A combined low temperature water heating system consisting of radiators and floor heating

Space heating load is decreasing in modern Finnish apartments due to lower U-values of the construction, tight envelopes and heat recovery from exhaust ventilation air. This makes it possible to develop a new combined low temperature water heating system with nominal supply/return water temperatures of 45 °C/35 °C. Such a system includes radiators in rooms and floor heating in bathrooms.In this study, the performance of an apartment building is determined by using dynamic simulation. The simulation results for the combined low temperature water heating system are compared with those for three conventional radiator and floor heating systems. The results show that the combined low temperature water heating system performs well and is able to maintain the zones within the required temperature levels. The thermal comfort analysis indicates that the drifts and ramps in operative temperature using the four studied heating systems are within the limits of Ashrae Standard 55-2004.Temperature measurements in a test room are carried out to find the vertical difference of air temperature using two methods: radiator heating and floor heating. These measurements indicate that there is only a small vertical temperature difference that would not produce any significant thermal discomfort.     

低温地板辐射采暖在住宅工程中的应用

介绍了低温地板辐射采暖的特点、工艺原理及施工操作要点并做了技术经济分析。由技术经济分析可看出,与其它采暖方式比较,地板辐射采暖技术一次性投资较高,使用期费用要比其它方式低,并且具有提高居住舒适度、可分户分室控制、不占空间使用面积及减少楼层噪音等优点,因此低温地板辐射采暖是一种很有发展前途的采暖方式,适当的施工操作方法及质量控制是该技术成功应用的保障。     

Application of the control methods for radiant floor cooling system in residential buildings

In applying radiant floor cooling, its control system must prevent the floor surface condensation in hot and humid weather conditions. With no additional dehumidification system, only the radiant floor cooling system prevents floor condensation. In this case, the effects of the control of the cooling system on the indoor conditions can be changed because of the thermal inertia of the systems. Also different types of control system can be composed according to the control methods, which can affect the construction cost in the design stage. Therefore, the control methods for the radiant cooling system with respect to floor surface condensation must be studied. Furthermore, because Korean people's lifestyle involves sitting on the floor, it is necessary to evaluate if a floor cooling system will influence the thermal comfort of the occupants. This study intends to clarify the control methods of the radiant floor cooling system and to analyze the control performance and applicability of each control method with regard to the floor surface condensation and comfort by computer simulations and experiments on the control methods of the radiant floor cooling system. The results of computer simulations and experiments show that water temperature control is better than water flow control with respect to temperature fluctuations in controlling room air temperature. To prevent floor surface condensation, the supply water temperature could be manipulated according to the dew point temperature in the most humid room, and in individual rooms, the water flow rate (on/off control) can be controlled. Also, the results of radiant cooling experiments show that the floor surface temperature remained above 21 °C, the temperature difference among surfaces remained below 6 °C, and the vertical air temperature difference remained below 1.9 °C, conforming well to comfort standards.     

Investigating the performance of scenario-based model predictive control of space heating in residential buildings

This paper investigates the performance of scenario-based model predictive control (SB-MPC) for space heating operation to address the inherent uncertainty of weather forecasts and predictions of occupancy. In contrast to existing reported studies, this study relied on a sophisticated meteorological model and a higher order Markov chain occupancy model to generate stochastic disturbance scenarios. When applying the SB-MPC scheme for energy-efficient operation, simulation results suggested a slight increase in energy consumption (from approx. 27.7?kWh/m² to 28.0?kWh/m²) when using one and 100 disturbance scenarios, respectively, while thermal comfort violations were reduced significantly (from 60°Ch to 10°Ch). Furthermore, the SB-MPC scheme was tailored to provide demand response and thereby achieved cost savings of 16.1% and 13.1% compared to conventional proportional-integral control when considering one and 100 disturbance scenarios, respectively. Choosing the appropriate number of disturbance scenarios thus relies on a consideration of the trade-off between the acceptable thermal comfort violations and energy-related benefits.     

住宅的集中供热供暖系统和节能

指出住宅供暖方式的主体仍将是集中热源供暖系统，实行分户计量和收费的难度在于热量定价影响因素的复杂性、适合国情的热表的开发和应用、尤其是与此相应的新的供暖制式的探索，在传统供暖制式下应以大力提高供暖均匀性为重要的节能手段。分析了室温可调性问题和散热器恒温阀的应用条件和范围。     

地板辐射采暖与散热器采暖的连接与温度控制

简单归纳了地板低温辐射采暖系统的优点,并结合工程实例,详细分析了地板低温辐射采暖系统与散热器采暖系统的连接方式与温度控制措施,以实现采暖系统的统一调节、稳定运行。     

ANN-based thermal control models for residential buildings

This study aimed to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based advanced thermal control method for creating more comfortable thermal environments in residential buildings. The proposed control method consisted of a thermal control logic framework with four thermal control logics therein, including two predictive and adaptive logics using ANN models, and a system hardware framework. The models were designed to achieve thermal comfort for living areas, taking into account not only air temperature, but also humidity or PMV as a control variable; and to reduce overshoots and undershoots of a control variable using ANN-based predictive and adaptive control. Incorporating IBPT (International Building Physics Toolbox) and MATLAB, a typical two-story single-family home in the U.S. was modelled for testing the performance of developed thermal control methods. Analysis revealed that ANN-based predictive and adaptive control strategies created more comfortable thermal conditions than did typical thermostat systems in terms of increased comfort period of air temperature, humidity, and PMV, and reduced over and undershoots. Thus, the proposed control methods using ANN can be concluded to have the potential for enhancing thermal comfort in residential buildings.     

