基于超协调逻辑处理含有非协调信息的系统规约

随着计算机系统规模和复杂度的增长,在软件工程的各个阶段,开发者不得不面对包含大量非协调信息的各种类型的系统规约。由于平凡推理的问题,基于经典逻辑的方法不能用于分析含有非协调信息的系统规约。在简单介绍超协调逻辑的基础上,引进一种超协调时序逻辑,它用于描述计算机系统的时序性质,并且能用于处理含有非协调信息的系统规约。     

基于UMLsec的软件安全需求建模方法研究

安全性是现代软件系统的重要组成部分,安全需求建模是确保软件安全性的基础.针对软件安全需求,提出了一种基于UML安全扩展(UMLsec)的软件安全需求建模方法.在软件需求规格说明的基础上,获取安全需求,对安全需求进行描述,并将安全需求描述集成到功能需求模型中,构建安全需求模型,并对模型进行了验证.科研信息系统实例表明了该方法的有效性.     

Supporting the acquisition and modeling of requirements in software design

This paper describes a system for supporting the construction of software requirement models, which are initial computable models representing users' requirements in software design. The system principally consists of two components, a system for aiding the formation of requirement concepts by visualizing a user's thought space, and a knowledge-based system which automatically assembles the ascertained requirement concepts into a requirement model. The system extracts reusable components of a requirement model, corresponding to the users' abstract requirement concept, from a store of similar past cases. The components are then automatically arranged using heuristic reasoning. By using the system, users can make their requirement concepts more mature, and simultaneously get computable requirement models as by-products.     

Pseudo software: A mediating instrument for modeling software requirements

A new synthesis of software requirements models called pseudo software is proposed with the aim to cut requirements-related errors. Pseudo software achieves this aim by serving as a mediating instrument to empower stakeholders to participate in requirements elicitation and validation through model construction and manipulation, and to provide guidance to the development team to correctly interpret the requirements in the downstream development activities. Pseudo software obtains its traits as a mediating instrument through the choice of requirements information bits and the use of multimodal representations with tool support to integrate the requirements. Using historical data of fifty projects in the enterprise computing domain, pseudo software is shown to effectively cut the requirements-related errors committed by both the customer and the development team.     

A method to elicit architecturally sensitive usability requirements: its integration into a software development process

In the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community, software usability has primarily been concerned with the presentation of information, more precisely with the user interface. However, some usability problems can prove costly to fix if the changes require modifications that reach beyond the presentation layer, namely those that cannot be easily accommodated by the software architecture. Taking into account some usability requirements earlier in the software development cycle, specifically prior to the architectural design phase, can reduce the cost of these modifications. There is a scarcity of methods and guidelines with the scope to direct users in eliciting the usability requirements that can impact the software architecture. This paper proposes a usability-driven adaptation of the quality attribute workshop (QAW) to assist software development organizations in discovering and documenting usability requirements. It shows how this method can be integrated into a software development process, by discussing how the existing software framework workflows can be adjusted to take this new activity into consideration. A preliminary exercise was conducted to help discern the utility and the limits of the proposed method. Participants with different levels of knowledge of usability and comprehension of the system being developed found the method constructive, as it guided them in identifying the architecturally relevant usability requirements. It also helped determine the usability aspects that would not necessarily have been defined if this technique had not been employed.     

一种基于符号变换的描述逻辑ALC超协调推理算法

语义万维网作为一个开放、不断更新而且相互协作的环境,经常会包含一些不协调的或不精确的信息。众所周知,描述逻辑是语义万维网重要的逻辑基础,然而描述逻辑缺乏处理不协调或不完全信息的能力。近来一些超协调方案通过限制或阻止使用一些推理规则来避免推理的平凡化,从而容忍本体中出现的不协调。因为这些方法限制了描述逻辑系统的推理能力,所以推理能力弱于经典的描述逻辑推理能力,即使在处理协调的本体时。提出一种基于符号变换的具有强推理能力的超协调推理算法。证明了该算法是可判定的,而且在处理协调的本体时该推理系统与经典逻辑系统具有相等的推理能力。     

A fuzzy logic based approach for phase-wise software defects prediction using software metrics

