Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes with H<Subscript>3</Subscript>PW<Subscript>12</Subscript>O<Subscript>40</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/TiO₂–SiO₂ was synthesized by impregnation method which significantly improved the catalytic activity under simulated natural light. The properties of the samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction pattern (XRD), Scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and Zeta potential. Degradation of methyl violet was used as a probe reaction to explore the influencing factors on the photodegradation reaction. The results show that the optimal conditions are as follows: initial concentration of methyl violet of 10 mg·L^?1, pH of 3.0, catalyst dosage of 2.9 g·L^?1, and light irradiation time of 2.5 h. Under these conditions, the degradation rate of methyl violet is 95.4 %. The reaction on photodegradation for methyl violet can be expressed as the first-order kinetic model, and the possible mechanism for the photocatalysis under simulated natural light is suggested. After used continuously for five times, the catalyst keeps the inherent photocatalytic activity for degradation of dyes. The photodegradation of methyl orange, methyl red, naphthol green B, and methylene blue was also tested, and the degradation rate of dyes can reach 81 %–100 %.     

Spark Plasma Sintering of α/β Si<Subscript>3</Subscript>N<Subscript>4</Subscript> Ceramics with MgO-Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> and MgO-Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> as Sintering Additives

In the present work, the α/β Si₃N₄ ceramics were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1400-1500 °C for 6 min with 3wt.%MgO + 5wt.%Al₂O₃ and 3wt.%MgO + 5wt.%Y₂O₃ as sintering additives. The results showed that the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of α/β Si₃N₄ ceramics were highly dependent on the type of sintering additive. The incomplete phase transformation from α to β occurred in the presence of an oxynitride (Mg-Al(Y)-Si-O-N) liquid phase. Compared with MgO-Al₂O₃, MgO-Y₂O₃ can significantly improve the β conversion rate of as-sintered α/β Si₃N₄ ceramics. And the as-sintered ceramics using MgO + Al₂O₃ as sintering additives had higher mechanical properties.     

Simulation and development of an active damper with robust <Emphasis Type="Italic">μ</Emphasis>-control for a machine tool with a gantry portal

Machine tools are generally used with process parameters that are as productive as possible yet stable. One way to raise productivity is to increase the process parameters like cutting speed or depth of cut (DOC). However, this approach will lead to process instabilities sooner or later. An increased rotational speed of the spindle will excite higher eigenfrequencies depending on the tools teeth count. In combination with higher cutting forces resulting from a deeper DOC, the process can become instable because of chatter or other oscillations and vibrations of the machine tool. This paper describes the identification of a critical eigenfrequency and corresponding eigenmode. An active damper was then developed to mitigate the negative effect this critical eigenfrequency has including a robust controller which protects the process from instabilities through changing eigenfrequencies caused by changing machine positions. It will also enable increased process parameters for a higher productivity of the machine tool. A simulation environment of the active damping system with a classic control and a robust \(\mu\)-control was developed. The damper was applied to the machine tool and tested.     

Modification of the Ti<Subscript>40</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>36</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>10</Subscript>Pd<Subscript>14</Subscript> BMG Crystallization Mechanism with Heating Rates 10-140 K/min

The article presents investigations of Ti₄₀Cu₃₆Zr₁₀Pd₁₄ bulk metallic glass crystallization process heated with the rates of 10, 60, 100 and 140 K/min. High heating rates experiments were performed in a new type of differential scanning calorimeter equipped with a fast responding thermal sensor. Phase composition and microstructure were studied with x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The observed crystallization proceeded in two separate steps. Applied high rates of heating/cooling resulted in the crystallization of only one CuTi phase, replacing typical multi-phase crystallization. The microstructure after crystallization was polycrystalline with some amount of amorphous phase retained. Kinetic parameters were determined with the use of the Kissinger and Friedman iso-conversional analysis and Matusita–Sakka iso-kinetic model. The kinetic analysis supplies results concerning autocatalytically activated mechanism of primary crystallization with decreasing activation energy and small density of quenched-in nuclei, in good agreement with previous structural investigations. The mechanism of secondary crystallization required dense nuclei site, increasing activation energy and large nucleation frequency. The amorphous phase of Ti₄₀Cu₃₆Zr₁₀Pd₁₄ BMG revealed high thermal stability against crystallization. Application of high heating rates in DSC experiments might be useful for the determination of mechanism and kinetic parameters in investigations of metallic glasses crystallization, giving reasonable results.     

