Rectal localized giant inflammatory polyposis with indeterminate colitis

Only two cases of rectal giant inflammatory polyposis with ulcerative colitis have been reported in the English literature and both concern children. This is the first report of a case of localized giant inflammatory polyposis of the rectum in an adult with indeterminate colitis. A 71-year-old man underwent sigmoidectomy due to stenosis of the sigmoid colon. Final histological diagnosis was indeterminate colitis. Three years following the first operation, a rectal tumor with giant polyposis was observed, and abdominoperineal resection was performed. Macroscopic and microscopic examination indicated a localized giant inflammatory polyposis of the rectum.     

Ascending Colon Stenosis:A Rare Presentation of Perforated Appendicitis

Abstract : Described is a 49-year-old Japanese male who developed an ascending colon stenosis secondary to perforated appendicitis. The patient was examined at our hospital because of an abdominal pain and the presence of a firm mass in the right flank. A barium enema and colonoscopic examination revealed an ascending colon stenosis with multiple nodular elevations. On laparotomy, an inflammatory mass, originating from a ruptured appendix, was found adhered to the cecum and the ascending colon. Thus, a right hemicolectomy was performed. Microscopic examination revealed a periappendiceal abscess with marked submucosal fibrosis and lymphoid hyperplasia of the ascending colon and cecum. Large intestinal stenosis is a rare complication of appendicitis, and there have been only a few reported cases involving the ascending and sigmoid colon, and the rectum. In these cases, however, the polypoid lesions as seen in our case have never been described. In reviewing the literature, we found only two other cases in which a coarse or a polypoid lesion, similar to our case, was noted in the cecum, though the mucosal change was localized and luminal stenosis did not occur. Thus, when a patient with an ascending colon stenosis is encountered, a possibility of periappendiceal abscess must be kept in mind.     

Systemic lupus erythematosus with a giant rectal ulcer and perforation.

A 41-year-old man with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who developed pelvic inflammation due to perforation of a giant rectal ulcer is described. The patient presented with persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever without development of disease activity of SLE. Endoscopic and radiological examinations revealed a perforated giant ulcer on the posterior wall at the rectum below the peritoneal evagination. The ulcerated area was decreased after a colostomy was performed at the transverse colon to preserve anal function. The patient is currently being monitored on an outpatient basis. It should be noted that life-threatening complications such as perforated ulcer of the intestinal tract could occur without SLE disease activity.     

Communicating multiple tubular enteric duplication with toxic megacolon in an infant: A case report

Rationale:Gastrointestinal tract duplication is a rare congenial anomaly which can be found anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. While many patients are incidentally diagnosed during operation, in some cases it can present with severe gastrointestinal symptoms. In this case report, the patient presented with signs of toxic megacolon leading to rapid aggravation of inflammatory shock.Patient concerns:A 49-day old male infant presented with fever, poor feeding, and severe abdominal distension.Diagnosis:Abdominal ultrasonography was done. During the examination, a foley catheter was inserted through the anus to evaluate bowel patency and enable rectal decompression. The tip of the foley catheter was located in a separate narrower tubular lumen adjacent to the distended rectum. These findings suggested possibility of a tubular duplication cyst of the rectum as the culprit for the bowel obstruction.Interventions:The patient underwent emergency laparotomy. Findings showed multiple tubular intestinal duplications involving the ileum, appendix, cecum, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. The true lumen of the rectosigmoid colon was completely collapsed while the adjacent tubular cyst remained severely distended and stool passage was not possible. Decompression of the sigmoid colon was done with loop colostomy with both the wall of the true bowel and enteric cyst forming the colostomy orifice.Outcomes:After 40 days of postoperative care, the patient was discharged with no immediate complications. Four months after the initial operation, colostomy take-down and transanal rectal common wall division was done. No complications were observed.Lessons:To our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported where a rare presentation of intestinal duplication resulted in an acute presentation toxic megacolon. Such emergency cases can be effectively treated with emergency surgical bowel decompression and elective common wall division.     

The value of colonoscopy to assess rectal bleeding in patients referred from Primary Care Units.

