绕水翼空化流动及振动特性的实验研究

空化是发生在水力机械内部的一种水动力现象,其发展具有显著的非定常特性.空化流动中空穴的脱落以及溃灭会诱发结构振动,对水力机械的效率、噪声、安全性等造成影响. 研究空化流动中结构的振动特性具有重要的工程意义. 采用实验的方法研究了绕NACA66 水翼空化流动的空穴形态和水翼振动特性. 实验在一闭式空化水洞中进行. 采用高速摄像技术观测不同空化阶段的空穴形态,应用多普勒激光测振仪测量水翼的振动速度,并通过一套同步系统实现了高速相机和多普勒激光测振仪的同步触发和测量. 采用小波分析方法对不同空化阶段下的空穴形态和水翼振动数据在时域和频域中的特性进行了分析.对云状空化阶段的同步测量结果进行了研究,分析了振动与空穴发展过程的联系. 结果表明,随着空化数的降低,流场经历了无空化、初生空化、片状空化和云状空化4个阶段,水翼的振动强度呈逐渐增大趋势. 在片状空化和云状空化阶段,空穴脱落导致水翼振动,诱发的振动频率与空穴脱落频率相同. 对于云状空化,在附着型空穴生长阶段水翼发生高频小幅度振动,在空穴脉动和断裂脱落期间水翼表现为低频大幅振动.      

收缩扩张管内液氮空化流动演化过程试验研究

本文基于低温空化试验平台研究了收缩扩张流道内液氮非定常空化流动的演化过程. 试验采用高时空分辨率的高速摄像机对77 K液氮在不同空化数σ下空穴结构的演变进行了精细化的分析和研究. 利用试验得到的空穴长度和面积等数据, 定量分析了液氮空化流动的非定常特性与时空演变规律. 研究结果表明: (1)在相似来流速度和温度条件下, 随着空化数的减小, 液氮空化流动呈现四种典型流型, 空穴长度在2.5 h以内为初生空化、空穴长度在2.5 h ~ 7.5 h之间为片状空化、空穴长度在7.5 h ~ 15 h之间为大尺度云状空化, 空穴长度超过15 h为双云状空化, 且在大尺度云状空化和双云状空化阶段均捕捉到了回射流现象; (2)液氮空化流动从初生空化到双云状空化, 脱落空穴的尺度逐渐增大, 空穴面积脉动的幅值和准周期均有所增加. 同时, 在大尺度云状空化与双云状空化阶段, 喉口处堵塞效应对空化流动的影响显著增强; (3)相比于初生空化, 片状空化、大尺度云状空化以及双云状空化中脱落空穴的移动距离依次增加了0.97倍、2.65倍与2.68倍, 溃灭时间依次增加了1.18倍、3.59倍与4.47倍, 但溃灭速度依次减小了0.10倍、0.20倍与0.30倍. 除此之外, 对于双云状空化阶段, 存在两种显著不同的脱落空穴演化过程.      

云状空化非定常脱落机理的数值与实验研究

结合数值计算和实验技术研究了云状空化的非定常脱落机理. 实验采用高速录像技术观察了绕Clark-y型水翼云状空化形态随时间的变化. 数值计算采用了汽-液两相的当地均相流模型,湍流封闭采用了一种修正的RNG k-\varepsilon方程,利用商业软件的二次开发技术,引入了一种与空化区域水汽相密度相关的系数,对湍流模型进行了修正. 计算和实验结果均表明:云状空化尾部存在着准周期性的涡状空化团的脱落;局部压强的增加是引起空穴断裂进而脱落的直接原因;压强升高是由于近壁处的反向射流引起的;空穴尾部的大规模的旋涡运动引起的近壁处的逆压梯度是引起反向射流的主要原因.      

可压缩空化流动空穴演化及压力脉动特性实验研究

空化流动具有高度的压缩性,空化流动非定常特性及其流体动力与压缩性密切相关.为研究可压缩空化流动空泡脱落的回射流和激波机制下周期性空穴结构演化及其诱导流体动力特性,本文采用多场同步测试方法对典型云状空化流动进行了实验研究,获得了文丘里管扩张段内部云状空化空穴形态演化及其诱导同步壁面压力脉动信号.并基于数字图像处理技术,对附着型片状空穴和脱落型云状空穴结构演化进行了精细化定量分析.结果表明:可压缩空化流动回射流机制下,空穴演化呈现附着型空穴生长-回射流产生及发展-附着型空穴失稳断裂及大尺度空泡云团产生脱落的非定常过程,激波机制下空穴演化具有附着型空穴生长-激波产生及传播-附着型空穴失稳断裂及大尺度空泡云团脱落的非定常特征,激波传播时间占空穴脱落周期小于回射流推进.激波与空穴相互作用导致空穴内部含气率瞬间大范围大幅度下降,诱导复杂流体动力.激波传播过程中,空泡内部压力脉动大幅增加,激波前缘诱导压力脉冲,而回射流推进过程中,壁面压力脉动相对平稳,回射流头部存在小幅增加.不同机制下空穴结构存在显著差异,具有不同的相间质量传输过程.     

