黄芪多糖配伍三七总皂苷对糖尿病模型大鼠肾脏保护作用研究

目的探讨黄芪多糖与三七总皂苷配伍对糖尿病大鼠肾脏功能的保护作用。方法 SPF级SD大鼠60只,10只为正常对照组,50只予腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,将糖尿病模型大鼠随机分为模型组、黄芪多糖组、三七总皂苷组、黄芪多糖与三七总皂苷配伍组、贝那普利组,每天给相应药物1次,连续8周。8周后测定各组大鼠24h尿总蛋白、血糖、血肌酐和尿素氮;取肾脏进行病理组织学检查。结果与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠24h尿总蛋白[(103.76±4.67)mg/24h比(13.82±4.49)mg/24h]、血糖[(28.44±3.74)mmol/L比(6.59±1.11)mmol/h]、血肌酐[(111.91±9.46)μmol/L比(44.78±4.12)μmol/L]和尿素氮[(10.90±1.76)mmol/h比(5.53±1.27)mmol/L]显著升高(P0.01);病理组织学检查可见模型组大鼠肾小球基底膜增厚,肾小管出现大量炎症细胞浸润,间质纤维化;与模型组比较,黄芪多糖组大鼠尿蛋白[(84.01±7.20)mg/24h]、血糖[(20.60±2.10)mmol/L]和肌酐[(80.58±4.52)μmol/L]明显下降(P0.05);三七总皂苷组大鼠血糖[(21.86±4.08)mmol/L]和肌酐[(77.79±5.59)μmol/L]下降(P0.05);黄芪多糖和三七总皂苷配伍组大鼠尿蛋白[(66.00±3.43)mg/24h]、血糖[(16.34±2.34)mmol/L]、肌酐[(68.94±3.22)μmol/L]和尿素氮[(7.43±1.48)mmol/L]含量均明显下降(P0.01)。各给药组肾脏病理改变均有不同程度改善。结论黄芪多糖与三七总皂苷配伍对糖尿病大鼠的肾脏具有保护作用,其作用优于黄芪多糖和三七总皂苷单用组。     

全反式维甲酸对糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质中肌成纤维细胞的作用

目的观察全反式维甲酸对糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质中肌成纤维细胞的影响。方法链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病模型大鼠24只随机分为实验组(T)、模型组(D)各12只,正常组(N)健康大鼠12只,T组给予全反式维甲酸(20mg·kg-1.d-1)植物油溶液灌胃,D组和N组分别灌注相同等量的植物油。4、8周时每组各处死大鼠6只,测量24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率、肾重/体重、血肌酐、血糖(BS)。肾组织PAS、Masson’s染色,免疫组化检测肾小管—间质α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA,肌成纤维细胞的标记)的表达。结果肾组织PAS、Masson’s染色可见T组肾小球系膜细胞和基质的增生明显低于D组,肾小管上皮细胞的肿胀、空泡变性以及肾间质的增生明显好于D组;4周时尿微量白蛋白的排泄率T组低于D组[(3.1±0.5)μg/minvs(3.4±0.6)μg/min,P<0.05],8周时更加明显[(2.5±0.4)μg/minvs(4.5±0.9)μg/min,P<0.01];4、8周血肌酐T组分别低于同期D组[(56±6)μmol/Lvs(65±4)μmol/L,P<0.05;(48±3)μmol/Lvs(69±6)μmol/L,P<0.01],肾重/体重T组分别低于同期D组(6.0±0.4vs6.7±0.6,P<0.05;5.1±0.6vs7.8±1.0),血糖差异无统计学意义[(30.1±3.2)mmol/Lvs(28.3±3.5)mmol/L,P>0.05;(28.8±5.3)mmol/Lvs(31.0±3.3)mmol/L,P>0.05];肾小管—间质α-SMA表达T组明显低于D组。结论全反式维甲酸可减轻糖尿病大鼠肾小管—间质的损害,减少蛋白尿、肾小管—间质肌成纤维细胞的数量,防止肾间质的纤维化。     