OBJECTIVES: Rectal bleeding is very common in the general population. It is produced mainly because of benign disease originating in the anus and the rectum. Our aim was to evaluate the need for colonoscopy in patients presenting with rectal bleeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients referred from Primary Care Units and complaining of rectal bleeding were included prospectively in a three-month study. All patients underwent a careful medical history along with physical examination, laboratory tests, and colonoscopy. RESULTS: 126 patients with a mean age of 49.2 years (range: 19-80) were studied. Rectal digital examination was abnormal in 75 cases (59.5%). Severe disease was encountered in 22 patients (neoplasm, angiodysplasia, and inflammatory bowel disease); 10 patients had polyps, 6 had colorectal cancer, and 6 had inflammatory bowel disease. Out of 63 patients younger than 50 years, 5 had severe disease, all of them in the form of inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS: A neoplasm of the rectum and colon in patients younger than 50 years is a rare event. A colonoscopy must be performed in this group of patients to rule out inflammatory bowel disease.     

Results of reoperations in colorectal anastomotic strictures

PURPOSE: The incidence of colorectal anastomotic strictures varies from 3 to 30 percent. Most of these anastomotic strictures are simple narrowings shorter than 1 cm that can be successfully treated by dilation or endoscopic alternatives. However, up to 28 percent of patients will require surgical correction. This can be technically difficult, with the possibility of a permanent colostomy. This study reports the outcomes after operative treatment of severe strictures of colorectal anastomoses. METHODS: From August 1992 to October 1996, 27 patients were referred for surgical treatment of severe rectal anastomotic strictures. The reasons for the initial surgery were as follows: rectal cancer (13), diverticular disease (7), Hirschsprung's disease (2), rectal endometriosis (2), uterine carcinoma with rectal invasion (1), ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with rectosigmoid necrosis (1), and rectovaginal fistula (1). There were 15 (56 percent) stapled anastomoses, and 21 (78 percent) patients had developed a postoperative leak. RESULTS: The median time between initial surgery and diagnosis of the stenosis was 7.2 (range, 1–24) months and between the last operation and referral was 15.1 (range, 1–44) months. Stenosis was located at a mean distance of 9.5 (range, 4–15) cm from the anal verge. Eleven patients (41 percent) had been unsuccessfully dilated before referral. Surgical correction of the stenosis required 7 colorectal anastomoses for upper rectal anastomotic strictures and 20 coloanal anastomoses for middle and lower rectal strictures (19 Soave's procedures and 1 colon J-pouch-anal anastomosis). Intestinal continuity was restored in all cases. After a mean follow-up of 28.7±14 months, no recurrences were detected and functional results were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of the stenosis and construction of a new colorectal anastomosis can be performed successfully for upper rectal anastomotic stricture. For a stenosis located in the middle and lower rectum, Soave's procedure offers a good alternative, with satisfactory long-term functional results. Whichever technique is used, a permanent colostomy should rarely be required.Presented at the meeting of the European Council of Coloproctology, Edinburgh, Scotland, June 17 to 19, 1997     

Perforation of rectal diverticulum with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis: case report and review of the literature

We report a case of perforation of a rectal diverticulum with amyloidosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and review the clinicopathologic features in 21 Japanese amyloidosis patients with colorectal perforation. A 62-year-old woman with amyloidosis secondary to RA suddenly complained of abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed ascites and free air in the abdominal cavity, and many diverticula with calculi in the sigmoid colon. Emergent surgery was performed for acute peritonitis. We observed the perforation, 5 mm in diameter, of a diverticulum in the upper rectum, and many diverticula located in the upper rectum and sigmoid colon. Anterior resection of the rectum combined with sigmoidectomy was performed. The resected specimen showed many diverticula including fecaliths, approximately 7 mm in size. Histopathologically, many inflammatory cells had infiltrated around the perforation. On Congo red staining, amyloid deposits were observed in or around the small blood vessels of the lamina propria mucosa and submucosa of the rectum. Although colorectal perforation with amyloidosis secondary to RA is rare, this complication was associated with poor prognosis. Furthermore, in patients with amyloidosis, we should be careful regarding the management of colorectal diverticula.     