绕栅中水翼空化流动的数值和实验研究

采用数值计算和实验研究的方法研究了绕水翼和栅中水翼的非定常空化流动. 实验采用高速录像技术分别观察了绕水翼和栅中水翼云状空化形态随时间的变化, 测量了升阻力, 并对测量数据进行了频率分析. 计算时空化模型选用了能比较准确描述旋涡空化非定常特性的Kubota模型, 湍流模型采用能准确捕捉流场非定常特性的FBM模型. 计算模型的可靠性用实验结果进行验证. 结果表明, 计算与实验的结果基本一致, 相比绕单个水翼的空化流动, 绕栅中水翼的空穴厚度比较薄, 翼型近壁处的逆压梯度较小, 反向射流的速度较小, 且水汽混合区速度梯度较小, 空穴的脱落周期变长, 平均升阻力系数较小      

非定常空化流场结构的实验研究

为深入研究非定常空化流场结构,本文用实验方法研究了绕Clark-Y型水翼的非定常空化流动现象.实验在空化水洞中进行,采用高速摄像技术观测了云状空化阶段的非定常空穴形态,并应用粒子成像测速系统(PIV)对绕水翼空化流场的速度场和涡量场等流动特性进行了同步的实验分析.研究表明:空化现象对流场结构有着重要的影响,在无空化和空...     

可压缩空化流动空穴演化及压力脉动特性实验研究

空化流动具有高度的压缩性,空化流动非定常特性及其流体动力与压缩性密切相关.为研究可压缩空化流动空泡脱落的回射流和激波机制下周期性空穴结构演化及其诱导流体动力特性,本文采用多场同步测试方法对典型云状空化流动进行了实验研究,获得了文丘里管扩张段内部云状空化空穴形态演化及其诱导同步壁面压力脉动信号.并基于数字图像处理技术,对附着型片状空穴和脱落型云状空穴结构演化进行了精细化定量分析.结果表明:可压缩空化流动回射流机制下,空穴演化呈现附着型空穴生长$\!$-$\!$-$\!$回射流产生及发展$\!$-$\!$-$\!$附着型空穴失稳断裂及大尺度空泡云团产生脱落的非定常过程,激波机制下空穴演化具有附着型空穴生长$\!$-$\!$-$\!$激波产生及传播$\!$-$\!$-$\!$附着型空穴失稳断裂及大尺度空泡云团脱落的非定常特征,激波传播时间占空穴脱落周期小于回射流推进.激波与空穴相互作用导致空穴内部含气率瞬间大范围大幅度下降,诱导复杂流体动力.激波传播过程中,空泡内部压力脉动大幅增加,激波前缘诱导压力脉冲,而回射流推进过程中,壁面压力脉动相对平稳,回射流头部存在小幅增加. 不同机制下空穴结构存在显著差异,具有不同的相间质量传输过程.      

非定常空化流动涡旋运动及其流体动力特性

采用大涡模拟方法对绕水翼云状空化的水动力特性和非定常流场结构进行研究. 基于实验结果对数值方法进行验证,分析空化与流场内部涡旋结构之间的相互作用以及对水翼动力特性的影响. 研究结果表明:大涡模拟方法可以准确模拟绕水翼流动的非定常过程. 在无空化条件下,升阻力系数存在斯特劳哈数St = 0.85 的主频波动,这是由水翼尾部涡旋结构的发展脱落引起的;在云状空化条件下,升阻力系数存在St = 0.34 的高能量密度低频波动,这是由大规模云状空泡团的发展和脱落引起的;云状空化阶段的升阻力系数在St = 0.5~1.5 的范围内都存在较高的波动,这是由于空化现象对水翼尾缘涡旋结构的发展和脱落产生影响,在不同发展阶段,空化现象不同程度地降低尾缘涡旋结构脱落频率.      