内质网应激预处理对大鼠急性缺血性肾损伤的保护作用

目的 研究内质网应激预处理对大鼠急性缺血性肾损伤的保护作用. 方法 24只雄性SD大鼠均分为对照组、衣霉素(tunicamycin,TM)处理组、缺血再灌注(ischemia reperfusion,I/R)组,衣霉素+缺血再灌注(TM+I/R)组.采用自动生化分析仪检测大鼠血肌酐、尿素氮水平, PAS染色检测肾小管损伤情况,免疫组化和Western blot检测肾组织内质网应激标志物GRP78蛋白表达. 结果 ①与对照组(0.2±0.03)比较,I/R组肾组织GRP78表达(2.4±0.17)增加(P<0.05),与对照组血肌酐、尿素氮[(47.42±6.02)μmol/L、(4.75±1.77)mmol/L]比较,I/R组血肌酐[(186.83±20.21)μmol/L]、尿素氮[(21.73±2.33)mmol/L]水平升高(P<0.05),肾小管损伤评分升高. ②TM组大鼠肾组织GRP78表达升高,但未见明显肾小管损伤,与对照组比较,血肌肝、尿素氮水平无明显变化. ③与I/R组比较,TM+I/R组大鼠GRP78表达(3.2±0.24)升高;肾小管损伤评分降低(P<0.05),血肌酐[(98.72±14.55) μmol/L]、尿素氮[(13.22±2.45)mmol/L]水平降低(P<0.05). 结论 内质网应激预处理对急性缺血性肾损伤有保护作用,其机制可能为通过激活适宜的内质网应激,上调肾组织GRP78表达,从而抑制I/R导致的过度内质网应激,提高肾组织对缺血的耐受性,减轻细胞和组织损伤,实现其对大鼠急性缺血性肾损伤的保护作用.     

骨髓间充质干细胞肾动脉注射移植修复裸鼠急性肾小管坏死

目的:探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植对裸鼠急性肾小管坏死(ATN)的修复作用,为MSCs移植治疗ATN提供实验依据。方法:5周龄裸鼠随机分为健康对照组、ATN模型组、MSCs移植治疗组。ATN模型采用50%甘油肌内注射诱导,MSCs移植采用经肾动脉注射途径向肾脏内移植增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)标记的MSCs。实验期间观察饮食、活动等变化,检测血肌酐(Scr)水平,H-E染色观察肾组织病理学变化,荧光显微镜观察EGFP标记的阳性细胞在裸鼠肾脏的分布及数量。结果:ATN模型组裸鼠肾脏肾小管上皮细胞变性、局部坏死,病变于肾皮质或皮髓交界处明显,而肾小球未见明显异常。MSCs移植治疗组的肾小管上皮细胞无混浊肿胀和细胞核固缩溶解,间质无明显的充血和水肿。MSCs细胞移植后第14天的受体鼠肾小管中EGFP阳性细胞明显增多。结论:肾动脉注射途径移植的MSCs能定位于肾小管上皮,可促进ATN中损伤的肾小管上皮细胞的修复。     

Kindlin-2介导TGF -β/Smads信号通路在糖尿病肾病模型小鼠肾小管间质纤维化的作用研究

目的 探讨Kindlin-2介导TGF -β/Smads信号通路在糖尿病肾病模型小鼠肾小管间质纤维化的作用研究。方法 将9周龄雄性db/db糖尿病与db/m小鼠分为糖尿病肾病组与正常对照组, 每组10 只, 经过12周的观察后将它们处死, 记录各组小鼠一般状态、尿液、体重和血生化指标, 行PAS和Masson三色染色观察肾脏病理病变情况, 免疫组织化学技术检测肾小管间质kindlin-2、TGF-β1、p-Smad3、Smad3、α-SMA、E-cadherin原位表达, RT-qPCR技术检测肾脏组织kindlin-2、TGF-β1、p-Smad3、Smad3、α-SMA、E-cadherin mRNA水平。结果 与正常对照组相比, 糖尿病肾病组小鼠24小时尿蛋白定量[(239.88±44.31) mg/24h比(20.16±6.03)mg/24h]、体重[(46.13±2.49)g比(23.47±2.19)g]、肾脏指数[(40.05±4.82) mg/g比(21.62±1.63)mg/g]、血糖[(49.86±7.51) mmol/L比(8.71±1.57) mmol/L]、血清尿素氮[(9.78±3.45) μmol/L比(6.02±1.65) μmol/L]、血清肌酐[(43.81±6.54) μmol/L比(29.53±3.19) μmol/L]、血清总胆固醇[(4.52±0.85) mmol/L比(2.62±0.38) mmol/L]及血清三酰甘油[(2.20±0.49) mmol/L比(0.91±0.25) mmol/L]水平明显增加,血清白蛋白 [(24.30±1.77) g/L比(33.87±3.20) g/L] 水平明显降低, kindlin-2[(1.41±0.17)比(0.91±0.16)]、TGF-β1[(2.66±0.55)比(0.90±0.19)]、p-Smad3[(1.26±0.27)比(0.49±0.12)]、Smad3[(1.60±0.38)比(0.85±0.13)]、α-SMA[(2.12±0.44)比(0.85±0.13)] mRNA水平明显增加, E-cadherin mRNA[(0.47±0.10)比(0.86±0.27)]明显降低。糖尿病肾病组肾小管间质病变较严重, 且kindlin-2、TGF-β1、p-Smad3、Smad3、α-SMA原位阳性表达强度明显增强, E-cadherin原位表达强度显著降低。结论 Kindlin-2有极大可能性经由介导TGF -β/Smads信号通路使糖尿病肾小管间质的纤维化情况加剧。     