Wind Sock Deformity in Rectal Atresia

Rectal atresia is a rare anorectal deformity. It usually presents with neonatal obstruction and it is often a complete membrane or severe stenosis. Windsock deformity has not been reported in rectal atresia especially, having been missed for 2 years. A 2-year-old girl reported only a severe constipation despite having a 1.5-cm anal canal in rectal examination with scanty discharge. She underwent loop colostomy and loopogram, which showed a wind sock deformity of rectum with mega colon. The patient underwent abdominoperineal pull-through with good result and follow-up. This is the first case of the wind sock deformity in rectal atresia being reported after 2 years of age.     

Development of ulcerative colitis during the course of rheumatoid arthritis： Association with selective IgA deficiency

A 56-year-old woman with a 29-year history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was admitted to the hospital, complaining of high fever, abdominal pain and severe bloody diarrhea. Colonoscopy revealed friable and edematous mucosa with spontaneous bleeding, diffuse erosions and ulcers extending from the rectum to the distal transverse colon. Histopathological findings of rectal biopsies were compatible with ulcerative colitis (UC). Being diagnosed as having severe active leftside DC, she was successfully treated with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by prednisolone and leukocytapheresis. Laboratory tests revealed low serum and saliva IgA levels, which might play a role in the development of UC. To our knowledge, this is the first case of UC occurring during the course of RA, accompanied by selective IgA deficiency.     

腹腔镜下全直肠系膜切除经肛门取出标本的直肠癌根治术

目的探讨应用腹腔镜技术经人体自然通路对直肠癌患者行全直肠系膜切除术的可行性。 方法对2011年3至7月,中山大学附属第一医院12例经病理活检确诊的直肠癌患者,在腹腔镜下进行根治性全直肠系膜切除,低位直肠癌8例,高位直肠癌4例;男5例,女7例,平均年龄(61.18±7.5)岁。操作如下：肠系膜下动静脉根部切断,夹闭,切断左结肠和乙状结肠动静脉Ⅰ～Ⅲ分支,保留边缘动脉弓,用腔镜下切割缝合器在肿瘤近端预切断处切断、闭合肠管,经肛门在肿瘤远端预切断处缝闭直肠,在缝闭处下缘切断肠管。扩肛到5～6 cm直径大小,用标本袋保护,经肛门取出标本。近端结肠经肛门拖出并行荷包缝合,置入抵钉座、结扎。远端直肠(肛管)用肛门直肠扩张器显露,经肛门荷包缝合直肠残端,腹腔镜下完成经肛的结肠直肠(肛管)吻合。 结果无一例中转开腹,手术时间平均(123±85)min,平均失血量为87 ml。下切缘为2～5 cm;术后平均住院时间为8 d ;吻合口漏1例,无盆腔感染、肠梗阻、腹腔以及盆腔出血、吻合口出血以及吻合口狭窄等并发症。术后标本评估：全直肠系膜完全切除12例,环周切缘阴性12例,下切缘均为阴性,R0切除12例;平均淋巴结个数为(16.7±4.6)个,阳性淋巴结数为(4.6±1.8)个;高分化腺癌8例,低分化及黏液腺癌4例;TNM分期：Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期7例。 结论对直肠癌患者行腹腔镜辅助下根治性全直肠系膜切除术,经自然腔道取出标本,完成低位(超低位)前切除术,不违背肿瘤根治原则,同时在技术上是安全和可行的,可避免另加腹部小切口取出标本。     

