脱钙骨基质治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合及骨不连

目的探讨脱钙骨基质(decalcifiedbonematrix,DBM)治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合和骨不连的疗效。方法长骨延迟愈合、骨不连共57例,男45例,女12例;年龄21~65岁,平均42岁。开放性骨折17例,闭合骨折40例。骨折延迟愈合32例中,肱骨4例,股骨10例,胫骨18例;骨不连25例中,肱骨5例,股骨4例,胫骨16例。全部采用DBM于骨断端处和骨缺损区植入治疗。结果57例患者均获随访,随访时间4~37个月,平均7.8个月。骨折延迟愈合32例中骨折愈合31例,1例胫骨骨折未愈合;骨不连25例中骨折愈合23例,2例未愈合,其中胫骨1例、肱骨1例。愈合时间3~6.6个月,平均4.7个月。结论DBM治疗长骨骨折延迟愈合及骨不连,其疗效满意、并发症少。     

Early prophylactic autogenous bone grafting in type III open tibial fractures

The authors report the results achieved in patients with type III open tibial fractures who underwent primary autogenous bone grafting at the time of debridement and skeletal stabilisation. Twenty patients with a mean age of 35.8 years (range, 24-55) were treated between 1996 and 1999. Eight fractures were type IIIA, 11 were type IIIB, and 1 was type IIIC. At the index procedure, wound debridement, external fixation and autogenous bone grafting with bone coverage were achieved. The mean follow-up period was 46 months (range, 34-55). The mean time to fixator removal was 21 weeks (range, 14-35), and the mean time to union was 28 weeks (range, 19-45). Skin coverage was achieved by a myocutaneous flap in 2 patients, late primary closure in 4, and split skin grafting in 14. One (5%) of the patients experienced delayed union, and 1 (5%) developed infection. In tibial type III open fractures, skin coverage may be delayed, using the surrounding soft tissue to cover any exposed bone after thorough débridement and wound cleansing. Primary prophylactic bone grafting performed at the same time reduces the rate of delayed union, shortens the time to union, and does not increase the infection rate.     

Treatment of aseptic nonunion after intramedullary nailing fixation with locking plate

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of locking plate combined with bone grafting in the treatment of aseptic nonunion following intramedullary nailing fixation of fractures of the long bones. Methods: Thirty‐eight consecutive patients treated in our hospital between January 2004 and December 2006 were included in this retrospective study. The nonunions included 20 femurs, 15 tibias, and 3 humeri. The duration of non‐union ranged from 6 to 84 months and 21 (55.3%) of them were located around the metaphysis of the affected long bones. There were 12 women and 26 men with a mean age of 39.2 years (range, 9–70 years). Locking plate combined with bone grafting was the procedure chosen to treat every case of nonunion in this series. The clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: All patients were followed up for 6–20 months (average 11.6 months). After locking plate fixation combined with bone grafting, union was achieved in all cases, the average healing time being 5.3 months (range, 4–8 months). Infection of the superficial incision occurred in three cases (7.9%) and delayed healing of the incision in one case, all of which healed with no further complications. The function of the adjacent joints was excellent to good in 30 patients (78.9%), fair in 7 (18.4%) and poor in 1 (2.6%) after follow‐up. Conclusion: Locking plate fixation combined with bone grafting is a highly effective treatment for aseptic nonunions of the long bones after intramedullary nailing fixation, especially in the case of metaphyseal nonunion.     

