砖茶氟含量现状分析与高质量发展路径探讨

砖茶具有降脂、抗氧化、调节胃肠道等功效,长期以来深受边疆少数民族人民的喜爱,并成为其生活必需品。砖茶氟含量超标会严重影响其饮用安全,我国开展低氟砖茶研究至今已有20余年,但砖茶氟含量超标问题依然时有发生,这不仅危害到消费者的身体健康,也制约了砖茶产业的高质量发展。文章通过总结饮茶型地方性氟中毒与砖茶氟含量的关系与现状,比较分析砖茶产量和氟含量历史数据的变化规律和相关性,以期找到砖茶氟含量超标问题产生和难以解决的根源,并对当前面临的低氟砖茶研究推广、生产与监管困境进行探讨,为科学有效地实施砖茶质量监管、推动砖茶行业高质量发展提供参考。     

砖茶高氟的原因调查

民因饮用砖茶而引起氟中毒的现象,已引起国家高层领导的重视。众所周知,茶科植物是自然界的高氟植物,而一般的茶叶含氟量远不会引起中毒。那么,藏民饮用砖茶引起氟中毒的原因何在?为什么砖茶含氟量特别高呢?现据我们1986年对四川的雅安、荣经、都江堰、北川等砖茶生产地的茶园环境、茶树、茶厂加工流程及配料等的调查结果,简报如下:1　四川砖茶的生产概况四川的砖茶又称边茶(边贸茶)。以产地和生产工艺不同分为两类,即南路边茶,如雅安、荣经等茶厂生产的“康砖”、“金尖茶”(前者含梗8%,后者含梗15%),其工艺流程为揉捻、发酵、烘干、配料、…     

砖茶水浸出氟含量的测定方法

1　前言在中华人民共和国国家标准——食品卫生检验方法中 ,只规定了食品中全氟的测定方法 ,对水浸出氟含量的测定方法 ,还没有制定。砖茶的原料较粗老 ,含氟量较高 ,人们通过饮砖茶摄入的氟较多。由于饮茶与饮食不同 ,饮食是将食品全部吃入体内 ,因此测定食品全氟含量具有意义。而饮茶只饮茶汤 ,茶渣并未食入 ,即通过饮茶摄入的氟只是茶汤中水浸出的那部分 ,茶渣中的氟并未摄入 ,因此 ,测定砖茶的水浸出氟含量比测定全氟含量更有意义。2　测定方法根据边区少数民族饮砖茶的习俗 ,先将茶与水一起煮熬一定时间 ,一般是半小时左右 ,然后倾出茶…     

砖茶中的氟对人体健康的影响

本文分析探讨了砖茶中的氟对人体健康的影响。介绍了我国边销砖茶的产销现状,各砖茶氟含量,认为砖茶中氟含量的影响因素主要是原料嫩度、其次是土壤和人为环境。通过分析砖茶中氟的可溶解性和日饮砖茶的摄氟量状况,说明了饮高氟含量砖茶且日饮用量超过１３．７ｇ者,则每日摄取的氟过量是肯定的,但饮低氟含量（４００ｐｐｍ以下）砖茶且日饮用量少于１３．７ｇ者,则可控制日摄氟量在限量（４．０ｍｇ）范围内。关于“饮砖茶导致     

砖茶氟含量偏高的原因分析研究

我省砖茶主产区的茶园土壤氟含量低于全国土壤含氟的平均水平，土壤氟不是砖茶氟含量偏高的原因；砖茶工序对茶坯氟含量影响没有显著性差异；茶树富集氟的能力很强，尤其是叶片，而骨干枝上老叶的氟含量一般在2000mg/kg以上；不同品种富集氟的能力有差异；黑毛茶原料的氟含量与其中叶子的含氟量呈极显著正相关；砖茶氟含量高低与黑毛茶原料氟含量高低直接相关，由于采割鲜叶时老叶的带入，是导致砖茶氟含量高的直接原因。20世纪50，60年代生产的砖茶氟含量只有200多mg／kg,而80，90年代砖茶氟越来越高，粗纤维含量分析结果表明，50-90年代的砖茶原料越来越老，这主要是由于砖茶产品的市场价格下降，造成砖茶原料标准下降，这是引起砖茶氟含量偏高的经济学原因。工业性氟污染也会增加砖茶原料氟含量。     