Catalytically active composite materials with porous aluminum oxide matrix modified by γ-MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticles

Manganese dioxide has been deposited on the surface of an aluminum foil anodized in 3% solution of oxalic acid using the methods of thermal decomposition of manganese nitrate and potassium permanganate, as well as chemical synthesis, in the same solutions with intermediate drying and subsequent annealing. It has been demonstrated that the method of thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate is the most suitable for producing thermally stable “ultradispersed γ-MnO₂/nanostructured Al₂O₃/Al” composites. The produced composites are active in the reaction of oxidation of CO into CO₂ at temperatures above 180°C. Studies by means of the methods of scanning electron and atomic force microscopies have shown that the concentration and surface distribution of γ-MnO₂ particles depend on the morphological structure of aluminum oxide that is determined by conditions of the metal surface pretreatment and application of the pore broadening operation.     

Electro-catalytic degradation properties of Ti/SnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>–Sb electrodes doped with different rare earths

Ti/SnO₂–Sb electrode has a good effect on the removal of organic pollutants. But its short service life limits its large-scale application in industry. Electro-catalytic degradation performances and service life of the electrode can be significantly improved by doping rare earth (RE) ions into the oxide coating of Ti/SnO₂–Sb electrode. Ti/SnO₂–Sb electrodes doped with different RE elements (Ce, Dy, La, and Eu) were prepared by the thermal decomposition method at 550 °C. Electro-catalytic degradation performances of electrodes doped with different RE elements were evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and Tafel curves. During the electrolysis, the conversion of p-nitrophenol was performed with these electrodes as anodes under galvanostatic control. The structures and morphologies of the surface coating of the electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results demonstrate that the electro-catalytic degradation performances of Ti/SnO₂–Sb electrodes are improved to different levels by doping different RE ions. Improved Ti/SnO₂–Sb electrodes by the introduction of different RE have higher oxygen evolution potential, better electro-catalysis ability, better coverage, and longer electrode life.     

Hot Corrosion Behavior of YSZ and CaZrO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/YSZ Composite Thermal Barrier Coatings in Contact with 50V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript> + 50Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SO<Subscript>4</Subscript> Salts

A novel thermal barrier coating system was formulated to resist hot corrosion environments. In this coating system, 5% CaZrO₃ was added to conventional yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The above composite coating system was compared with the standard YSZ system in the presence of a mixture of 50% Na₂SO₄ and 50% V₂O₅ at 950 °C. The results demonstrated that the lifetime of the CaZrO₃-added composite system in this highly hostile environment was longer compared with the standard YSZ system. This is due to the fact that the preferential reaction of NaVO₃ shifted from yttria to calcia, forming CaV₂O₄ instead of YVO₄. The preferential reactions are discussed in terms of free energy changes and acid–base theory of molten salts with ceramic oxides. Furthermore, calculations of lattice distortion also proved that the CaZrO₃-added composite system demonstrated less distortion, thus increasing the overall lifetime of the coating system.     

Bridge polysilsesquioxane xerogels with a bifunctional surface layer of the ≡Si(CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>NH<Subscript>2</Subscript>/≡Si(CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>SH composition

Xerogels with a bifunctional surface layer of the ≡Si(CH₂)₃NH₂/≡Si(CH₂)₃SH composition are synthesized by hydrolytic co-polycondensation of bis(triethoxy)silane (C₂H₅O)₃Si(CH₂)₂Si(OC₂H₅)₃ and two trifunctional silanes, namely, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. Using IR, ¹H MAS NMR, and ¹³C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopic techniques, it is shown that in addition to complexing groups, the surface layer also contains water, silanol groups that are involved in the hydrogen bond formation and also residual ethoxysilyl groups. According to ²⁹SiCP/MAS NMR spectroscopic data, the degree of polycondensation of synthesized xerogels exceeds 80%. It is found that the use of 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane as the structuring agent in place of tetraethoxysilane allows one to synthesize bifunctional xerogels with the highly developed biporous structure (S _sp = 607–680 m²/g, V _c = 1.38–1.47 cm³/g, d = 2.9–3.1 and 18.3 nm). Changing the ratio structuring-silane/functionalizing-silane-mixture from 2: 1 to 4: 1 in the reaction system has virtually no effect on the porous structure parameters of final xerogels.     

Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Permittivity of γ-Irradiated Nanocomposites Based on Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Filled with α-SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

UHMWPE/SiO₂ composites were obtained from a homogeneous mixture of ultrahigh-molecular- weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and silicon dioxide (α-SiO₂) by hot pressing. The temperature dependence (20–170°C) of their conductivities σdс prior to and after γ irradiation (D = 200 kGy), the effect of absorbed dose on the σ_dс value (dose dependence), the behavior of the function logσ_dc = f(T) under heating–cooling conditions, and the frequency dependences (25–106 Hz) of the real (ε') and imaginary (ε'') parts of the complex dielectric constant were studied. The logσ_dc = f(T) dependence was shown to have in both cases a complex pattern: “breaks” due to phase transitions were observed. With an increase in the concentration of α-SiO₂, the ε' and ε'' (tanδ) values in the matrix increased and the frequency dependences of these values corresponded to an exponential rule.     