ContextThe software defect prediction during software development has recently attracted the attention of many researchers. The software defect density indicator prediction in each phase of software development life cycle (SDLC) is desirable for developing a reliable software product. Software defect prediction at the end of testing phase may not be more beneficial because the changes need to be performed in the previous phases of SDLC may require huge amount of money and effort to be spent in order to achieve target software quality. Therefore, phase-wise software defect density indicator prediction model is of great importance.ObjectiveIn this paper, a fuzzy logic based phase-wise software defect prediction model is proposed using the top most reliability relevant metrics of the each phase of the SDLC.MethodIn the proposed model, defect density indicator in requirement analysis, design, coding and testing phase is predicted using nine software metrics of these four phases. The defect density indicator metric predicted at the end of the each phase is also taken as an input to the next phase. Software metrics are assessed in linguistic terms and fuzzy inference system has been employed to develop the model.ResultsThe predictive accuracy of the proposed model is validated using twenty real software project data. Validation results are satisfactory. Measures based on the mean magnitude of relative error and balanced mean magnitude of relative error decrease significantly as the software project size increases.ConclusionIn this paper, a fuzzy logic based model is proposed for predicting software defect density indicator at each phase of the SDLC. The predicted defects of twenty different software projects are found very near to the actual defects detected during testing. The predicted defect density indicators are very helpful to analyze the defect severity in different artifacts of SDLC of a software project.     

Reliability factors in business software: volatility, requirements and end-users

Abstract. Many business‐oriented software applications are subject to frequent changes in requirements. This paper shows that, ceteris paribus, increases in the volatility of system requirements decrease the reliability of software. Further, systems that exhibit high volatility during the development phase are likely to have lower reliability during their operational phase. In addition to the typically higher volatility of requirements, end‐users who specify the requirements of business‐oriented systems are usually less technically oriented than people who specify the requirements of compilers, radar tracking systems or medical equipment. Hence, the characteristics of software reliability problems for business‐oriented systems are likely to differ significantly from those of more technically oriented systems.     

Managing requirements conflicts in software product lines: A goal and scenario based approach

The product line approach is recognized as a successful approach to reuse in software development. However, in many cases, it has resulted in interactions between requirements and/or features. Interaction detection, especially conflict detection between requirements has become more challenging. Thus, detecting conflicts between requirements is essential for successful product line development. Formal methods have been proposed to address this problem, however, they are hard to understand by non-experts and are limited to restricted domains. In addition, there is no overall process that covers all the steps for managing conflicts. We propose an approach for systematically identifying and managing requirements conflicts, which is based on requirements partition in natural language and supported by a tool. To demonstrate its feasibility, the proposed approach has been applied to the home integration system (HIS) domain and the results are discussed.     

基于概率和条件逻辑的PKI信任模型推理

提出一种基于概率和条件谓词逻辑来表示和推导PKI信任模型的方法．该方法用3个二元条件谓词表示不同个体之间的关系,并给出了实体认证规则、信任规则和信任扩展规则，对信任度定义了一个概率模型，该模型能反映约束条件如何影响信任度．概率模型加条件谓词逻辑能够对一个PKI信任模型进行更精确的描述．     

Landscape visualizations: Applications and requirements of 3D visualization software for environmental planning

This paper presents the findings of an investigation into the role and use of landscape visualization software for landscape and environmental planning in Germany. It examines the challenges and requirements of 3D visualization technology and its potential for application in landscape and environmental planning. Relevant literature and comparable surveys are reviewed in order to determine the current state of affairs, and the general and international relevance of the results is assessed.In 2000, a survey of user requirements for 3D landscape simulation software, including the demand for specific features, was conducted within the framework of a feasibility study for a visualization tool. As part of the German-wide survey, comprehensive questionnaires were sent to 1044 respondents from a pool of private landscape planning consultancies, freelance landscape architects, and public planning and environmental authorities.The survey showed that 3D landscape visualization has a positive image in Germany, both among user and non-user groups of visualization tools. Twenty-eight percent of private consultancies and freelance landscape architects, as well as 7% of public authorities, stated that they already used 3D simulation software. Those respondents who did not use 3D simulation software cited insufficient computer equipment, lack of technical expertise of planners and cost-related aspects as reasons for not yet having adopted the technology. “Ease of learning” and “interoperability” are deemed to be the most important features of 3D simulation software, whereas factors such as “high interactivity”, “representability of ecological processes” and “photo-realism” are, surprisingly, regarded as much less important.Users of 3D visualization software are particularly concerned by insufficient representation of plants and habitats in simulations. Looking to the future, the vast majority of respondents (91%) expect increased benefits for landscape planning from 3D visualization software, are convinced of the advantages of the technology, and are eager to integrate 3D landscape visualizations into their working practices.     

基于信息特征的需求开发与管理研究

如何荻取用户的真正需求是需求工程的难点.需求工程是创造性的高层次知识活动,根据知识等级层次,信息最接近于事实且涉及专业知识最少.以信息方式交流需求具有容易理解的优势,便于减少和消除人们因知识背景不同而产生的交流困难.应用信息特征探讨了几点有效提高需求开发与管理效率的对策.     

