多尺度各向异性扩散方程的红外弱小目标检测算法

针对复杂背景下红外弱小目标检测效果不佳的问题,结合多尺度分析法和各向异性扩散方程,利用图像尺度和方向信息,提出一种新的红外弱小目标检测算法.首先,采用Surfacelet变换对图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到不同尺度下高频子带系数和低频子带系数;其次根据不同频带的特点,分别采用改进的各向异性扩散方程差分滤波和局部去均值滤波对高频子带系数和低频子带系数进行处理;最后,采用逆Surfacelet变换重构处理后的子带系数,并采用自适应阈值分割对重构的图像进行分割,以实现目标检测.采用多组红外图像进行试验,并与小波滤波以及各向异性扩散滤波进行比较,实验结果显示,该算法能有效抑制背景及其边缘,可以获得比另外两种算法更好的红外弱小目标检测效果.     

多尺度核局部归一化的红外图像背景抑制

为解决红外图像弱小目标检测技术中的云层和地物等复杂自然背景抑制这一难题,提出了一种基于多尺度核归一化策略的弱小目标复杂背景抑制新方法。首先,采用波原子变换对图像进行尺度和方向分解,提取图像的多尺度和方向细节特征;然后,根据目标和背景杂波信号子带系数之间的差异,对波原子变换后各子带系数采用设计的核局部归一化调整函数进行修改,以达到有效地抑制原始图像中背景边缘、轮廓和纹理等信息和增强目标信号系数强度的目的;最后,重构调整后各个子带系数获得抑制背景后的目标图像。实验结果显示,与小波和最大中值滤波方法相比较,该方法对包含弱小目标的红外复杂背景都具有良好抑制效果,信杂比增益和背景抑制因子分别提高到3倍和4倍以上。     

基于波原子变换的红外复杂背景杂波抑制算法

针对红外图像弱小目标检测技术中复杂背景杂波干扰问题,提出了一种基于波原子变换的红外图像背景抑制算法。首先,采用波原子变换对图像进行多尺度和多方向分解,获得原始图像的多尺度和多方向细节特征;然后,根据目标和背景杂波信号的差异,通过频域变换设计的系数调整函数修正经波原子变换后各子带系数,再经波原子逆变换重构得到估计的背景图像;最后,将其与原始图像相减获得背景杂波抑制后的图像。用真实的红外图像序列进行实验,结果显示,与最大中值和小波变换两种算法相比,该算法能有效地抑制红外弱小目标复杂背景杂波,突出目标信号,提高信杂比,具有良好的背景抑制性能。     

基于稀疏特征的红外与可见光图像融合

针对传统的红外与可见光图像融合算法提取目标信息不突出的问题,提出一种基于非下采样剪切波变换和稀疏结构特征的融合方法.首先用非下采样剪切波变换分解源图像;然后通过主成分分析提取低频子带系数中边缘和轮廓等显著特征,引导低频成分融合规则的设计,同时基于结构信息的稀疏性指导融合高频子带系数;最后经过非下采样剪切波变换逆变换得到融合后的图像.实验结果表明,该方法在保留可见光图像背景信息的基础上,突显了红外图像的结构信息,有效提高了融合效果.     

基于非抽样剪切波的加权区域图像融合

以提升遥感图像和多聚焦图像的融合精度为目的,结合非下采样剪切波变换（NSST）可以捕捉图像的细节特征,提出了一种NSST和加权区域特性的图像融合方法。利用非下采样剪切波变换对源图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,得到低频子带和高频子带,低频子带系数采用改进梯度投影的非负矩阵分解（NMF）,高频子带系数采用加权区域能量和区域方差相结合的融合策略,然后应用非下采样剪切波的逆变换得到融合的图像。实验结果表明:该方法从主观视觉方面很好地保留了多幅图像的有用信息,给出该方法与其他融合算法在客观评价指标应用信息熵EN、互信息MI和加权边缘信息量QAB/F的比较结果 。     

一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换的运动点目标背景抑制算法

为了解决机载红外预警探测系统检测地面运动点目标时的结构化背景抑制,提出了一种基于非下采样Contourlet变换的新算法.算法采用非下采样Contourlet变换对原始图像进行多层分解,然后对低频子带和高频子带采用不同的方法处理,最后对各子带进行重构即可得到背景抑制后图像.与数学形态学Top-hat算法比较,实验结果表明本文所提算法能有效地抑制图像背景,从而较好地提高图像的信噪比和对比度.     

