自适应网络结构的故障行波定位方法

输电网中环路的存在会影响故障初始行波到达时间与行波传输路径的匹配,影响故障点位置的计算。为此,提出了一种自适应网络结构的故障行波定位方法。对于故障线路不包含于环路的情况,利用Floyd算法搜索故障点到网络中各节点的最短路径;对于故障线路包含于环路的情况,确定环路中初始行波到达时间最大的节点为解环点,并提出了剔除无效路径的时间判据,将复杂故障网络简化为辐射形网络。在辐射形网络中,运用基于整个电网的故障行波定位算法,实现全网综合定位。仿真结果表明,该方法实现简单,适用于任何结构的电网,能够有效弥补现有行波网络定位算法的缺陷和不足。     

配电线路行波故障测距初探

探索综合利用故障初始电流、电压行波线模分量实现配电线路双端故障测距的新方法。根据不同配电线路的结构特点，分别提出了“电流-电压”、“电压-电压”和“电流-电流”3种双端行波测距模式。简要分析了小电流接地故障及相间短路故障的行波特征,阐述了故障行波信号的获取、故障过渡电阻、配电网混合线路、多分支线路以及行波波头的准确标定等影响故障测距的关键技术问题。提出利用线路末端配电变压器传变电压行波，解决配电线路末端行波信号不易获取的问题。最后通过现场试验初步验证了该方法的可行性。     

基于暂态信息的小电流接地故障区段定位

提出一种适用于配电系统架空线路的小电流接地故障区段定位新方法。该方法利用故障暂态电压、电流特征频段内分量计算无功功率，根据故障点前后暂态无功功率方向的不同确定故障区段。在故障信息不易获取的检测节点处，提出利用电磁场感应获取故障暂态信息的方法，通过测量架空线路下方垂直地面方向电场获取小电流接地故障暂态电压信息，测量水平方向磁场获取故障暂态电流信息，详细阐述了最佳检测点的计算思路，并以一典型10 kV架空线路为例验证了该方法的可行性。最后阐述了利用该方法实现故障区段定位需要解决的若干关键问题。     

基于暂态场量的小电流接地故障定位新方法

提出一种利用暂态电磁场信号实现架空线路小电流接地故障定位的新方法。详细分析了线路下方不同方向电磁场的特征,提出利用特征频段内垂直电场的Hilbert变换与水平磁场的乘积计算故障方向,根据故障点前后故障方向的不同确定故障区段。阐述了所述方法的若干性能与抗干扰措施,最后通过仿真和试验验证了该方法的正确性。     

输电网行波网络保护方法

在研究行波在电网中传播特性的基础上,提出了一种新型输电网行波网络保护方法,该方法在线路故障后利用电网中所有行波保护继电器记录的初始行波到达时间来剔除无效行波时间数据,并修正部分无效初始行波到达时间,进而利用有效初始行波到达时间来判断故障线路。这一保护方法综合利用了电网中所有线路的初始行波到达时间信息,不但解决了行波保护易受线路结构等因素影响的问题,而且在某一行波保护继电器故障、启动失灵或时间记录错误后仍能可靠动作。分析和仿真结果表明,该保护方法原理可行、实现简单、可靠性高,有助于进一步提高行波保护的实用性。     

行波测距失效点处的故障测距研究

随着现代微电子技术的飞跃发展和对行波传播规律以及对暂态信号获取方法的进一步掌握，行波故障测距装置已广泛应用于超、特高压输电线路上，但行波测距方法有其固有的缺陷。文章在对行波测距盲区分析研究的基础上，提出了两种能消除行波故障测距盲区的故障定位算法。这两种方法都是利用故障线路重合脉冲来实现故障定位。算法1是将重合闸脉冲进行三次B样条分析后，根据合闸脉冲和合闸脉冲在故障点处的反射波之间的时间差来进行故障定位；算法2是利用故障线路重合过程中一端线路处于合闸而另一端处于断开状态，利用故障边界电流进行构造单端故障定位算法；并以特高压交流输电线路为研究对象，来进行算法的仿真验证。仿真结果表明，该方法能准确地进行故障定位，其精度不受故障点过渡电阻、故障类型、对端系统的阻抗及故障距离的影响。     

输电线路双端行波故障定位新算法

双端行波故障定位原理简单，但受行波波速的不确定、输电线路长度差异以及行波波头到达时间记录不准确等因素的影响，容易出现较大的定位误差。在常规双端行波故障定位原理的基础上，提出了一种新型输电线路双端行波故障定位算法，通过记录故障初始行波到达线路两端的时刻、参考端记录的故障点反射行波和对端母线反射行波到达时刻，解方程组得到不受波速和线路弧垂影响的故障定位结果。实际应用结果表明，该算法具有较高的定位精度。     

一种新的相间行波距离保护方法

当对端母线上仅有1回进出线时，行波保护确定故障为正方向就可以动作；当对端母线上有2回进出线时，区外故障的行波测距结果大于被保护线路长度，根据测距结果，行波保护可以容易地区分区内、区外故障。当对端母线上有3回及以上进出线时，行波测距结果在某些情况下不反应故障点到保护安装处的距离，不能用测距结果区分区内、区外故障。对于这种情况，文中首先给出了根据行波测距结果和行波波头计算故障过渡电阻的方法，然后对区内、区外故障测得的过渡电阻进行分析，表明区内、区外故障测得的过渡电阻有很大不同，据此提出了一种区分区内、区外两相故障的方法。大量电磁暂态仿真表明，该保护原理正确而且适用于三相故障。     

一种考虑不同期合闸的行波合闸保护新方法

当线路末端故障时，行波在线路末端的反射情况比较复杂，反向电流行波的极性有可能与正向电流行波的极性相反，而此时测距结果又与线路无故障时相同。因此，会造成行波测距式与行波极性比较式合闸保护的不正确动作。根据行波的折、反射理论，分析出当线路无故障时正向电流行波仅在线路末端发生反射，且电流行波的反射系数为-1，而当线路存在故障时，正向电流行波将在故障点发生反射，无论故障是否在线路末端，电流行波的反射系数都不会是-1。根据这一特征，提出了一种新的行波合闸保护方法。从原理上保证了在各种情况下保护都可以正确动作，大量的电磁暂态仿真结果也证明了这一点。     

小波变换应用于暂态初始行波分析及故障选线选相

在分析输电线路故障后的行波过程的基础上，利用小波变换的奇异性检测原理，提出了一种仅使用电流行波的输电线路故障选线选相方法，该方法可用于行波保护，行波测距和暂态保护。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.