腹部弧形切口行乙状结肠、直肠肿瘤切除术45例分析

目的探讨腹部弧形切口行乙状结肠、直肠肿瘤手术治疗中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析齐齐哈尔市第一医院肿瘤外科2014年7月至2016年6月间45例行腹部弧形切口乙状结肠、直肠肿瘤治疗患者的临床资料。 结果45例患者均行腹部弧形切口并顺利完成手术,无副损伤出现,中位术后镇痛时间1.8天,中位排气时间3.2天,中位淋巴结清扫数14枚,中位切口长度11 cm,手术时间、出血量及并发症、住院时间与以往的传统手术相比并无明显增加。 结论腹部弧形切口能够有效完成乙状结肠、直肠肿瘤手术,具有手术切口隐蔽、美观、术后疼痛感轻的优点、符合快速康复外科及美容外科的理念,并且手术操作较简单便于基层医院开展,而手术风险及并发症并未增加。因此腹部弧形切口值得在临床中推广应用。     

Toxic pseudomembranous colitis in a patient with ulcerative colitis

Toxic colitis is a severe disease that may be caused by several inflammatory and/or infectious diseases. Ulcerative colitis is one of the most frequent causes of toxic colitis in the United States. Toxic megacolon complicating Clostridium difficile colitis is a rare occurrence with significant morbidity and mortality. CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old male presented with rectal bleeding and tenesmus. He had been treated for amebiasis with metronidazole, and had improved. Two weeks later, symptoms recurred, and he was referred to our hospital. A sigmoidoscopy and biopsies demonstrated mucosal ulcerative colitis. He underwent treatment with systemic prednisone, mesalamine, and hydrocortisone enemas with adequate response. He was asymptomatic for 2 months, but later presented with a tender abdomen and rectal bleeding. Plain abdominal and thorax films showed colonic distention and free intraperitoneal air. Emergency laparotomy was performed, and an inflamed and distended colon, with free inflammatory liquid in the peritoneum, was found. A total abdominal colectomy with temporary ileostomy and Hartmann's pouch was performed. The histopathology analysis demonstrated a Clostridium difficile pseudomembranous colitis. CONCLUSION: The presence of toxic megacolon due to Clostridium difficile in patients with ulcerative colitis is a rare complication that may be suspected in patients with initial relapse who are on antibiotics.     

Bowel function following sutured abdominal rectopexy

Aim of this investigation was to validate a previous pilot study which indicated that in properly selected patients with rectal prolapse, the simple sutured abdominal rectopexy adequately controls prolapse, improves continence and does not worsen constipation. Patients with overt procidentia recti without severe constipation and without redundant sigmoid colon were enrolled into the present study. Anatomical and functional outcomes were prospectively evaluated. The study group comprised 54 female and 3 male patients with overt, full-thickness rectal prolapse. The entry criteria excluded “slow transit” constipation and redundant sigmoid colon, but permitted mild or moderate “outlet obstruction” constipation. Among the patients, 75% also suffered also from different grades of incontinence. Abdominal rectopexy without prosthetic mesh and without resection was performed. The operation involved posterior and lateral mobilization of the rectum and direct suture of mesorectum to the presacral fascia. The mean follow-up was 38 months. Anatomical control was achieved in all patients. Fecal incontinence was present in 75% of the patients before the operation, but only in 30% following the operation. The overall number of constipated patients decreased after rectopexy from 65% to 40% and there was no deterioration to the severe type of constipation. In conclusion, sutured abdominal rectopexy is simple, safe and effective. It controls prolapse and significantly improves the associated incontinence. The anatomical and functional characteristics of the individual patient should guide the choice of the best operation for rectal prolapse. Received: 15 September 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 10 October 1999     

Perforated rectal lymphoma in a renal transplant recipient

PURPOSE: We report the case of a renal transplant recipient with rectal lymphoma manifested by sudden onset of abdominal pain from a perforated rectum who was treated successfully with prompt surgical resection and reduction of immunosuppressants. METHODS: An emergent anterior resection with Hartmann's procedure was done. Immunosuppressants were drastically reduced by discontinuation of cyclosporine. RESULTS: Pathologic examination showed diffusely infiltrated large-cell malignant lymphoma with an immunoblastic feature. The patient has been followed-up for four years, with no tumor recurrence or graft rejection. CONCLUSION: Rectal lymphoma, although rare, should be kept in the list of differential diagnoses for transplant recipients who exhibit lower gastrointestinal bleeding, intestinal obstruction, or abdominal pain.     

