人类和自然因素对风景旅游洞穴环境的影响研究

风景旅游洞穴的环境变化和洞穴碳酸钙景观的风化、破坏和稳定性问题已经相当严重,许多科学价值和美学价值很高的风景旅游洞穴景观因洞穴景观和环境的严重破坏而不得不关闭。因此,风景旅游洞穴的安全已引起了国内外洞穴学家、洞穴旅游管理部门以及游客的广泛关注。对洞穴环境和碳酸钙景观的安全性威胁,普遍认为旅游活动和旅游设施运行是主要的影响。综上述,人类活动和自然因素都会强烈影响风景旅游洞穴的环境变化。      

《同一个地质计划》的进展与对策

《同一个地质计划（OneGeology）》最初由英国地质调查局于2006年2月提出,已得到全球地学组织的支持。到2007年底,国际地球科学联合会等10个全球学术团体与国际地学组织、2个跨国公司、2位知名人士和67个国家的地质调查局参加了该计划。《同一个地质计划》是各个国家的地质调查局贡献给国际行星地球年的、约1：100万比例尺的、可在网络上很容易取得最好世界地质图数据的计划。该计划的目标是：使可用的地质图数据能被更多的人使用,使需要的人受益,促进互操作能力的增强。《同一个地质计划》的实施,可以提升全球、大陆、行星、海洋地球科学图的编制和出版的合作能力。深化对一些地区地质问题的研究,并可作为国际地球行星年一个切实可用的成果,提升国家地质调查局的形象;运用管理地学知识的领导能力和经验,通过教育、科学、文化和交流。能够处理全球污染对社会、经济和环境的影响问题。促进全球环境保护公约的执行,减缓自然灾害,使全球经济可持续发展,人们的居住环境更安全、更繁荣。精神生活更丰富、更快乐。因此,实施该计划不仅有现实意义,更有重要而深远的政治意义。     

湿地水环境中表层沉积物吸附铅、镉能力的研究

在选定的实验条件下,对向海自然保护区5个不同类型湿地水体的表层沉积物样品进行了铅、镉的热力学吸附实验.结果表明,沉积物样品吸附铅、镉的过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich(n=8,p= 0.01) 等温吸附曲线.在所讨论的范围内,沉积物样品吸附铅、镉的能力与样品中铁、锰氧化物及有机质含量存在着显著的相关性.表层沉积物吸附铅、镉的能力小于生物膜吸附铅、镉的能力,即在湿地水环境中,生物膜对重金属迁移转化的作用相对于表层沉积物而言更重要.     

创意成就梦想科技铸就辉煌——记现代设计集团十年新历程暨成立五十六周年

建筑是华美的乐章,是凝固的艺术,是历史的见证,是文化的载体,世界各地的建筑以其宽厚的胸怀,开放的姿态吸引五湖四海的友人前来观赏,分享城市的深厚内涵和设计者的匠心独运,而众多优秀建筑的创造者之一——上海现代建筑设计集团一贯秉承"传承历史、设计现代、创造未来"的使命,     

不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤养分的影响 ——以广西桂林岩溶区实验基地为例

根据实验数据,探讨了不同放牧方式对岩溶区土壤的肥力、微量元素含量、水涵养性等的影响。结果表明,在正常放牧的情况下,能迅速提高牧草区土壤的养分和水的涵养性,减少水土流失,灌木种植初期不宜进行放牧;而在人为破坏和过度放牧的情况下,可在短期内导致岩溶区生态环境向着恶化的方向演替,土壤养分的各项指标下降到甚至低于未修复前的状态。     

北平西山几个地质系统的年代

通常所称的西山,是小区域的西山,横亘北平的西北作四西南—东东北的走向,长不逾百里,宽不逾二三十里。这个地理上的山脉的形态和地质构造上的山系的走向,大致相吻合,     

组件GIS和TeeChart控件在地学叠置处理中的应用

面向对象的组件GIS技术是现今GIS发展的主要趋势。基于组件GIS技术并结合TeeChart控件,对高程、重力场、磁场的栅格数据和表示断层分布、地层分布的空间矢量数据进行叠置处理,提取叠置图层的空间信息和属性信息,绘制了包含高程、重磁、断层、地层信息的多纵坐标二维剖面图,实现了高程、重力场、磁场变化的三维模拟。研究工作改变了传统的剖面绘制方式,为地学研究提供了便利高效的参考,提高了地学研究的可视化程度和工作效率。     

国内外区域地质调查全过程信息化的现状与特点

区域地质调查是一项具有战略意义的综合性的基础工作．是衡量一个国家地质工作水平的基本标志,是世界各国地质工作机构的一项基本职能和长期任务。实现区域地质调查全过程的信息化是地质工作信息化战略的重要目标之一,是改变地质工作传统工作方式、提高现代化水平的关键。本文将阐述区域地质调查信息化的含义,分析其基本性质,阐述国内外区域地质调查信息化的现状和特点。     

塔里木盆地地质环境演化及钾矿寻找研究进展

描述了我国钾盐资源的现状,总结了世界上大型钾盐矿床的分布和形成规律:物质基础、地质构造、岩相古地理及气候条件.分析了塔里木盆地的基本概况,阐述了在晚自垩-古近纪这一历史上重要的成盐期,塔里木盆地的地质环境演化历史,分析了塔里木盆地晚白垩纪和古近纪沉积相特点,确定了塔里木盆地的两个浓缩中心--库车凹陷和塔西南凹陷,综述了塔里木盆地的地质找钾状况,为钾盐的找矿工作做了良好的地质铺垫.     