DyF&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;3&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;掺杂热变形NdFeB磁体的微观结构和性能

基于热变形技术,研究制备了DyF3掺杂热变形NdFeB磁体的微观结构和磁性能。结果表明,通过热变形,磁体获得了具有明显C轴取向特征的扁平形状晶粒,其剩磁从前驱体烧结磁体的0.77 T提高至 1.34 T,提升了近74%。此外,热变形过程起到了晶界扩散的作用,使得DyF3进一步扩散至NdFeB主相之中,形成了(Nd, Dy)2Fe14B相,从而减小了因热变形带来的矫顽力损失。电化学测试表明,热变形过程可提高磁体腐蚀电位和减小电流密度。变形条件800 ℃/70%时,磁体具有最佳的综合磁性能和电化学性能,其磁性能可达：Br=1.34 T,Hcj=1225 kA/m和(BH)max=286 kJ/m3。     

"仿制"和"创新"

有资料表明,德国通过相关部门对当地三百多家企业进行问卷调查,结果显示有2/3的企业认为自己面临产品仿制和技术剽窃的威胁,并且堪称在中国发生几率最高.报告中还指出,近些年中国产品与技术剽窃水平有了一个新的发展,即从原先的个别元件组件到整台设备乃至整条生产线过渡.使德国很多企业不再考虑向中国转移自己的研发部门.而上述这种水...     

Synthesis and characterization of Ba<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.8</Subscript>Fe<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3−σ</Subscript>

Perovskite-type Ba_0.5Sr_0.5Co_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (BSCFO) powders were synthesized using two methods, solid-state reaction (SSR) method and citrate-EDTA complexing method (CC-EDTA). Then the powders were pressed to green disks of 19 mm in diameter and sintered at 1140°C for 5 h. The shrinkage rate and relative density of the membranes prepared from the perovskite-type powders were determined and calculated, and the powders and derived membranes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the shrinkage rates of the two kinds of disks are nearly the same (about 10%). The disks prepared by the SSR method had a bigger grain size and lower relative density than those prepared by the CC-EDTA method. The conductivity of the membranes prepared by the SSR method was about 38 S/cm, higher than that of the membranes prepared by the CC-EDTA method, which was about 30 S/cm, at the same temperature of 600°C.     

Application of the Peierls–Nabarro Model to Symmetric Tilt Low-Angle Grain Boundary with Full <a> Dislocation in Pure Magnesium

Three types of symmetric(110) tilt low-angle grain boundaries(LAGBs) with array of basal, prismatic, and pyramidal edge full \a[ dislocations in pure Mg have been studied by using the improved Peierls–Nabarro model in combination with the generalized stacking fault energy curve. The results show that with decreasing distance between the dislocations in all the three types of tilt LAGBs, the stress and strain fields are gradually suppressed. The reduction extent of the stress and strain fields decreases from the prismatic to basal to pyramidal dislocations. The variation of dislocation line energy(DLE) for all tilt LAGBs is divided into three stages: DLE changes slightly and linearly when the distance is larger than 300 , ~10%; DLE declines exponentially and quickly when the distance goes from 300 to 100 , ~70%; and finally, the descent speed lowers when the distance is smaller than 100  and the dislocation core energy is nearly half of the DLE. The grain boundary energy(GBE) decreases when the tilt angle of LAGB increases from 1° to 2° for all cases.The tilt LAGB consists of pyramidal dislocations always has the largest GBE, while that with array of prismatic dislocations has the smallest one in the whole range. The Peierls stress of dislocation in tilt LAGB is nearly unchanged, the same as that of single dislocation. This work is useful for further study of dissociated dislocation, solute segregation, precipitate nucleation in tilt LAGB and its interaction with single dislocations.     

TiAl合金表面阴极微弧沉积Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;陶瓷涂层的生长过程与相组成

目的：利用阴极微弧沉积技术在预处理后的TiAl合金表面制备了Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;陶瓷涂层,研究了涂层的生长过程和相组成。方法：采用电子扫描电镜(SEM、EDS)、电子透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法,对Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;涂层的生长过程中的微观形貌、组织成分以及晶体结构的演变进行了研究与分析。结果：TiAl合金表面阴极微弧沉积过程中,在阴极表面发生非晶态Al(OH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;的吸附、脱水烧结形成Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;陶瓷涂层的沉积。结论：Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;涂层生长分前期Ⅰ、中期Ⅱ和后期Ⅲ三个阶段,前期起弧阻挡层被击穿,涂层生长较慢、组织致密且与基体结合良好;反应中期涂层生长较快,Al(OH)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;不断吸附和脱水烧结,涂层结晶度提高;反应后期涂层生长速度变缓,表层组织疏松、多孔,相组成为87.5 %的α–Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;和12.5 %的γ–Al&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;。     

