母牛难产的原因和治疗

正近年来,师宗县引用外种种公牛冷冻精液采用人工授精进行牛种改良,因国外种公牛与本地母牛之间在体格、体重上存在较大差异,以及多数养殖户对母牛适时配种年龄较小和不符、妊娠母牛后期饲养管理不当等原因,造成难产的比例较高,严重影响和阻碍了肉牛冻精改良和优良品种推广的进程。母牛难产是指由于各种原因使分娩的母牛很难或不能分娩出胎儿的产科疾病,难产处理不当,不仅会引起母牛生殖道疾病,影响以后的发情和繁殖,而且还会     

杂交牛难产的预防与治疗分析

近几年来,随着我县用外来肉牛品种与我县本地牛杂交技术的推广,因我县本地牛个体比较小,本地牛初配年龄选择、母牛生长发育等原因的影响,在我县杂交牛品改工作中,发生本地牛冻配后发生难产的现象时有发生,给养牛农户带来一定的困难和经济损失。我们通过手术对难产母牛进行助产和治疗,取得了明显的效果,现介绍如下：     

影响肉用牛杂改本地牛难产率的因素

肉用杂交牛的难产率,一般比奶用牛,奶用兼用牛和黄牛高。其主要原因在于用大型肉牛品种公牛与较小型品种母牛杂交,犊牛的出生重和体型明显增大,在我们镇虽然采用了以夏洛来为主的大型肉牛品种和本地黄牛杂交,难产现象却极少发生。从开展改良的1975年到现在,凡配海福特、利木赞的本地母牛都全部顺产,配夏洛来和西门塔尔的母牛绝大部分顺产,难产者仅见3例。就这个问题,我们进行调查研究,     

西门塔尔牛改良甘肃西部地区本地黄牛效果调查研究报告

为了研究西门塔尔牛对甘肃省本地黄牛的改良效果,使用西门塔尔牛冻精为甘肃省西部本地母黄牛人工授精,笔者测定了初生、6月龄和12月龄西本(西门塔尔与本地黄牛杂交)一代杂种F1公牛、母牛的体尺和体重,并与相应年龄性别的本地黄牛进行比较。结果发现,西本F1公牛、母牛各项指标均显著或极显著地高于本地黄牛,表明利用西门塔尔牛冻精杂交改良本地黄牛是切实可行的,具有显著的改良效果。     

基础母牛的选配、饲养及饲料

1选配小型母牛选择种公牛进行配对时,种公牛的体重不宜太大,防止发生难产现象。一般要求种公牛不超过母牛体重的30%~40%为宜。大型品种公牛与中、小型品种母牛杂交时,母牛不选初配者,而需选经产牛,以降低难产率。防止1头改良品种公牛的冷冻精液在1个地方使用过久（3~4年以上）,防止近交。在地方良种黄牛     

摩拉水牛冻精改良试验报告

通过采取去势本地公牛,掌握母牛发情规律,冻精保存方法,实施多次重输精和犊牛早期培育补饲,改良后的摩拉水牛各阶段体重都比本地牛均有大幅度提高。     

杂交牛难产的防治

近几年来，在我县牛人工冻配品种改良工作中，本地母牛受个体、初配年龄、生长发育等因素的影响，发生难产的现象时有发生。笔者通过手术对难产母牛进行助产和治疗，并对配种母牛加强饲养管理和采取预防措施，取得了明显的效果，现介绍如下。     

母牛难产的诊治体会

我县牛品种改良工作已开展多年,牛品改是我县农民增收的一个亮点。未品改前,母牛难产较少,开展牛品改后,母牛难产较多,胎儿过大导致难产占70％以上,其它原因占少数。笔者经常深入农户冻配母牛和处理母难产的病例,在此浅析母牛难产的诊治经验及体会。1母牛难产的原因     

摩拉水牛冻精改良本地水牛试验研究

引进摩拉水牛冻精改良本地水牛试验，通过采取去势本地公牛，观察、掌握母牛发情规律、冻精保存方法，实施多次重复输精和犊牛早期培育补饲，我市水牛冻精改良首次获得成功，冻精改良配种受胎率达到36．19％，其摩杂一代公、母牛周岁体重分别较本地同龄水牛提高45．30％和49，89％，各阶段体尺体重都比本地牛有大幅度提高，经济效益非常明显，深受农户欢迎和喜爱，值得推广应用。     