基于剪切波变换和邻域结构特征的红外与可见光图像融合

针对传统融合方法融合后目标轮廓模糊和细节不突出等问题,提出一种在剪切波框架下基于邻域结构特征的红外与可见光图像融合算法。通过剪切波变换对源图像进行分解得到与源图像同尺寸的高频和低频子带系数;为防止融合后图像边缘模糊,对低频子带系数采用几何距离与能量距离加权的融合规则,对高频子带系数采用灰度差异与梯度距离加权的融合规则来更好地保留源图像的细节信息;经剪切波逆变换得到融合后图像。结果表明,本文算法能有效地提取红外目标信息和保持可见光图像信息;在保留图像轮廓信息的基础上,凸显目标信息,有效地改善图像融合效果。     

基于多分辨率双边滤波的红外场景杂波抑制

背景杂波是影响红外搜索跟踪系统探测性能的主要因素,针对这一问题,根据红外场景中目标和背景特性,提出了一种基于多分辨率双边滤波的红外场景杂波抑制新方法.首先采用非下采样轮廓波对红外场景图像进行多尺度、多方向分解,提取红外原始场景图像在不同尺度和方向上的细节特征,然后,根据目标和背景信号子带分布特性之差异,通过应用双边滤波调整分解后的各子带系数,最后重构各子带就可将红外场景中目标信号和背景杂波分离,可有效地将背景杂波剔除掉.将本文提出的方法应用于实际的红外场景,实验结果显示,与经典的二维最小均方误差方法相比较,该方法具有更好的杂波抑制能力.     

基于小波高频距离像的红外小目标检测

针对远距离复杂背景下红外小目标检测问题,本文提出了一种基于小波高频距离像的方法。该方法首先将处理空间变换到小波域,通过分析残留背景、目标和噪声系数在高频子带的差异,定义基于邻域均值的子带系数表达形式,构造高频子带系数的中心向量,对小波高频图像进行综合形成距离像,得到红外复杂背景的抑制结果。在此基础上,利用恒虚警率算法将单帧背景抑制图像分割成候选目标、残留背景和噪声像素点。最后,在时间域基于目标运动的相关性,利用管道滤波实现红外小目标的最终检测。仿真实验结果表明,相对于经典算法,本文方法可以实现对红外复杂背景的有效抑制,增强目标信号的强度,准确稳定的从红外复杂背景中检测出小目标。     

多波段前视红外图像融合的海面杂乱背景平滑方法

为了有效地克服单波段前视红外图像中存在的点状杂波、条状波浪以及局部高亮区域等随机杂乱背景的影响,开展了基于多波段前视红外图像融合的海面杂乱背景平滑方法的研究。充分利用多波段前视红外图像之间的互补性和差异性,通过融合多波段红外图像的信息,旨在平滑抑制海面杂乱背景并保持舰船目标的特征信息,为舰船目标检测提供一幅优质的图像。首先利用离散小波变换将多波段源图像分解为低频子带和高频子带,其中,高频子带主要包含了图像中背景以及舰船目标的细节信息,低频子带主要包含了图像的亮度以及对比度信息;对于高频子带,在基于高频系数取绝对值最大法得到高频融合图像后,计算每个像素的区域能量来对高频融合图像进行调制以抑制图像背景的细节信息而保留舰船目标的细节信息;对于低频子带,通过平均法融合低频子带并利用导向滤波对低频融合图像进行平滑滤波处理;最后对高频融合图像和低频融合图像进行小波逆变换得到的重构图像即为融合图像。对实际采集的多波段前视红外图像进行仿真实验,将该方法与双边滤波、导向滤波、梯度最小化、相对全变分、双边纹理滤波和滚动滤波共6种图像平滑滤波方法进行对比。结果表明:所提出的方法通过有效地融合多波段图像的信息,将空间域的平滑处理转换到频率域中进行,能够很好地平滑海面随机杂乱背景并较好地保持舰船目标的结构、灰度以及对比度信息,大大增强了舰船目标的可分离性,其图像平滑性能优于作为对比的6种方法。     