茶叶中氟的研究进展

茶叶是世界三大饮料之一,被誉为21世纪的健康饮品。茶树是富氟植物,叶片是茶树对氟的主要积累器官之一。氟是对人体有益的微量元素之一,适量的氟有益于人体骨骼和牙齿的发育,但是人体过量摄入氟也会引起氟中毒。有研究表明,我国部分少数民族地区流行的氟牙症及氟骨症与长期饮用高氟含量的砖茶有关。在低氟地区,可饮含氟丰富的茶叶来补充,但若每天摄入量超过4mg,又会导致氟中毒。饮茶型氟中毒及其防治措施已引起我国茶叶界、医疗界高度重视。本文就近些年来茶叶中氟研究进展作一归纳。     

砖茶中氟的浸出规律研究

研究结果表明,砖茶中全氟含量与水浸出氟含量呈极显著的直线正相关;砖茶的氟浸出量与煮熬(或冲泡)时间之间呈极显著的对数函数曲线相关;砖茶的氟浸出量与煮熬(或冲泡)次数呈极显著的指数函数曲线相关;茶水比越小,砖茶氟浸出率越高,茶水比越大,砖茶氟浸出率越小;无论是煮熬法还是冲泡法,第一泡茶汤的氟浸出量占氟总浸出量的50%以上;而在相同的茶水比、相同的时间条件下,煮熬法的氟浸出量高于冲泡法15个百分点以上;建议在饮用砖茶时,适当增大茶水比,缩短煮熬或冲泡时间,甚至第一泡茶汤只作冲洗茶叶不饮,改传统的煮熬法为冲泡法     

四川藏区饮粗老砖茶氟中毒的研究

原料粗老的砖茶含氟量很高,比一般的细嫩茶叶要高10多倍。为探讨高氟砖茶对人体的不良影响,笔者对四川西北高原的藏族牧民、半农半牧民、僧侣进行了食物结构、摄氟途径、摄氟量的调查,同时,引用氟骨症的临床症状和体征的分度标准,对藏民进行了相关检查。 由于高原的特殊地理条件及经济、交通原因,无法进行骨X线检查,所以不能进行氟骨症的最后确诊。本文只能就食物结构、日摄氟量与疑似氟骨症症状与体征进行分析。     

茶叶中氟的氟电极测定法

茶树是一种富集氟的植物,尤其是芽叶含氟量较高。人们通过饮茶,如摄入过量的氟则会引起氟中毒病,如氟斑牙、氟骨病等。而如摄入适量的氟,则有益于健康,如可预防龋齿等。因受茶树品种、茶树种植的立地条件,以及茶叶采摘的季节等因素的影响,各种茶叶中的含氟量差异较大。因而,需要一种简便、快速、灵敏、精度较高的测定方法,才能解决大批量、多种茶叶样品或土壤样品中氟的测定的需要。     

茯砖茶发花技术研究

茯砖茶发花技术研究欧阳规香，郭则之（湖南省益阳市资阳区供销社益阳·４１３０００）（湖南省益阳茯砖茶厂益阳·４１３０４６）茯砖茶是边疆少数民族不可缺少的重要饮料。金花普遍茂盛、色泽鲜艳金黄、颗粒肥大是优质茯砖茶的重要品质特征。金花是在茯砖茶加工过程中发...     

Allelopathy in Agroecosystems in Spain

Summary

This paper reviews the effects of allelopathic interactions in agroecosystems in Spain on plant physiological activity and their ecological advantages. The phenological stage of growth of donor plants and the effective allelochemicals in the soil solution while studying the role of phenolic compounds were highlighting. Finally possible future prospects and conclusions regarding weed control by allelochemi-cals under integrated crop management strategies are discussed.     