《采暖居住建筑节能检验标准》解读

该标准对采暖居住建筑的节能检验项目、应用类别、仪器仪表的性能要求、检测方法和检验规则作出了明确规定。     

住宅供暖方式的发展动态

分析了住宅供暖方式发展的动因,现有集中供暖系统需解的问题,探讨了分户热计量、燃气单户供暖、电供暖、低温热水地板辐供暖、供暖散热器、分室温度控制等问题。     

新建居住建筑采暖节能小议

阐述了新建居住建筑采暖的两种基本形式：双立管水平串联式散热器采暖系统和低温热水地板辐射采暖系统,介绍了居住建筑采暖节能的主要方向和措施,以实现节约能源的目的。     

热水地板供暧的节能控制方法

介绍了热水地板供暖的节能控制方法,包括室温控制、气候补偿、水力平衡等具体技术手段的控制目的和实现方法.     

住宅地面辐射供暖系统中因地板覆盖产生的散热量安全系数

对城镇单元住宅的室内地面覆盖情况进行了问卷调查,根据调查结果统计出各种房间内地面覆盖率的分布规律。通过对覆盖家具前后辐射地面散热量的模拟计算,得出了家具对地面散热量的影响程度。认为有家具等地面覆盖物时,辐射地面总散热量的安全系数为0.60～0.85。     

地板辐射供暖的节能效应分析

利用热舒适理论讨论了地板辐射供暖方式与其他方式在房间,内人体热舒适方面的差异,并通过对其综合节能效果的定量估计,建议在采用地板辐射供暖的节能建筑中相应应降低室内供暖温度。     

低温地板辐射供暖方式的应用前景

从发展、实践、技术、节能以及优劣的角度对低温地板辐射供暖方式的应用进行了分析,并对低温地板辐射供暖技术的应用前景进行了探讨,指出低温地板辐射供暖将取代传统供暖方式。     

谈几栋住宅楼供暖系统的改造

简述了3栋住宅楼供暖系统改造前的供暖网络，从室内系统中空气排出难、水力失调、室外传热管网的平面布置等方面分析了系统改造前存在的问题，有针对性地提出了具体改造措施，其改造效果良好。     

住宅供暖空调设备应用探讨

住宅供暖空调设备日益更新,对目前使用的各种住宅供暖空调设备形式作了归纳,并针对住宅的特点,对各种设备的应用提出了看法。     

低温地板辐射供暖系统在寒冷地区高大空间的应用

介绍了寒冷地区某高大空间地板辐射供暖系统的设计,并对其运行数据进行了测试.结果表明,在寒冷地区高大空间应用低温地板辐射供暖系统,可以满足供暖要求.     

低温热水地板辐射采暖在住宅中的应用

简述低温热水地板辐射采暖的发展状况、技术原理、构造、特点和施工方法,分析了地板供暖的优缺点,指出地板供暖技术在各类房屋及住宅中的应用前景。     

浅谈低温热水地板辐射采暖

介绍了低温热水地板辐射采暖的特点，对低温热水地板辐射采暖的设计及施工要点进行了阐述，提出了低温热水地板辐射采暖的精品策划。     

Quasi-adaptive fuzzy heating control of solar buildings

Significant progress has been made on maximising passive solar heat gains to building spaces in winter. Control of the space heating in these applications is complicated due to the lagging influence of the useful solar heat gain coupled with the wide range of construction materials and heating system choices. Additionally, and in common with most building control applications, there is a need to develop control solutions that permit simple and transparent set-up and commissioning procedures. This paper addresses the development and testing of a quasi-adaptive fuzzy logic control method that addresses these issues. The controller is developed in two steps. A feed-forward neural network is used to predict the internal air temperature, in which a singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm is used to remove the highly correlated data from the inputs of the neural network to reduce the network structure. The fuzzy controller is then designed to have two inputs: the first input being the error between the set-point temperature and the internal air temperature and the second the predicted future internal air temperature. The controller was implemented in real-time using a test cell with controlled ventilation and a modulating electric heating system. Results, compared with validated simulations of conventionally controlled heating, confirm that the proposed controller achieves superior tracking and reduced overheating when compared with the conventional method of control.