空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性研究

为深入研究空化可压缩流动中空泡/空泡团溃灭过程中激波产生、传播及其与空穴相互作用规律,本文采用数值模拟方法对空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性展开了研究.数值计算基于OpenFOAM开源程序,综合考虑蒸汽相和液相的压缩性,通过在原无相变两相可压缩求解器的控制方程中耦合模拟空化汽液相间质量交换的源项,实现了对空化流动的非定常可压缩计算.利用上述考虑汽/液相可压缩性的空化流动求解器,对周期性云状空化流动进行了数值模拟,并重点研究了空穴溃灭激波特性.结果表明:上述数值计算方法可以准确捕捉到空穴非定常演化过程及大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭激波现象,大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭过程分为3个阶段:(1) U型空泡团形成;(2) U型空泡团头部溃灭;(3) U型空泡团腿部溃灭.在U型空泡团腿部溃灭瞬间,观察到激波产生,并向上游和下游传播,向上游传播的激波与空穴相互作用,导致水翼吸力面新生的附着型片状空穴回缩,直至完全溃灭.并且空穴溃灭激波存在回弹现象,抑制了下一周期的空化发展.     

空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性研究

为深入研究空化可压缩流动中空泡/空泡团溃灭过程中激波产生、传播及其与空穴相互作用规律,本文采用数值模拟方法对空化可压缩流动空穴溃灭激波特性展开了研究.数值计算基于OpenFOAM开源程序,综合考虑蒸汽相和液相的压缩性,通过在原无相变两相可压缩求解器的控制方程中耦合模拟空化汽液相间质量交换的源项,实现了对空化流动的非定常可压缩计算.利用上述考虑汽/液相可压缩性的空化流动求解器,对周期性云状空化流动进行了数值模拟,并重点研究了空穴溃灭激波特性.结果表明:上述数值计算方法可以准确捕捉到空穴非定常演化过程及大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭激波现象,大尺度脱落空泡云团溃灭过程分为3个阶段:(1) U型空泡团形成; (2) U型空泡团头部溃灭; (3) U型空泡团腿部溃灭.在U 型空泡团腿部溃灭瞬间,观察到激波产生,并向上游和下游传播,向上游传播的激波与空穴相互作用,导致水翼吸力面新生的附着型片状空穴回缩,直至完全溃灭.并且空穴溃灭激波存在回弹现象, 抑制了下一周期的空化发展.      

Reduced-order modeling of three-dimensional unsteady partial cavity flows

An efficient reduced-order modeling to analyze three-dimensional unsteady partial cavity flows is proposed. The proposed approach is based on the boundary element method along with the potential flow assumption. To this end, a novel non-iterative method based on the flow eigenmodes of three-dimensional partial cavity flows is applied. Eigenanalysis and reduced-order modeling for unsteady flows over a three-dimensional hydrofoil with various sections are performed. The results obtained from the present analysis are compared with those reported in the literature to verify the strength of the proposed approach. In order to examine the performance of the introduced algorithm for unsteady cavitating flows, various simulations for several reduced frequencies, hydrofoil geometries and different cavitation numbers are also investigated. Comparison between the obtained results using the novel and conventional methods indicates that the present algorithm works very well with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed method is computationally more efficient than the conventional ones for unsteady sheet cavitation analysis on three-dimensional hydrofoils.     

Velocity field measurements of cavitating flows

A particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system has been developed to study the microfluid mechanics of cavitating flows. Planar PIV was used to examine the non-cavitating flow in the thin boundary layer near a hydrofoil surface for the cases of a naturally developing boundary layer and a boundary layer stimulated to turbulence by roughness near the foil leading edge. PIV was also used to examine the flow near the surface of individual cavitation bubbles and incipient attached cavitation. A system was devised to create a single nucleus in the flow upstream of a hydrofoil, and planar PIV was used to study the flow around the resulting traveling cavitation bubble. Velocity vectors were determined close to the solid surfaces and the gas/liquid interfaces of the bubbles. Seeding of the flow with particles did not result in the addition of active cavitation nuclei.     

空泡流非稳态现象的流动控制

处于跨临界阶段的空泡流必然导致强烈的周期性冲击和振动,空泡流的激振来源于空泡云的周期性大规模脱落,空泡云的形成和发展与流动的边界层效应有着强烈的相关性,且空泡末端的局部流动直接影响空泡流的整体稳定性,本试验在NACA16012水翼表面粘附一条展向1mm厚10mm宽的挡流条,尝试以干扰水翼上表面局部流动的方法来影响整个空泡流的形态及其流动稳定性,最终在一定的空泡数范围内抑制了空泡流激振现象,并从试验研究的角度探索了空泡云脱落的机理。     