Factors in the Reduction in Grain Number in Winter Wheat by Early-Sowing in Yamaguchi

Abstract

Grain number per spike of wheat is lower in early sowing than in the conventional standard cultivation in Yamaguchi, Prefecture, Japan. Components of the grain number per spike in five cultivars were analyzed with respect to temperature during the spike development period throughout three growing seasons 2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 to find the cause of the problem of early sowing cultivation. The plants sown in early-October and late-November were called the early sown group and the standard group, respectively, in the following. Three of the five cultivars, Hokushin, Akitakko and Nanbukomugi, showed a strong winter habit, which requires very cold temperatures for spike differentiation. The other two cultivars, Iwainodaichi and Airakomugi, had a moderate winter habit. Grain number per spike and grain yield were decreased by early-sowing (compare with the standard group) in almost all cultivars throughout the three growing seasons. The three cultivars which had a strong winter habit had fewer spikelets per spike in the early-sown group than in the standard group. The other two cultivars which had a moderate winter habit had fewer grains per spikelet in the early-sown group. The higher the temperature during the spikelet formation phase, which is from flag leaf initiation to terminal spikelet initiation, the higher the number of spikelets per spike in the standard group. The spikelet number per spike in the early-sown group increased with the increase in productive tillers under fertile conditions. Such conditions also increased the grain number per spike.     

我国高粱育种研究进展

对我国高粱育种的主要途径和研究方向进行了概述,针对目前高粱产量徘徊现象,提出了高粱超高产育种设想,并对其技术路线进行了探讨。     

Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate in potato in two environments

Summary Diurnal changes in net photosynthetic rate were measured in a furrow-irrigated potato crop and in a riverbed crop where the water table was always maintained at 20–28 cm from the soil surface. In the irrigated crop, the photosynthetic rate during mid-afternoon was about half the peak rate observed at noon. This reduction was accompanied by a near tripling of stomatal resistance, a 45% reduction in transpiration, and a 5-fold increase in the difference between leaf and air temperatures. No such changes were observed in the riverbed crop where the photosynthetic rate remained nearly constant at about 0.9 mg m⁻² s⁻¹ between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. Tuber yield in the riverbed crop was about 30% higher than in the irrigated crop.     

我国干热区甘蔗抗旱植蔗主要问题研讨

我国干热蔗区是我国甘蔗糖业的重要生产基地,蔗区光热资源丰富,唯降水分布不均成为植蔗生产的主要限制因子;根据蔗区植蔗特点和甘蔗需水规律,苗期抗旱是干热蔗区抗旱植蔗的关键,保证较多的总苗数和足够的生长量是苗期抗旱植蔗需解决的关键技术难题,制定相应的苗期抗旱植蔗栽培技术措施是解决该难题的重要保障;该观点为我国干热蔗区植蔗生产、甘蔗引育种提供理论和技术支持。     

Advances in Variable Rate Technology Application in Potato in The Netherlands

Precision agriculture is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter- and intra-field variability in crops. In this paper, we focus on responding to intra-field variability in potato crops and analyse variable rate applications (VRAs). We made an overview of potential VRAs in potato crop management in The Netherlands. We identified 13 potential VRAs in potato, ranging from soil tillage to planting to crop care to selective harvest. We ranked them on availability of ‘proof of concept’ and on-farm test results. For five VRAs, we found test results allowing to make a cost-benefit assessment. These five VRAs were as follows: planting, soil herbicide weed control, N side dress, late blight control and haulm killing. They use one of two types of spatial data: soil maps or biomass index maps. Data on costs and savings of the VRAs showed that the investments in VRAs will pay off under practical conditions in The Netherlands. Savings on pesticide use and N-fertilizer use with the VRAs were on average about 25%, which benefits the environment too. We foresee a slow but gradual adoption of VRAs in potato production. More VRAs will become available given ongoing R&D. The perspectives of VRAs in potatoes are discussed.     

棉花体细胞无性系变异的研究进展

体细胞无性系变异是一种重要的细胞工程育种技术,其应用于棉花育种的前提是建立高效的组织培养诱导再生植株体系.本文简要综述了棉花离体诱导植株再生研究的现状,重点讨论了棉花体细胞无性系变异的表现、利用方法及机理,提出了当前研究存在的问题并对今后的研究进行了展望.     

2009年中国稻米市场分析及2010年展望

以翔实的资料对2009年中国稻米生产、消费、进出口、供求平衡、库存、价格走势、购销政策和国际稻米供求等情况进行了全面地分析,对影响2010年稻米市场价格走势的各种因素进行了深入研究,并在此基础上对2010年我国稻米市场价格走势进行了预测,结论是我国稻米价格仍呈上行趋势。