Anomalies in the polarized raman spectrum of crystal quartz

Summary By means of coherent Raman scattering we have measured in quartz the dispersion of the elements of the Raman tensor in the range (900÷1070) cm⁻¹. The results determine with good accuracy the relative contribution of the various modes to the second-order nonlinear susceptibility. For some elements of the Raman tensor the present results greatly improve the precision of data already known; for others the dispersion and the relative strengths have been measured for the first time. In particular, a strong, frequency-dependent, asymmetry of the Raman tensor has been evidentiated; this asymmetry is interpreted in terms of optical Raman activity.     

Infrared facility at the Canadian light source

The Canadian Light Source (CLS) is constructing two beamlines for Infrared Spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation (IRSR). One will supply mid-Infrared (2–25 μ) light to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and microscope for biological applications. The second will have a high resolution FTIR spectrometer for gas-phase and surface spectroscopy in the far-Infrared (beyond 25 μ). The Infrared beamlines will use dipole bending magnet radiation from a special bend magnet port design which provides a 50 mrad square acceptance. Issues with the first mirror and photon mask design, as well as the beamline layout and features are discussed.     

Coherent hyper-raman scattering: An application to amorphous materials

Summary Coherent Hyper-Raman scattering from hot polaritons gives conspicuous advantages with respect to thermal Hyper-Raman scattering. It allows a precise study of polar modes in liquids and amorphous materials, where they are forbidden in Raman scattering. We give a classical theory for this nonlinear process and the results are applied to the study of the polariton at 1065 cm⁻¹ in amorphous quartz. The experimental data, having a precision two orders of magnitude better than in previous studies, show that the polaritons propagate in the glass with a well-defined wave vector. The dispersion curve of the polariton and its width in the wave vector space can be described by means of a multioscillator model taking into account the inhomogenous width of the levels originated from disorder.

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Riassunto La diffusione Hyper-Raman coerente da polaritoni eccitati mediante assorbimento di un impulso laser infrarosso offre notevoli vantaggi rispetto alla diffusione Hyper-Raman termica. Essa consente uno studio preciso dei modi polari negli amorfi e nei liquidi dove risultano proibiti nelle transizioni Raman. Viene formulata una teoria classica per questo tipo di diffusione coerente ed i risultati vengono applicati allo studio sperimentale del polaritone a 1065 cm⁻¹ nel quarzo amorfo. I dati sperimentali, con una precisione di due ordini di grandezza migliore che nei precedenti studi, mostrano che il polaritone si propaga nel vetro con un ben definito vettore d’onda. La curva di dispersione del polaritone e la sua larghezza nello spazio dei vettori d’onda può essere descritta mediante un modello a più oscillatori, tenendo conto dell’allargamento inomogeneo dei livelli derivante dal disordine.