Free vascularized fibular bone grafting in the management of femoral neck nonunion in patients younger than fifty years

PURPOSE: The incidence of nonunion and osteonecrosis after femoral neck fracture has been well documented. In older patients implant arthroplasty is well established as an acceptable treatment of these problems. However, in the younger population alternatives to implant arthroplasty are favored to preserve the femoral head. Surgical treatments for nonunion of the femoral neck include osteotomy, nonvascularized bone grafting, muscle-pedicle bone grafting, and vascularized bone grafting. The purpose of this study is to examine the results of free vascularized fibular grafting as a treatment of nonunion of the femoral neck in patients younger than fifty years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two consecutive patients underwent vascularized bone grafting for nonunion of the femoral neck after failed internal fixation between 1984 and 1998. The mean age of the patients was 28.7 years. There were thirteen male and nine female patients. The mean interval between internal fixation and free vascularized fibular grafting was 18.3 months. The average follow-up to date is 84.7 months (range 29 to 195 months). RESULTS: Twenty of twenty-two nonunions healed. Two patients required an additional procedure to facilitate union; one patient had iliac crest bone grafting at four months postoperatively and another underwent muscle-pedicle grafting at six months postoperatively. The average time to union for all patients was 9.9 months (range 3 to 23 months). Progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head occurred in thirteen patients. However, successful long-term salvage of the femoral head was achieved in twenty of twenty-two patients, with an average Harris hip score of 78.9. Four patients required hardware removal or exchange for intraarticular migration with no long-term clinical sequelae. DISCUSSION: Rates of complications, such as nonunion and osteonecrosis, after femoral neck fractures in young patients have been reported to be as high as 86 percent. Treatments such as osteotomy, muscle-pedicle bone grafting, nonvascularized bone grafting, and vascularized bone grafting have reported variable results. Based on the results reported in this study, vascularized fibular bone grafting compares favorably with a high union rate (91 percent initially, 100 percent after secondary procedures) and successful long-term salvage of the femoral head in 91 percent of the patients. Free vascularized fibular bone grafting represents a promising solution for this difficult problem.     

Percutaneous autologus bone marrow injection in the treatment of delayed or nonunion

Background:

Bone marrow is a source of osteoprogenitor cells that are key elements in the process of bone formation and fracture healing. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the osteogenic potential of autologous bone marrow grafting and its effectiveness in the management of delayed union and nonunion.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-eight patients with delayed union and three with nonunion of fracture of the long bones were treated with this procedure. Of these 28 cases, two patients had fracture shaft femur, one had fracture shaft ulna and 25 patients had tibial shaft fractures. The average time duration between procedure and injury was 25 weeks (range 14-53 weeks). The bone marrow was aspirated from the anterior iliac crest and injected percutaneously at the fracture site. The procedure was carried out as an outpatient procedure. All but five cases required one injection of bone marrow.

Results:

Union was observed in 23 cases. The average time of healing after the procedure was 12 weeks (range 7-18 weeks).

Conclusion:

The technique of percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection provides a very safe, easy and reliable alternative to open bone grafting, especially for early intervention in fracture healing process.     

Interlocking intramedullary nail with reaming of bone marrow cavity in treatment of tibia and femur pseudarthrosis]

The aim of this paper was to assess the results of treatment of pesudoarthrosis of the tibia and femur with reamed interlocked intramedullary nailing. A group of 17 patients with pseudoarthrosis of long bones were treated. Pseudoarthrosis were located in 10 cases in the tibia and in 7 cases in the femur. In the analysed group there were 14 male and 3 female patients (average age: 48 years). All patients were treated by locked intramedullary nailing. Complete bone union was observed in 15 cases, 1 case is still under observation (radiological signs of bone union are already evident) and in 1 case treatment failed to resolve the pseudoarthrosis. Intramedullary interlocking nailing in the treatment of long bone pseudoarthrosis give very good stability and creates very good conditions for blood vessel penetration between the bone fragments. The reaming procedure yields biologically active material that accelerates the bone union process.     

Resistant nonunions and partial or complete segmental defects of long bones. Treatment with implants of a composite of human bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and autolyzed, antigen-extracted, allogeneic (AAA) bone.