Anticoagulation therapy dramatically improved severe sigmoiditis with findings resembling inflammatory bowel disease, which was caused by mesenteric venous thrombosis

Mesenteric venous thrombosis is an insidious disease, with a high mortality rate typically attributed to the long delay in diagnosis. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important. Here, we present a patient with idiopathic inferior mesenteric venous (IMV) thrombosis. A 65-year-old man presented with constant abdominal pain associated with fever and bloody diarrhea. He was diagnosed with severe ulcerative colitis and was treated with mesalazine and prednisolone. The prednisolone was tapered because of liver dysfunction, and he received total parenteral nutrition for a month. His abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea worsened, and he lost 5?kg of weight. He was then transferred to our institute. Computed tomography showed thickening of the left colon. Colonoscopy showed diffuse colitis with multiple ulcers, large edematous folds, congested mucosa, and stenosis of the sigmoid colon, with sparing of the rectum, raising the possibility of IMV thrombosis. Angiography confirmed IMV thrombosis. Anticoagulation therapy was initiated with intravenous heparin followed by oral warfarin. His abdominal pain and diarrhea resolved, and he was discharged from hospital. Six months later, he remained asymptomatic with normal colonoscopic findings.     

Laparoscopic resection of lower rectal cancer with telescopic anastomosis without abdominal incisions

AIM:To assess laparoscopic radical resection of lower rectal cancer with telescopic anastomosis through transanal resection without abdominal incisions.METHODS:From March 2010 to June 2014, 30 patients(14 men and 16 women, aged 36-78 years, mean age 59.8 years) underwent laparoscopic radical resection of lower rectal cancer with telescopic anastomosis through anus-preserving transanal resection.The tumors were 5-7 cm away from the anal margin in 24 cases, and 4 cm in six cases.In preoperative assessment, there were 21 cases of T1N0M0 and nine of T2N0M0.Through the middle approach, the sigmoid mesentery was freed at the root with an ultrasonic scalpel and the roots of the inferior mesenteric artery and vein were dissected, clamped and cut.Following the total mesorectal excision principle, the rectum was separated until the anorectal ring reached 3-5 cm from the distal end of the tumor.For perineal surgery, a ring incision was made 2 cm above the dentate line, and sharp dissection was performed submucosally towards the superior direction, until the plane of the levator ani muscle, to transect the rectum.The rectum and distal sigmoid colon were removed together from the anus, followed by a telescopic anastomosis between the full thickness of the proximal colon and the mucosa and submucosal tissue of the rectum.RESULTS:For the present cohort of 30 cases,the mean operative time was 178 min,with an average of 13 positive lymph nodes detected.One case of postoperative anastomotic leak was observed,requiring temporary colostomy,which was closed and recovered3 mo later.The postoperative pathology showed T1-T2N0M0 in 19 cases and T2N1M0 in 11 cases.Twelve months after surgery,94.4%patients achieved anal function Kirwan grade 1,indicating that their analfunction returned to normal.The patients were followed up for 1-36 mo,with an average of 23 mo.There was no local recurrence,and 17 patients survived for3years(with a survival rate of 100%).CONCLUSION:Laparoscopic radical resection of lower rectal cancer with telescopic anastomosis through transanal resection without abdominal incisions is safe and feasible.     

Difficulty in differentiating two cases of sigmoid stenosis by diverticulitis from cancer