基于设计结构矩阵的可信软件非功能需求评估模型

可信软件非功能需求的量化评估是可信软件研究的一个重要领域。依据构件中非功能需求之间的相互关系,结合设计结构矩阵及矩阵变换、运算的方法,提出了非功能需求贡献值的概念,建立了构件和非功能需求关系的相关阵列及具有统一标准和评判尺度的可信软件非功能需求度量模型,并结合该模型构建了一种用来判断软件非功能需求是否符合软件开发者和用户预期的评估决策方法。最后通过一个实例来说明本模型的合理性和有效性。     

软件非功能需求国内外研究综述

软件非功能需求在需求工程中扮演着重要的角色,但目前国内针对软件非功能需求方面的系统性介绍还比较匮乏.鉴于此,对软件非功能需求进行了介绍,对它的定义进行了文献上的梳理;阐述了软件非功能需求研究的必要性,详细介绍了软件非功能需求研究的发展历史,并总结了软件非功能需求研究发展;对软件非功能需求研究存在的不足进行了总结,通过梳理可以发现软件非功能需求未来的研究方向.     

基于FAHP的可信软件非功能需求评估方法

针对可信软件的非功能需求表示与评估问题,对用于非功能需求描述的软目标相互依赖图（Software Interdependency Graph,SIG）进行改进,提出了一个扩展的软目标相互依赖图（Extended Software Interdependency Graph,ESIG）模型来描述和表示非功能需求。在ESIG图模型上,从面向方面的角度提出了一种基于模糊层次分析法（Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process,FAHP）的可信软件非功能需求评估方法。在评估过程中建立了评价准则集、评价等级标准集、权重向量、评价得分矩阵和综合评判矩阵,综合考虑了非功能需求间存在的相对重要性和促进与抑制影响。最后通过一个实例说明了此评估方法的合理性与有效性。     

The impacts of user review on software responsiveness: Moderating requirements uncertainty

Rapidly changing business environments and evolving processes increase the uncertainties in IS development. To produce a high-quality system that responds to user needs is challenging. We attempted to determine whether user reviews during the development process could reduce uncertainties and improve the product. Technology structuration theory indicated that users, as actors participating in reviews during the development of a system, could help reduce uncertainty in the organizational requirements and thus improve the software product. A survey of system developers indicated that user requirements uncertainty had a direct, negative effect on software responsiveness but that user review, serving as a moderator, could reduce this effect.     

基于混沌理论的需求分析质量评价模型

在基于混沌理论和软件需求复杂性理论研究的基础上,提出一种理论模型.该模型是在已描述的非线性方程下得到的一个包含三段式的轨迹图,它可以对软件需求的演化过程进行指导,同时也可以评价需求过程的质量.初步研究表明,只要需求演化过程的变化图和模型的轨迹图一致,那么需求的演化过程就可以看成是正常的.最后通过对具体实例的分析,验证了该模型在评价需求演化过程上是有效可行的.     

基于人物角色的产品用户需求获取方法研究

为了使产品设计能深入满足用户的真实需求,在设计开发前期有效准确获取用户需求就变得十分关键。提出了一种基于人物角色模型的产品用户需求获取的新方法。通过场景细分确定典型用户,结合5W2H法提炼构建用户人物角色模型,通过KJ法对人物角色模型中提炼的用户需求进行聚类,得到典型用户需求指标体系。使用改进后的主观赋权法确定参数的权重,加权各方案并比较最终确定用户需求。并以无线移动终端产品造型设计为例进行说明。     

An exploratory study of architectural effects on requirements decisions

The question of the “manner in which an existing software architecture affects requirements decision-making” is considered important in the research community; however, to our knowledge, this issue has not been scientifically explored. We do not know, for example, the characteristics of such architectural effects. This paper describes an exploratory study on this question. Specific types of architectural effects on requirements decisions are identified, as are different aspects of the architecture together with the extent of their effects. This paper gives quantitative measures and qualitative interpretation of the findings. The understanding gained from this study has several implications in the areas of: project planning and risk management, requirements engineering (RE) and software architecture (SA) technology, architecture evolution, tighter integration of RE and SA processes, and middleware in architectures. Furthermore, we describe several new hypotheses that have emerged from this study, that provide grounds for future empirical work. This study involved six RE teams (of university students), whose task was to elicit new requirements for upgrading a pre-existing banking software infrastructure. The data collected was based on a new meta-model for requirements decisions, which is a bi-product of this study.     

基于加权网络的客户需求聚类方法

针对高端制造业客户需求数据庞大、需求间相关关系复杂的问题,提出了基于加权网络的客户需求聚类方法。将客户需求看做加权网络的节点,将客户需求之间的相关关系看做加权网络的边,构建客户需求的加权网络,并在加权网络的基础上结合聚类算法对客户需求进行聚类处理,从而将杂乱无章的客户需求根据相关程度进行分类。考虑到需求之间关系的主观性和模糊性,采用三角模糊数来量化加权网络的边权,最后以客户对塔式起重机的需求为例对所提出方法的有效性进行了验证。