一例母牛剖腹产手术

海原县主打的肉牛品种为西门达尔牛,除了政府倡导以外,养牛户也普遍喜欢饲养这一品种,主要是原因在于：西门达尔牛具有良好的适应性、发病率较低、耐粗饲且生长速度快。目前,海原县境内约有85%以上的母牛品种都是西门达尔及其各代杂交牛。所以,在选择配种时均采取西门达尔公牛冻精人工授精或采用比较纯的西门达尔公牛进行本交。但是,西门达尔牛另外一个显著特征是：犊牛初生重较大,若第一胎母牛配种月龄过早(14月龄以前),很大程度上会影响母牛体格的正常生长发育。胎儿过大、产道狭窄这两个原因导致初产母牛难产率较高,常常出现母子双亡,损失惨重的结局。而在海原,母牛难产几乎天天都有发生,在适宜条件下采取剖腹产是挽救这一损失的关键技术之一。但在海原县境内技术人员缺乏,真正能够实施剖腹产手术的技术人员更少。因此,以典型病例做现场技术培训十分必要,也是难得的学习机会。本文通过分析一例典型难产母牛的剖腹产手术,梳理了牛剖腹产临床处理方法、要点,开展了技术示范与技术培训,有一定的借鉴意义。     

Comparison of in vitro and in situ methods in evaluation of forage digestibility in ruminants

The objective of this study was to compare the application of different in vitro and in situ methods in empirical and mechanistic predictions of in vivo OM digestibility (OMD) and their associations to near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy spectra for a variety of forages. Apparent in vivo OMD of silages made from alfalfa (n = 2), corn (n = 9), corn stover (n = 2), grass (n = 11), whole crops of wheat and barley (n = 8) and red clover (n = 7), and fresh alfalfa (n = 1), grass hays (n = 5), and wheat straws (n = 5) had previously been determined in sheep. Concentrations of indigestible NDF (iNDF) in all forage samples were determined by a 288-h ruminal in situ incubation. Gas production of isolated forage NDF was measured by in vitro incubations for 72 h. In vitro pepsin-cellulase OM solubility (OMS) of the forages was determined by a 2-step gravimetric digestion method. Samples were also subjected to a 2-step determination of in vitro OMD based on buffered rumen fluid and pepsin. Further, rumen fluid digestible OM was determined from a single 96-h incubation at 38°C. Digestibility of OM from the in situ and the in vitro incubations was calculated according to published empirical equations, which were either forage specific or general (1 equation for all forages) within method. Indigestible NDF was also used in a mechanistic model to predict OMD. Predictions of OMD were evaluated by residual analysis using the GLM procedure in SAS. In vitro OMS in a general prediction equation of OMD did not display a significant forage-type effect on the residuals (observed - predicted OMD; P = 0.10). Predictions of OMD within forage types were consistent between iNDF and the 2-step in vitro method based on rumen fluid. Root mean square error of OMD was least (0.032) when the prediction was based on a general forage equation of OMS. However, regenerating a simple regression for iNDF by omitting alfalfa and wheat straw reduced the root mean square error of OMD to 0.025. Indigestible NDF in a general forage equation predicted OMD without any bias (P ≥ 0.16), and root mean square error of prediction was smallest among all methods when alfalfa and wheat straw samples were excluded. Our study suggests that compared with the in vitro laboratory methods, iNDF used in forage-specific equations will improve overall predictions of forage in vivo OMD. The in vitro and in situ methods performed equally well in calibrations of iNDF or OMD by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.     

大庆市羊东毕吸虫病流行病学调查

对大庆市羊东毕吸虫病的流行病学进行了调查研究。结果表明，大庆有3种东毕吸虫，即程氏东毕吸虫（O.cheni)、土耳其斯坦东毕吸虫（O.turkestanica)和土耳斯坦东毕吸虫结节变种（O.turkestanican var.thuberculata)；中间宿主螺类有1种，即卵萝卜螺；东毕吸虫病在大庆分布很广，所调查的4区2县均有发生，羊东毕吸虫平均感染率分别为50．33％，平均死亡率为21．12％，大庆羊急性病例发病时间为8月上旬至10月下旬，慢性病例为11月上旬至翌年2月中旬。     