The influence of surface roughness on cloud cavitation flow around hydrofoils

The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of surface roughness on cloud cavitation around Clark-Y hydrofoils. High-speed video and particle image velocimetry(PIV) were used to obtain cavitation patterns images(Prog. Aerosp. Sci. 37: 551–581, 2001), as well as velocity and vorticity fields. Results are presented for cloud cavitating conditions around a Clark-Y hydrofoil fixed at angle of attack of α = 8?for moderate Reynolds number of Re = 5.6 × 10~5. The results show that roughness had a great influence on the pattern, velocity and vorticity distribution of cloud cavitation. For cavitating flow around a smooth hydrofoil(A) and a rough hydrofoil(B), cloud cavitation occurred in the form of finger-like cavities and attached subulate cavities, respectively. The period of cloud cavitation around hydrofoil A was shorter than for hydrofoil B.Surface roughness had a great influence on the process of cloud cavitation. The development of cloud cavitation around hydrofoil A consisted of two stages:(1) Attached cavities developed along the surface to the trailing edge;(2) A reentrant jet developed, resulting in shedding and collapse of cluster bubbles or vortex structure. Meanwhile, its development for hydrofoil B included three stages:(1) Attached cavities developed along the surface to the trailing edge, with accumulation and rotation of bubbles at the trailing edge of the hydrofoil affecting the flow field;(2) Development of a reentrant jet resulted in the first shedding of cavities. Interaction and movement of flows from the pressure side and suction side brought liquid water from the pressure side to the suction side of the hydrofoil, finally forming a reentrant jet. The jet kept moving along the surface to the leading edge of the hydrofoil, resulting in large-scale shedding of cloud bubbles. Several vortices appeared and dissipated during the process;(3) Cavities grew and shed again.     

Influence of cavitation on the hydroelastic stability of hydrofoils

This work numerically examines the effect of turbulent and cavitating flow on the hydroelastic response and stability of a hydrofoil. A cantilevered, rectangular, chordwise rigid hydrofoil is modeled as a 2-degrees-of-freedom structure for its spanwise bending and torsional flexibilities. The fluid flow is modeled with the incompressible, Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations using an eddy-viscosity turbulence closure model that is corrected for the presence of cavitation, and with a transport equation based cavitation model. The results show that, in general, massive cavitation tends to: (i) reduce the mean lift, (ii) increase the mean drag, (iii) lower the mean deformations, and (iv) delay static divergence, while unsteady sheet/cloud cavitation promotes flow induced vibrations. Such vibrations and load fluctuations could be as large as (and even greater than) the mean values for cases with unsteady cavitation, so dynamic and viscous fluid–structure models are needed to simulate flexible hydrofoils in cavitating flows. In general, the flow induced vibrations, and hence the drag force, are higher with decreasing stiffness. For small leading edge partial cavitation, increasing foil flexibility increases the maximum cavity length and reduces the cavity shedding frequency; however, the influence of foil flexibility is limited for cases where the maximum cavity length is near or beyond the foil trailing edge, because of the relocation of the center of pressure at the elastic axis, near the mid-chord. The results show that the mean deformations are generally limited by stall, and by the quasi-steady linear theory predictions at the fully-wetted and supercavitating limits. Furthermore, frequency focusing can occur when the cavity shedding frequency is near the fundamental system resonance frequencies, and broadening of the frequency spectrum can occur due to excitation of the sub-harmonics and/or modulation induced by the fluctuating cavities, if the cavity shedding frequency is away from the fundamental system resonance frequencies.     

翼型空泡周期性流动的数值模拟及机理分析

采用基于正压关系的均质平衡流空化模型和低雷诺数修正的k-ε湍流模式,自行开发了空泡流数值模拟方法和计算软件,对绕翼型空泡的周期性流动现象进行了数值模拟.计算结果与实验数据的对比表明,空泡的宏观特征、流动特性、周期性脱落的斯坦顿数St等与试验结果接近,验证了计算结果的可靠性.空泡在大约一个周期的2/3时间段内成长,并在大约1/3周期时刻发生断裂脱落.这两个特征时间与高速摄像实验结果一致.所取工况对应的组合参数σ/2α=2.865,以翼弦长计算可得St=0.217,与文献的最新试验结果吻合.空泡周期性运动过程中升阻系数也周期性振荡,时均值C<,1>=0.41,C<,d>=0.097,振荡频率与空泡脱落频率一致.对空泡运动过程中流场结构的变化进行了分析,结果表明在大攻角条件下,空泡闭合区后的逆压梯度导致涡的形成及回射流的发展,沿壁面逆向流动的混合介质射流是引起空泡断裂的原因,回射流发展、涡结构变化与空泡非稳态演化过程存在密切的联系,探讨了翼型空泡发生周期性脱落的一些机理.