2型糖尿病患者血内皮素和一氧化氮的改变

目的观察2型糖尿病(DM)患者血内皮素(ET)和一氧化氮(NO)的改变.方法选择确诊的2型DM患者46例,正常健康自愿者22例,测定血ET和NO,并比较2组间水平的差异.结果DM组血ET[(122.34±36.75)ng/L]较正常对照组[(39.37±8.39)ng/L]明显升高(P＜0.01),而NO水平[(7.28±4.12)μmol/L]较正常对照组[(15.68±2.58)μmol/L)]显著下降(P＜0.01).结论DM患者血NO和ET平衡失调可能同DM广泛血管损伤有关,临床使用ET拮抗剂和NO生成剂有可能对血管病变有益.     

马兜铃酸和庆大霉素对大鼠急性肾小管坏死模型肾组织氧合水平的影响

目的 探讨马兜铃酸(AA)及庆大霉素所致急性肾小管坏死(ATN)大鼠的肾组织氧合水平特点.方法 28只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组(n=12)、马兜铃酸钠模型组(AAN组,n=7)和庆大霉素组(GM组,n=9),分别背部皮下注射生理盐水、马兜铃酸钠盐生理盐水溶液(AA-I25 mg·kg-1·d-1)和庆大霉素(200 ng·kg-1·d-1)共4 d,于给药后第7天处死.给药后第4天及第7天行大鼠肾脏BOLD MR成像,并留取血、尿及肾脏标本,观察肾功能及肾脏病理改变.结果 AAN组大鼠第7天时血肌酐及尿NAG酶水平显著增高,肾脏病理结果显示,病变部位主要位于皮髓交界区,表现为肾小管弥漫性坏死,无间质水肿或炎细胞浸润.BOLD-MRI显示,AAN组与对照组相比,肾髓质R2*在第4天[(50.6±15.6)/s vs(35.6±4.3)/s,P＜0.01)和第7天[(58.4±14.8)/svs(37.8±3.6)/s,P＜0.01)均显著升高,肾皮质R2*在第7天较对照组显著升高[(40.3±14.7)/svs(28.7±3.2)/s,P＜0.05].GM组大鼠第7天时血肌酐及尿NAG酶水平均显著升高,但其肾脏R2*变化趋势与AAN组明显不同,主要表现为肾皮质R2*值在第7天较对照组明显降低[(17.7±2.7)/s vs(28.7±3.2)/s,P＜0.01].结论 急性AAN大鼠模型中肾组织存在缺氧,其特征为肾髓质的氧合水平降低早期出现并持续存在,肾皮质的氧合水平在后期逐渐降低,AAN与GM所致ATN有所不同,可能是促进肾间质纤维化持续进展的原因之一.     