Twenty-five patients with resistant nonunions including partial or complete segmental defects were treated with a composite alloimplant of human bone morphogenetic protein (h-BMP) and autolyzed, antigen-free, allogeneic bone (AAA). The series consisted of 16 females and nine males; average age was 45 years. Preoperative symptoms averaged 30 months (range, five to 83 months); 22 of 25 patients had failed multiple attempts at electrical stimulation. Twenty-three of 25 patients had an average of three prior failed surgical attempts at union (range, one to ten). There were ten segmental defects with an average length of 4 cm (range, 2-9 cm). The composite implant was incorporated as an onlay in 15 extremities and as an inlay graft supported by internal fixation in ten extremities. Seven patients received supplementary autogeneic cancellous bone grafting. Average healing time was six months (range, three to 14 months). Average follow-up time was 21 months (range, five to 82 months). Functional results were rated as excellent, 14; good, five; and fair, five. One failed to unite because of a recurrent infection. Union was obtained in 24 of 25 patients. There were five failures of the original operation that required reoperations; union eventually occurred in four of five extremities by repeat composite grafting and replacement of the failed internal fixation. Bony union between host bone and the composite implant began at an average of eight weeks postoperatively. Present results indicate that h-BMP/AAA composite implants represent adjunctive treatment of difficult nonunions. The h-BMP/AAA composite implants may be implanted in either partial or complete segmental defects of long bones.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Percutaneous bone grafting in the treatment of the delayed union and non-union of tibial fractures

The classic method of open bone grafting in the treatment of un-united tibial fractures has been associated with some complications. A novel, minimally invasive, percutaneous technique of bone grafting is described. Forty-one consecutive patients with delayed union or non-union of a tibial fracture was treated with percutaneous bone grafting from 1993 to 1999. The mean age of the patients was 41 (15-86) years. Twenty-seven patients had grade I-III open fractures. The fractures had initially been treated in a cast (n=26), external fixator (n=14) or intramedullary nail (n=1). Two patients had an earlier unsuccessful Phemister-Charnley-type bone-grafting procedure for delayed union. The mean interval from injury to percutaneous bone grafting was 21 (13-66) weeks. Thirty-seven of the 41 un-united fractures healed in 13 (10-48) weeks after the percutaneous bone grafting. The mean hospital stay was 1 day. No infections, bleeding or neural complications existed. Percutaneous bone grafting appeared to be as effective as open techniques, and possessed considerable advantages. It is safe, time saving and economical, it involves minimal trauma at the fracture site and it avoids major donor site problems.     

Endoscopically assisted allogeneic bone grafting for atrophic nonunion of femur and tibia

BackgroundThe nonunion rate for all fractures is about 5–10%. The treatment of nonunion is based on the biologic and mechanical factors contributing to the cause of the nonunion. Debridement and bone grafting are the standard procedures used to treat nonunion of fractures.PurposeWe evaluated the results of endoscopically assisted allogeneic bone grafting performed to treat the nonunion of tibial and femoral fractures.MethodsBetween May 2006 and January 2011, eight patients (two men and six women) with tibial or femoral fracture nonunion were enrolled into our study. The average age of the patients was 35.4 years (range, 24–56 years). All patients underwent endoscopically assisted allogeneic bone graft implantation. We recorded the union status, clinical symptoms, and complications in all patients.ResultsThe average time from the fracture to surgery was 14.4 months (range, 9–22 months). The average follow-up period was 19.1 months (range, 9–28 months). Seven patients achieved bone union and only one patient required additional surgery. The average time between surgery and bone union was 6.4 months (range, 4–8 months). No major complications were reported.ConclusionEndoscopically assisted allogeneic bone grafting is a less invasive and effective treatment for atrophic nonunion of fractures.     