The incidence of colonic diverticulosis with or without diverticulitis has increased in the Japanese population due to the modernization of food and aging. The rate of diverticulitis in colon diverticulosis ranges from 8.1% to 9.6%. However, few cases of stenosis due to diverticulitis have been reported. These reports suggest that the differentiation between sigmoid diverticulitis and colon cancer is difficult. This report describes two cases of colon stenosis due to diverticulitis that were difficult to differentiate from colon cancer. Case 1 was a 70-year-old woman with narrowed stools for 1 month who underwent colonofiberscopy (CFS). CFS revealed a diverticulum and circumferential stenosis in the sigmoid colon. Barium enema revealed a marked, hourglass-shaped, 2-cm circumferential stenosis in the sigmoid colon. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography computed tomography (CT) revealed an increased FDG uptake at the affected portion of the sigmoid colon. Sigmoid colon cancer was suspected, and laparoscopic sigmoidectomy was performed. Pathological examination demonstrated active inflammation with no evidence of malignancy. Case 2 was a 50-year-old man who presented to a nearby clinic with reduced stool output despite the urge to defecate. CFS detected severe stenosis in the sigmoid colon approximately 25 cm from the dentate line. Contrast-enhanced abdominal CT revealed multiple diverticula, wall thickening, and swelling of the lymph nodes around the peritoneal aorta and the inferior mesenteric artery. A partial sigmoidectomy was performed. Pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed no changes in the mucosal epithelial surface, but a marked infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed.     

Laparoscopic high anterior resection with natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) for early rectal cancer

Laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer requires an abdominal incision to extract the resected specimen. We describe a technique for laparoscopic resection of an early-stage upper rectal cancer in a 51-year-old man followed by transanal specimen delivery, hence avoiding the need for making any additional abdominal incisions for retrieval of the specimen. Pneumoperitoneum was created, followed by medial-tolateral mobilization of the sigmoid colon, and take down of the splenic flexure and division of the inferior mesenteric vessels laparoscopically. The upper rectum distal to the tumour and proximal colon was transected with a laparoscopic stapler. The specimen was retrieved transanally via an opening in the rectal stump. The proximal colon was then delivered transanally and the anvil of the circular stapler inserted before returning it to the pelvic cavity. The rectal stump was transected again just below the opening to close off the stump, and the colorectal anastomosis was then completed intracorporeally. The patient, a 51-year-old male (BMI 18.6 kg/m²) with a 2.5-cm, early-stage posterior rectal cancer 12 cm from the anal verge, underwent the above-described procedure. Postoperative recovery was uneventful. He resumed normal daily activities 1 week after surgery. Histology confirmed a T1N0 upper rectal cancer. In the effort to minimize surgical trauma and postoperative pain, natural orifice specimen extraction techniques have been attempted. This procedure may be applicable to benign tumours and early colorectal cancer, and serves as an intermediate step between laparoscopic and natural orifice surgery.     

经会阴平面超低位直肠前切除术治疗低位直肠癌39例

目的:总结经会阴平面超低位直肠前切除术治疗低位直肠癌的手术经验.方法:回顾性分析我院2008-01/2011-10行经会阴平面超低位直肠前切除术的39例患者临床资料.结果:全组无手术死亡病例,吻合口漏2例,吻合口狭窄1例,随访4mo-3年,局部复发2例,术后排便频率2-7次/d,平均为3次/d,远期效果仍在跟踪随访.结论:经会阴平面超低位直肠前切除术是低位直肠癌行保肛手术治疗的一种有效方法.     

Intestinal permeability in humans is increased after radiation therapy

PURPOSE: Irradiation inflicts acute injuries to the intestinal mucosa with rapid apoptosis induction and subsequent reduction in epithelial surface area. It may therefore be assumed that the intestinal barrier function is affected. The aim of this study was to compare the mucosal permeability in irradiated rectum and nonirradiated sigmoid colon from patients subjected to radiation therapy before surgical treatment for rectal cancer. METHODS: Segments from sigmoid colon and rectum obtained from irradiated and nonirradiated patients were stripped from the serosa-muscle layer and mounted in Ussing diffusion chambers. The mucosa-to-serosa passage of the marker molecules 14C-mannitol, fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4,400, and ovalbumin was followed for 120 minutes. RESULTS: The permeability to the markers was size-dependent and increased linearly across time in all specimens. The passage of all markers was increased in irradiated rectum compared with nonirradiated sigmoid colon, whereas in specimens from nonirradiated patients there were no differences between rectum and sigmoid colon. Histologic signs of crypt and mucosal atrophy were found in the irradiated rectal specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Early gastrointestinal complications after radiation therapy may be the result of mucosal atrophy in addition to mucosal damage, with a loss of barrier integrity.