热应激干预诱导产生HSP70对大鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的 通过施加热应激干预,检测大鼠血清血脂、热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)、活性氧(radical oxygen species,ROS)、氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein,ox-LDL)的表达水平,探讨热应激干预处理对大鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响,为临床防治心脑血管疾病提供基础理论依据。 方法 将30只SPF级雄性SD大鼠随机分为Control组、AS组、H+AS组(n_i=10)。Control组予基础饲料饮食;AS组实验开始第1天一次性维生素D₃(6×105U/kg)腹腔注射给药,每隔30 d给药1次,共给药3次+高脂饲料饮食进行AS动物造模;H+AS组于AS动物造模期间,隔天1次,施加热应激干预至造模时间结束。14周后颈总动脉取血,ELISA法检测血脂、HSP70、ox-LDL,Fenton法测定ROS以及观察动脉血管病理改变。 结果 采用单因素方差分析,与Control组比较,AS组血清TC[(31.87±3.79) nmol/L vs.(14.14±2.95) nmol/L]、TG[(226.00±17.09)μmol/L vs.(106.10±17.57)μmol/L]、LDL[(169.17±18.75)μmol/L vs.(96.55±13.92)μmol/L]、ox-LDL[(26.68±3.52)μg/L vs.(9.92±3.10)μg/L]明显升高(P<0.01),病理示动脉内膜增厚,可见泡沫细胞,典型粥样斑块形成;与AS组比较,H+AS组血清TC[(28.30±2.99) nmol/L vs.(31.87±3.79) nmol/L]降低,差别具有统计学意义(P<0.05),TG[(168.68±26.17)μmol/L vs.(226.00±17.09)μmol/L]、LDL[(137.47±16.30)μmol/L vs.(169.17±18.75)μmol/L]明显降低(P<0.01),HSP70[(673.39±130.93) ng/L vs.(324.96±57.34) ng/L]明显升高(P<0.01),但是ROS水平也升高,差别具有统计学意义(P<0.01),病理示动脉内膜钙盐沉积,但未见典型AS斑块形成。 结论 热应激干预的方式在表观上具有抑制大鼠动脉粥样斑块形成的效果,可能与诱导产生的HSP70在发病过程中的保护作用有关。      

树突状细胞在大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻后肾组织中的分布与作用

目的 探讨粘附分子P-选择素与树突状细胞(DC)在大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻后肾组织中的表达和分布,以及抗P-选择素单抗的抗粘附调抑作用。方法 建立大鼠单侧输尿管梗阻(UUO)模型,随机将大鼠分为手术组和抗P-选择素单抗治疗组各18只,按不同梗阻时间(1、3、7d)再分为3组,另设假手术组(n=6)作为对照。分别采用免疫组化LSAB法和免疫双染与荧光图像分析法．观察P-选择素及DC在肾组织中表达和分布变化。结果 大鼠UUO第1d起即见P-选择素以肾小管上皮细胞为主在肾小管间质中表达上凋．伴随CD1a^ CD80^ DC在以肾间质为主部位的浸润;第3dP-选择素明显表达．且CD1a^ CD80^ DC显著增多：至第7dP-选择素表达遂下凋．而CD1a^ CD80^ DC在肾间质分布聚集达峰,出现了明显的肾小管间质病理损伤。经抗P-选择素单抗处理后,大鼠肾组织P-选择素表达受到抑制,CD1a^ CD80^ DC分布聚集减少,且肾小管间质病理损伤减轻。结论 提示树突状细胞参与了肾小管间质纤维化早期病理损伤过程,其肾组织迁移聚集可能与P-选择素早期介导有关,抗P-选择素单抗对此具有抗粘附凋抑和肾脏保护作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对急性肾小管坏死修复的组织学和形态计量学研究

目的探讨骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC）对急性肾小管坏死的修复作用。方法 18只5周龄裸鼠,随机分为健康对照组、急性肾小管坏死（ATN）模型组和ATN＋BMSC治疗组,每组6只。采用HE染色、计算机图像分析测定肾小管内径和肾小管壁厚。结果 ATN模型组肾小管均可见肾小管上皮细胞变性、混浊肿胀、坏死脱落,部分肾小管上皮细胞坏死脱落于管腔内,肾间质充血、水肿。BMSC治疗组坏死肾小管修复比模型组明显好转,肾小管壁厚比模型组明显变薄（均P〈0.05）;BMSC组肾小管内径比模型组明显增大,肾脏间质浸润炎症细胞的计数比模型组明显变少（均P〈0.01）。结论 BMSC治疗能明显促进急性肾小管坏死的修复。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.