Interspinous wiring without bone grafting for nonunion or delayed union following anterior spinal fusion of the cervical spine

Nine patients who had unsuccessful anterior interbody fusion or subtotal spondylectomy and fusion for cervical spondylosis were treated by interspinous wiring without bone grafting. Bone union was confirmed during a mean postoperative period of 2 years and 2 months in seven patients by the disappearance of clear zones observed preoperatively in the disc space, and by continuity of the trabeculae in radiograms. One of the two patients in whom the procedure failed to unite the site of nonunion had received technically inadequate wiring with slight mobility at the wiring site; in the other patient, the grafted bone had collapsed and no sclerotic shadow of the nonunion site was seen at the time of surgery. Both patients underwent wiring after considerable intervals from the time of the initial anterior spinal fusion. We found that satisfactory bone union can be obtained for nonunion or delayed union following anterior cervical spinal fusion by interspinous wiring without further bone grafting if applied to properly selected patients.     

带蒂骨痂植骨交锁髓内钉内固定治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连

[目的]观察交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连的临床疗效.[方法]本组胫骨硬化型骨不连12例,男8例,女4例;年龄26～64岁,平均45岁,全部采用开放置入交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗.[结果]经12～72个月,平均48个月的随访,所有病例均于4～6个月内获得骨性愈合.[结论]交锁髓内钉内固定、带蒂骨痂和自体髂骨植骨术治疗胫骨硬化型骨不连具有：（1）合理的生物力学设计;（2）抗骨折旋转及短缩功能;（3）对局部血运破坏小;（4）带蒂骨痂植骨的＂架桥＂作用和自体髂骨植骨的成骨作用促进骨愈合,值得推荐使用.     

Tibio-talo-calaneal arthrodesis by retrograde intramedullary nail and bone grafting

Tibio-talo-calcaneal fusion is a salvage procedure for severe ankle and hind foot arthrosis with deformity. There are numerous techniques described in the literature but no uniformly accepted method. We conducted a retrospective study of 40 patients who underwent 43 tibio-talo-calcaneal fusions with a retrograde intramedullary nail and bone grafting. The average age was 52 years. The average follow up was 34 months. Patients were assessed clinically; radio logically, the AOFAS score and patient satisfaction. Solid fusion was achieved in 37 cases. Post-operative AOFAS score showed improvement in pain and function. The procedure was associated with high complications and morbidity including one below knee amputation. We conclude that tibio-talo-calcaneal fusions with retrograde nailing and bone grafting is a successful salvage procedure in these advanced cases to improve pain and function.     

Augmentation of bone healing in delayed and atrophic nonunion of fractures of long bones by partially decalcified bone allograft (decal bone)

Background:

Autograft from iliac crest is considered as gold standard for augmentation of bone healing in delayed and nonunion of fractures. Bone demineralized with 0.6N hydrochloric acid has shown to retain its osteoinductive capacity. We report the outcome of partially decalcified bone allograft (decal bone) in the treatment of delayed union and atrophic nonunions of bones.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty patients with clinicoradiological diagnosis of delayed union or atrophic nonunion of long bone fractures were included in this retrospective study. Patients at extreme of ages (<18 years and >60 years), pathological fractures, metabolic bone diseases, infected nonunion, hypertrophic nonunion and those having systemic illness like diabetes mellitus and on drugs that impair fracture healing were excluded from the study. Decal bone was prepared in the bone bank and maintained in department of orthopedics. Allografting was done in 20 patients of delayed union (9/20) and atrophic nonunion (11/20) of long bone fractures with mean age of 34 years (range 18–55 years). The bones involved were humerus (8/20), tibia (7/20) and femur (5/20). Fourteen patients underwent treatment in the form of internal fixation and allografting and six patients were operated with osteoperiosteal allografting.

Results:

Nineteen patients achieved union in mean time of 14.9 weeks range (range 8–20 weeks). Eight patients had serous discharge from the operative site that subsided in 11 days (range 4–21 days). One patient had pus discharge that required repeat debridement and antibiotics for 6 weeks. The fracture healed in 16 weeks.

Conclusion:

The partially decalcified bone allograft is an effective modality for augmentation of bone healing without complication associated with autograft like donor site morbidity, increased blood loss and increase in the surgical time.     