ELISA试验在防制猪伪狂犬病中的应用

猪伪狂犬病是由伪狂病病毒(Pseudorabies virus PRV)引起的急性传染病。其特征是成年猪常为隐性感染，可有流产、死胎、呼吸系统症状，新生仔猪除神经症状外还可侵害消化系统，并伴大批死亡。本病已经给全世界的养猪业造成严重的损失，我国许多地区已报道该病。为进一步探讨该病的控制、净化措施，我们对12个养猪场共856分血清采用美国嗍公司的ELISA试剂盒进行了抗体检测。     

中国圈养野生动物疫苗使用调查

2005年对中国动物园协会单位中的18家动物园饲养野生动物疫苗免疫情况进行调查。受调查动物园在野生动物疫苗使用和动物种类方面具有一定的代表性。调查结果显示动物园动物现共使用18类36种疫苗,预防31种疫病。其中哺乳动物使用14类24种疫苗,预防24种疫病;禽类使用4类12种疫苗,预防7种疫病。使用范围最广的有禽流感、犬瘟热疫苗等、新城疫疫苗、猫瘟热疫苗等。共有24目58科动物接种疫苗,其中食肉动物类1目8科,食草动物类3目9科,杂食动物类2目3科,禽类18目38科。研究结果提示应加强动物园之间疫病信息交流、防疫资源的利用、疫病监测和研究,加大对动物园动物疫病的研究投入,逐步建立动物园动物统一的防疫规程。     

Estimate of economic impact of fowl cholera in turkeys in Georgia in 1986

Information gathered from cases of fowl cholera (FC) in commercial turkey flocks through case records, flock records, and telephone and mail surveys was used to estimate disease costs. The cost to the Georgia commercial turkey industry in 1986 from preventive measures, treatment of outbreaks, and production losses from the disease was estimated at $634,545. The cost of FC per kg of live production was estimated to be $0.015.     

Use of cyclocryotherapy in management of glaucoma in dogs

In 5 cases of glaucoma (2 from trauma, 2 from narrowed drainage angles, 1 secondary to lens extraction), cyclocryotherapy was used to control intraocular pressure. In all cases the intraocular pressure decreased, with the usual result being a cosmetic and painless but blind eye.     

Occurrence of MRSA in pigs and in humans involved in pig production--preliminary results of a study in the northwest of Germany

In 2007, 678 pigs of all age groups out of 347 different farms from Lower Saxony and Northrhine-Westphalia and 86 persons occupationally exposed to pigs were investigated for their nasal colonisation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus areus (MRSA) by the Field Station for Epidemiology of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover and the Robert Koch-Institute. At the individual animal level, a frequency of positive results of 13% (n = 85 positive animals) and at the herd level, a frequency of positive results of 18% (n = 62 positive herds) were found. All isolates were assigned to the Multilocus Sequence Typing Type ST398. Within MRSA-positive herds, there were more MRSA-negative than MRSA-positive animals. Among the occupationally exposed persons (veterinarians, laboratory personnel and meat inspection personnel), 20 persons (23%) showed a nasal colonisation with MRSA ST398. A quite strong association between the intensity of the contact to pigs with the frequency of nasal colonisation in the occupationally exposed persons was detected. None of the animals or the humans nasally colonised by MRSA ST398 showed any clinical symptoms of a staphylococcal infection. Conclusions are drawn on the herd and intra-herd prevalence of the nasal colonisation of pigs with MRSA ST398 in pigs, but especially on which questions need to be addressed by further research.     

2017年西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平检测

为了解西藏拉萨市家禽禽流感抗体水平,2017年8月随机选择免疫过H5禽流感疫苗的8个规模养殖场、2个散养户、3个活禽交易市场,共13个群体,采集1 041份家禽血清样品进行H5、H7、H9亚型禽流感HI抗体检测。结果显示：H5亚型禽流感免疫抗体合格率为45.73%,H7、H9亚型抗体阳性率分别为21.13%、52.64%;养殖场、散养户和活禽交易市场的不同亚型抗体水平存在较大差异,规模化养殖场的H7亚型抗体阳性率最高（29.92%）,活禽市场的H5、H9亚型阳性率最高（78.16%、79.31%）,散养户的所有亚型抗体阳性率均最低。结果表明,拉萨市H5亚型禽流感疫苗免疫效果较差,特别是散养户,疫病发生风险较高,H7、H9亚型疑似自然感染率较高,应进一步查明原因,及时采取相应的措施,防止疫情发生。