Fe₇₃Si₁₅Nb₃B₈Cu₁铁芯薄带的热处理工艺研究

本文对用Finemet型Fe73Si15Nb3B8Cu1快淬薄带制备的铁芯增加预退火处理,再在540 oC晶化退火处理得到退火铁芯。结果表明,随着预退火温度提高,预退火的薄带及再经晶化退火的薄带的韧性均逐渐降低,预退火后非晶薄带的第一晶化温度变化不大,而第二晶化峰值温度向高温方向偏移,预退火扩大了非晶薄带晶化退火的温度范围,有利于获得性能更加稳定的非晶纳米晶薄带;增加预退火处理的薄带的晶粒尺寸比直接晶化退火薄带的晶粒分布更均匀,其中在450 oC预退火的薄带经晶化退火后,晶粒尺寸在8~15 nm之间。增加预退火的铁芯样品,其振幅磁导率和铁损较直接退火的均有明显改善,其中经450 oC预退火的铁芯具有最大的振幅磁导率（μa=8.6×104, f=10 kHz）和最小的交流铁损（P0.5/10k=8.7 W/kg）,分别较直接退火的铁芯升高了16.0%,下降了17.1%。     

Zn_²⁺掺杂对共沉淀法制备Ce:Gd₃Ga₃Al₂O₁₂陶瓷粉体闪烁性能的影响

本文利用化学共沉淀法制备Zn_²⁺共掺的Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体。研究了Zn_²⁺共掺的Ce:GAGG陶瓷前驱粉体的TG/DTA和FTIR曲线;分析了不同煅烧温度对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体相、形貌和颗粒度分布的影响;系统研究了Zn_²⁺含量对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体光致发光,辐射发光,激发光谱和荧光寿命的影响。研究表明：前驱粉体在883℃的相组成为GdAlO₃相和GAGG相;前驱粉体在煅烧温度为900℃时,完全转化为GAGG相;当煅烧温度为1200℃时,GAGG颗粒尺寸控制在20nm~60nm,分布均匀;随着 Zn_²⁺含量的变化,光致发光和辐射发光强度也相应变化,特别的,当Zn_²⁺含量为0.4mol%时,光致发光和辐射发光强度达到最大值;随着Zn_²⁺掺杂含量的上升,荧光寿命出现下降的趋势。因此,Zn_²⁺含量对Ce:GAGG陶瓷粉体的辐射发光具有明显的影响,对降低荧光寿命具有积极的作用,对于提高GAGG闪烁材料的快速响应具有重要意义。     

Air Oxidation of a Ni<Subscript>53</Subscript>Nb<Subscript>20</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>10</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>8</Subscript>Co<Subscript>6</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript> Glassy Alloy at 400–550 °C

Air-oxidation behavior of a Ni₅₃Nb₂₀Ti₁₀Zr₈Co₆Cu₃ amorphous ribbon was studied at 400–550 °C. The oxidation kinetics of the amorphous alloy followed a two-stage parabolic rate law with its oxidation rates steadily increasing with temperature. The steady-state oxidation rate constants of the alloy were faster than those of pure Ni. Triplex scales formed on the glassy alloy, containing an outer layer of NiO. The scales formed in the intermediate layer consisted of Nb₂O₅, NiO, and uncorroded α-Ni, while an additional Nb₂Zr₆O₁₇ phase was also detected in the inner layer. The formation of multilayered scales is responsible for the faster oxidation for the Ni6-AR.     

Improving of Corrosion Behavior of Al 7075 by Applied Titania–<Emphasis Type="Italic">Benzotriazole</Emphasis> Nanostructured Coating with Sol Gel Method

Nowadays, self-healing coatings display high abrasion resistance and bond strength. Application of these coatings are reckoned the most common and the most economic method for restoration and protection against corrosion by which metal structures durability is enhanced. The major role of a self-healing hybrid coating in corrosion inhibition is to supply materials for controlling types of corrosion. In this paper, titania–Benzotriazole nanostructured coating has been applied to substrate Al 7075 by using the sol–gel process and immersion method. The bonds existing in the hybrid coating, structure and morphology and coating corrosion behavior have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), GIXRD, atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and impedance electrochemical test, respectively. The obtained results are indicative of generating a homogeneous, uniform, crack-free titania–Benzotriazole nanostructured coating associated with excellent optimization of corrosion resistance at 2.8% Benzotriazole.     

Ferromagnetic manganites La<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ca<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>

A brief review of properties of the ferromagnetic manganites La_{1 − x} Ca _x MnO₃ is given. Lattice properties, magnetic properties, transport phenomena, magnetic resonance, and the results of neutron diffraction and optical studies are considered. Special attention is paid to effects observed near the Curie temperature.