 % in ANT and 7.5% in ARC.Sulfate(S04) vertical integral increases by 17% in ANT and increases around 6% in ARC.Sulfur emissions increases by 21% in ANT and increases by 9.7%in ARC.However,oxidation of DMS by OH increases by 38.2% in ARC and by 15.17% in ANT.Aerosol optical depth(AOD) increases by 4% in the ARC and by 17.5% in the ANT,and increases by 22.8% in austral summer.The importance of the perturbation of the biogenic source to future aerosol burden in polar regions leads to a cooling in surface temperature of 1 K in the ANT and 0.8 K in the ARC.Generally,polar regions in the Antarctic Ocean will have a higher offsetting effect on warming after DMS flux perturbation.     

Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect SO_2 Emissions in the Yangtze River Delta? A Spatial Econometric Analysis

As the major source of air pollution, sulfur dioxide(SO_2) emissions have become the focus of global attention. However, existing studies rarely consider spatial effects when discussing the relationship between foreign direct investment(FDI) and SO_2 emissions. This study took the Yangtze River Delta as the research area and used the spatial panel data of 26 cities in this region for2004–2017. The study investigated the spatial agglomeration effects and dynamics at work in FDI and SO_2 emissions by using global and local measures of spatial autocorrelation. Then, based on regression analysis using a results of traditional ordinary least squares(OLS) model and a spatial econometric model, the spatial Durbin model(SDM) with spatial-time effects was adopted to quantify the impact of FDI on SO_2 emissions, so as to avoid the regression results bias caused by ignoring the spatial effects. The results revealed a significant spatial autocorrelation between FDI and SO_2 emissions, both of which displayed obvious path dependence characteristics in their geographical distribution. A series of agglomeration regions were observed on the spatial scale. The estimation results of the SDM showed that FDI inflow promoted SO_2 emissions, which supports the pollution haven hypothesis. The findings of this study are significant in the prevention and control of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta.     

广西难处理金矿固化焙烧氰化提金试验

通过对广西六梅金矿、明山金矿、金牙金矿含高砷高硫难浸金矿石进行固化焙烧—氰化提金的试验研究 ,获得了砷、硫固定率分别为 99.0 3%、97.0 4 % ,金浸出率 92 .35 %的较好指标 ,为这类难浸金矿的开发 ,展示了一种经济有效的途径     

新疆彩霞山铅锌矿床地质及同位素地球化学特征

对彩霞山铅锌矿床矿石矿物和围岩的硫、铅同位素及脉石矿物的氢、氧同位素地球化学特征进行了研究。分析结果显示,成矿物质来源于地壳和地幔的混合;硫来源主要为同化了海水硫酸盐的岩浆硫,并有少量生物还原硫参与。氢、氧同位素指示成矿流体早期可能有岩浆热液,主成矿期主要是地层中的建造水参与成矿。     

西天山喇嘛萨依铜矿地质特征及成因

喇嘛萨依铜矿位于天山西段库松木切克山北坡,产于中元古界蓟县系库松木切克群。矿体的赋存和形态严格受地层层位、岩相和构造的控制。容矿岩石主要为钾长岩、硅质岩等热液沉积岩。矿体有与围岩整合的层状和切穿围岩层理的脉状两种产状形态。成矿物质来源于深部地层的循环热液,属海底喷气沉积-再造型层控矿床。