某地核废物填埋区土壤的表面电荷及矿物组成对核素锶吸附的影响

为了降低放射性废物的危害,一般采取就地填埋的处置技术.影响核素锶吸附的因素针对吸附的基础物料土壤来说,主要有表面电荷、矿物组成;而外界环境因素如添加剂,对核素的吸附比也有很大影响.实验采用静态吸附的方法,通过测定核素锶的浓度,求得不同土壤对核素锶的吸附比,进而判断出应选用哪种物料吸附核素.实验结果表明,该地核废物填埋区的不同土壤,表面电荷中的正、负电荷均发育,但负电荷相对于发育的土壤而言对锶的吸附比偏大.矿物组成中以石英为主,但也含有一些吸附性强的粘土矿物(如蒙脱石、伊利石等 ).实验最后选定的棕黑色砂质粉土TY29,在加入适量的添加剂碳酸钠后,吸附系数可达103数量级,满足工程屏蔽的要求.     

Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

Removal of lead minerals from copper industrial flotation concentrates by xanthate flotation in the presence of dextrin

Potato starch and dextrins resulting from thermolysis of potato starch in the absence of reagents and presence of -amino acids are promising depressants for separation of lead and copper minerals present in the Polish industrial copper concentrates. The polysaccharides were used for differential xanthate flotation of the final industrial concentrates produced by flotation with sulfhydryl collectors in the absence of depressants. The polysaccharides depressed galena and provided froth concentrate rich in chalcocite and other copper minerals as well as cell product containing lead minerals. The best results of separation were obtained in the presence of plain dextrin prepared by a thermal degradation of potato starch. The industrial concentrate containing 18.5% Cu and 5.5% Pb was divided into a froth product containing 38.1% Cu with 77% recovery of copper and a cell product assaying 7.3% Pb with 83% recovery of lead. It was accomplished using 2500 g/t of dextrin, 50g/t of potassium ethyl xanthate, and 50 g/t of frother (α-terpineol). The pH of flotation was 8.0–8.2.     

具彩色斑纹颅形贝在广西桂林下石炭统黄金组中的发现:兼论颅形贝属的地质地理分布

文中描述了产自广西桂林地区下石炭统黄金组下部的颅形贝属一新种,桂林颅形贝(Cranaena guilinensis)。新种以平直的前结合缘和背壳上发育中槽为特征。在4枚标本上发现保存有放射状的彩色条带,表明该种当时生活在温暖海域的浅水环境。对该属70个种的地质地理分布和生物多样性变化的初步分析表明,该属可能起源于早泥盆世欧美大陆西北缘的老世界区,之后的地理分布和生物多样性发展以北美地区为中心,经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期和早石炭世2次比较明显的辐射演化、迁移扩散高峰和晚泥盆世晚期的1次严重衰退。第1次高峰是中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期,该属的生物多样性达到巅峰,生物地理分布范围扩大到欧美大陆之外的西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块和华南板块等;第2次高峰是早石炭世,该属的生物多样性虽不及前一次,但获得了最广泛的地理分布,不仅在北方大陆有分布,而且已进入到冈瓦纳大陆边缘。晚泥盆世晚期该属的1次严重衰退显然与F/F灭绝事件有关。早石炭世之后,该属进入衰退阶段,最终在二叠纪初灭绝。     

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风北岸斜坡结构及其对大型滑坡形成机理的指示意义

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风段北岸塬边集中发育大型黄土滑坡,体积超过1 000×10⁴ m³的滑坡达58处。在区域活动断裂调查、地球物理勘察、典型斜坡结构与构造调查基础上,研究了大型滑坡结构及其形成机理。研究表明：渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡的地貌,主断裂面倾向南,倾角平均为68°,而次级断面结构组合控制斜坡结构,影响塬边大型黄土滑坡结构;塬边主断裂面与多个大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁一致,断裂最大下挫距离7.1 m,影响大型滑坡的形态及发生过程;活动断裂呈地堑式结构,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其演化过程,如杨家村滑坡,局部滑坡剪出受断裂结构控制,剪出口角度可达72°,大部分剪出口未受到断裂面影响,角度平均为23°;三门组黏土岩黏粒体积分数超过35%,塑限平均值为23,是滑坡的层间剪切带;降雨诱发老滑坡复活是目前新滑坡发育的主要形式,大量的老滑坡形成于0.009 Ma BP二级阶地侵蚀期,而古滑坡形成于0.13 Ma BP三级阶地侵蚀期。     