Treatment of humeral shaft delayed unions and nonunions with humeral locked nails

OBJECTIVE: To report experience with use of humeral locked nails in treating humeral delayed unions and nonunions. The following techniques yielded encouragingly good results: static locking, short-to-long segment nailing, bone grafting, fracture compression, and minimal surgical trauma. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 41 consecutive patients with 13 delayed unions and 28 nonunions were treated with humeral locked nails. Delay from trauma to surgery averaged 4.2 months for delayed union and 15.5 months for nonunion. The average age of patients was 50.2 years; average follow-up time was 23.2 months. There were 7 proximal-third fractures, 21 middle-third fractures, and 13 distal-third fractures. The antegrade approach was used for 13 fractures and retrograde for 28. Open nailing was performed in 39 fractures and closed nailing in 2. If the fracture motion was still present after nail insertion, axial compression of the fracture site was specially applied. Bone grafting was performed in the fractures with open nailing. Thirty-four fractures were nailed with 8-mm nails, and 7 fractures were nailed with 7-mm nails. RESULTS: With a single operation, all but two patients achieved osseous union in, on average, 5.6 months. One of these two patients eventually gained union after another surgery with fracture compression along the original nail and concurrent bone grafting. The second patient, undergoing hemodialysis for chronic renal failure, had persistent nonunion. At follow-up, for patients with antegrade nailing, all but four patients had less than 20 degrees limitation of shoulder abduction. For patients with retrograde nailing, all but two had less than 10 degrees limitation of elbow motion. Only the patient with persistent nonunion had continual pain and significant impairment of arm function. CONCLUSIONS: Humeral locked nailing seems to be effective for humeral delayed unions or nonunions. It may be an acceptable alternative for fractures unsuited for plate fixation, such as those with comminution, osteoporosis, or a severely adhered radial nerve.     

Intramedullary fixation and bone grafting for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia

Eleven consecutive patients with 12 congenital pseudarthroses of the tibia had intramedullary fixation and autogenous bone grafting as an initial treatment. None of these patients had previous surgeries or other concomitant procedures. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 2.5 years (range, 0.5-8.8 years). Four patients achieved initial union after the first index operation; two patients achieved union with no additional procedures, and three patients required an exchange intramedullary fixation for persistent nonunion after refractures that eventually healed. Seven patients did not achieve union after the first index operation; four patients achieved healing after multiple procedures including repeat intramedullary fixation, free vascularized fibular grafting, or both; two patients eventually had below-knee amputations after multiple procedures failed; and one patient did not achieve union of the pseudarthrosis. The important factors leading to failure of union were the distal location of the tibial pseudarthrosis and the presence of concomitant pseudarthrosis of the fibula.     

Vascularized bone grafts for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia

Eight vascularized fibula grafts and two vascularized rib grafts were used for the treatment of 10 Boyd's Type II congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. All but one vascularized fibula graft united within 4 months. The two vascularized rib grafts did not unite until receiving a conventional bone graft. Nine spontaneous fractures were seen in four patients; all were subsequently treated successfully with cast or conventional bone graft. Corrective osteotomies were done in two patients. Follow-up averaged 8 years and 5 months (range, 5 years and 1 month to 14 years and 4 months). Average age at end of follow-up was 13 years and 6 months (range, 7 years and 10 months to 20 years and 4 months). After bony union was achieved, shortening of the affected leg averaged 3.8 centimeters, flexion deformity averaged 20 degrees, and valgus deformity averaged 24 degrees. In three patients, whose leg discrepancy averaged 4.9 centimeters, the leg was lengthened at an average patient age of 13 years and 9 months (age range, 11 years and 7 months to 15 years and 2 months). The resulting limb length discrepancy averaged 2.2 centimeters. Vascularized bone grafting is a reliable technique for achieving bony union in congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia. Residual shortening may be corrected later by limb lengthening. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 17;459–469 1996     