Grands gisements d'albite dans le massif métamorphique de Menderes (Turquie occidentale)

Albite deposits of western Turkey occur within gneiss in the basal part of the Menderes Metamorphic Massif. The most important deposits are located along the Karadere mineralization zone, within an anticlinorium of 15-km length with a direction of N10–30E. Detailed study of the four deposits forming the northern part of this zone has allowed us to discover large reserves of 100.65 million tons, of which 78% is composed of high-grade ore with a content of 10.27% Na₂O. The remainder is formed by low-grade ore with 8.37% Na₂O and 1.11% K₂O and mixed ore with 4.61% Na₂O and 4.05% K₂O, with reserves of 14.4 and 8.2 million tons, respectively. To cite this article: U. Çak?r, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye

The localization and chemical composition of the galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit have been studied in the Second Contact ore body and Bol’nichnaya ore lode. The Partizansky deposit was formed during two stages: base metal-skarn and silver-sulfosalt. Much of the galena was deposited with the productive galena-sphalerite assemblage at the first stage. The galena of the productive stage of the Second Contact body shows wide variations in trace element composition. The galena from the root zone of the ore-bodies (the level of ?135 m) is characterized by steady high contents of economically important isomorphic and mechanical admixtures of bismuth and silver. The galena from the middle levels is almost devoid of isomorphic admixtures and occasionally contains fine inclusions of Ag-tetrahedrite. The high silver (and stibium) contents in the galena from the uppermost horizon (the level of +285 m) are mainly related to mineral inclusions of diverse silver minerals of the late silver-bearing assemblage. The galena from the Bol’nichnaya lode over a large depth interval has elevated contents of isomorphic silver and bismuth, with abundant inclusions of native bismuth.     

菱镁矿开采引起的Dubravsk"非汉字符号" Massif水文地质结构中的地下水化学成分变化

Dubravsky Massif菱镁矿体的开采产生了部分局限在石炭纪低裂缝渗透变质岩中的喀斯特型裂缝含水层。大量的开矿过程对含水层中的地下水循环和化学成分都造成了可观的变化。本文研究了在这种复杂条件下地下水化学成分变化成因模型。根据化学配位模型,计算出所选矿物的饱和指数,从而指示所有喀斯特裂缝含水层饱和带中的地下水对菱镁矿、白云石、方解石的过饱和度和石膏的不饱和度。假设地下水未受人类活动的污染,而白云石中黄铁矿的氧化对成矿影响甚微,则水化学数据的统计描述代表了含水层中的水文地球化学背景。矿山中矿石焙烧释放的富氮气体凝聚产生的醋酸,能促进菱镁矿和白云石的溶解。这样产生的地下水相对背景值来说则富集NO3,Mg,和TIC。因此,由于地下开矿,岩溶作用估计将是原来的1.5倍。尽管有污染,这些所测参数并没有超过斯洛伐克卫生保健部颁发的No.29／2002 Z.z.饮用水标准临界值。因此采矿后含水层的开采也是可行的。     

针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为与热力学研究

采用批量振荡吸附平衡法设计针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸试验,对比研究了针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸行为,并考察了不同K＋浓度的溶液对蒙脱石吸附菲的影响,比较分析了线性吸附模型和Freundlich吸附模型描述矿物吸附等温线的准确性,并从吸附热力学角度探讨了矿物的吸附机理。结果表明：针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸均表现出明显的非线性和解吸滞后现象;相对于线性吸附模型来说,针铁矿和蒙脱石对菲的吸附解吸更符合Freundiich吸附模型;与蒙脱石相比,针铁矿对菲的吸附更为显著,且具有更好的稳定性;溶液中软阳离子K＋的存在使蒙脱石对菲的吸附能力得到显著提高;菲在蒙脱石和针铁矿上的吸附过程是一个自发放热,同时伴随着熵值减小的过程;随着温度的升高,蒙脱石和针铁矿对菲的吸附能力均减弱。     

江苏镇江—扬州长江公路大桥桥基断裂断层泥定量研究

本文通过断裂层泥的矿物组分特征、粒度成分结构和分形、成熟度和目前活动度、石英碎屑形貌ＳＥＭ观测来分析与评价镇江至扬州长江公路大桥桥基断裂的抗震和抗断问题,得到主要影响桥基稳定性的ＮＷ－ＮＮＷ向世业洲场区优势断裂,主要活动时间为Ｑ３－Ｑ２。该研究对断裂带上建设特大型桥梁工程的区域稳定性综合研究和论证,以及对大桥工程的合理选址、设计和确保安全具有重大实际意义。