Infected fractures of the distal tibial metaphysis and plafond: achievement of limb salvage with free muscle flaps, bone grafting, and ankle fusion

Infection after fractures of the tibial plafond is a challenging problem that may even result in amputation. The current study evaluates a limb salvage protocol and the associated long term functional outcome in 6 patients (mean age 46 years) who were treated for infection after a fracture of the distal tibial metaphysis and plafond. Our limb salvage protocol included 3 stages: 1) radical debridement and stabilization of the ankle with a bridging external fixator, 2) soft tissue coverage with free muscle flaps, and 3) ankle fusion using iliac crest bone graft for filling the existing defects measuring 4.2 cm on average. At a mean followup of 5.5 years (range, 2-10.5 years), limb-salvage and eradication of infection was accomplished in all extremities. Fusion of the ankle joint was achieved in all patients, with one patient requiring a supplemental bone grafting procedure for delayed healing of the fusion site. All patients are able to walk without assistive devices and five of six patients are pain free. Limb salvage with free muscle flaps, bone grafting, and ankle fusion is a viable option for the treatment of infected tibial metaphysis and plafond fractures.     

吻合血管股骨内侧髁骨瓣移植治疗难治性舟骨骨折不愈合

目的 介绍游离股骨内侧髁骨瓣移植的适应证和手术方法,及其治疗难治性舟骨骨折不愈合的初期随访结果.方法 以膝降动脉及其发出的股骨内侧髁骨膜血管网为基础,设计股骨内侧髁游离骨瓣移植治疗10例难治性舟骨骨折不愈合.患者均为男性,年龄23～46岁,平均29岁.近极骨折5例,腰部骨折5例.伴驼背畸形4例,近极缺血性坏死4例.骨瓣移至舟骨处充填骨缺损后,将滋养动脉与桡动脉端侧吻合,伴行静脉与桡动脉伴行静脉端端吻合.术后管型石膏制动8周,根据X线表现评估骨折愈合情况.愈合标准是舟骨位、侧位、旋前、旋后45°斜位X线片上均有连续骨小梁通过骨折线.术后半年采用改良Mayo方法评估腕关节功能.结果 所有患者均获随访,平均11(8～14)个月.10例患者骨折全部愈合,愈合时间平均12(8～16)周.腕关节功能:优3例,良6例,可1例.未出现严重并发症.结论 吻合血管的游离股骨内侧髁骨瓣移植治疗难治性舟骨骨折不愈合的优点是骨块易于切取、易于修整而又不破坏血供,供区并发症少.骨瓣移植后愈合率高,愈合时间短,较传统方法有一定优势.     

Locking compression plates for osteoporotic nonunions of the diaphyseal humerus

Poor bone quality increases the technical difficulty and complications of operative treatment of nonunions and delayed unions of the diaphyseal humerus in older patients. Plates with screws that lock to the plate (transforming each screw into a fixed blade) are intended to improve the fixation of poor quality bone. Twenty-four patients (20 women, four men) with an average age of 72 years (range, 52-86 years) were followed up for a minimum of 12 months after locking compression plate fixation of an osteopenic delayed union (nine patients) or nonunion (15 patients) of the diaphyseal humerus. Twelve patients had iliac crest cancellous bone grafts, two patients had local graft, and 13 patients had demineralized bone applied to the fracture site. All the fractures eventually healed; two healed after a second procedure for autogenous bone grafting in patients who initially received demineralized bone. Using a modification of the Constant and Murley shoulder score, the results were good or excellent in 22 patients, and fair in two patients. Locking compression plates provide stable fixation of poor quality bone in patients with delayed union or nonunion of the humerus. Successful union and restoration of function are achieved in most patients. We no longer consider osteoporosis a contraindication to operative fixation of an ununited fracture of the humeral diaphysis.