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Резюме Когерентное гипер-рамановское рассеяние на горячих поляритонах дает явные преимущества по сравнению с тепловым гиперрамановских рассеянием. Этот подход поэволяет исследовать полярные моды в жидкостях и аморфных материалах, где они эапрешены при рамановском рассеянии. Мы раэвиваем классическую теорию для этого нелинейного процесса и полученные реэультаты применяются к иоследованию псляритона при 1065 cm⁻¹ в амопфном кварце. Эксперименталвные данные, имеюшие точносты на два порядка лучше предыдуших реэультатов, покаэывают, что поляритоны распространяются в стекле с хорошо определенным волновым вектором. Дисперсионная кривая поляритона и ее шириина в пространстве волновых векторов может быты олисана с помощью многоосцилляторной модели, которая учитывает неоднородную ширину уровней, воэникющую иэ-эа неупорядоченности.

     

Raman scattering studies of sodalite for crystal structure and coloration mechanism

Summary Group-theoretical study of the vibrational modes of chlorosodalite [Na₄Al₃(SiO₄)₃]₂ has been carried out for theT _d ¹ space group. The Raman-active modes are evaluated and comparison is made with the experimental results on sodalite. It is shown that the experimental Raman spectrum does not support the structure of sodalite to beT _d ¹ but confirms it to beT _d ¹ . Raman scattering studies were performed on X-ray irradiated As-grown single crystal of chloro-sodalite to identify the coloration mechanism. Enhancement of oxygen twisting and stretching mode intensities on X-ray irradiation indicates the formation of neutral sodium colloidal aggregate during the coloration process. The authors of this paper have agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.     

Self-broadening and shifting of HI lines in the 1-0 and 2-0 infrared bands

Pressure-broadening and -shifting coefficients of pure HI at room temperature have been determined from fits of high-resolution Fourier transform spectra in the fundamental and first overtone infrared bands. The results indicate that the measured widths are almost identical in both bands and decrease significantly with the rotational quantum number. On the contrary, the pressure-induced shifts show a strong dependence on both the rotational and vibrational states. These results are compared with predictions of a semi-classical model. The latter leads to calculated values in good agreement with measurements and shows that the broadening is dominated by electrostatic interactions due to the (permanent) electric dipole and quadrupole moments. On the contrary, the observed shifts cannot be explained without the introduction of a significant vibrationally dependent isotropic potential. The effects of line coupling between hyperfine components are also discussed although they are expected to be small and cannot be observed from the measured spectra. Finally, some tabulated values of calculated widths and shifts vs. quantum numbers and temperature are proposed. They should be useful for infrared sounding of HI amounts, particularly in the monitoring of the hydrogen production through the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle.     

Quartz as a pressure sensor in the infrared

The pressure dependence of the 795 cm^?1 mode of quartz has been measured in the infrared up to 20 GPa at 300 and 400 K. For the measurements, which are impossible with a laser light, on photo sensitive or biological samples, we propose to use the pressure dependence of this mode as a pressure gauge.     

Characterization of solid state array cameras for the mid-IR

We present a characterization of some processes affecting the performance of solid state array cameras designed for ground based astronomical imaging in the 8–13m atmospheric window. Our discussion includes a novel model for electron-hole generationrecombination noise based on the probable pathlength of an electron in a photoconductor. We use the Berkeley mid-IR Array Camera as an example. For this camera, the results show that the total optical system composed of the camera, a 3m telescope, and the atmosphere has an efficiency of about 3%, a 1 noise equivalent flux density of 25 mJy min^–1/2arcsec^–2 measured over a /=10% band width, and a noise equivalent expressed as the ambient temperature thermal black body noise of 23%.     

Optimization of the operational bandwidth in air-core photonic bandgap fibers for IR transmission

We determine the optimal inner glass ring thickness in infrared air-core photonic bandgap fibers (PBGFs) with 19-cell and 7-cell cores. For PBGFs with a 19-cell core, we find that an inner ring thickness of , where Λ is pitch, yields the widest operational bandwidth, which is nearly 6%. The operational bandwidth increases as the refractive index decreases from 2.8 to 2.0. For PBGFs with a 7-cell core, one needs to draw fiber with a ring thickness of less than to achieve a comparable operational bandwidth.     

Infrared Reflection Spectroscopy as a Probe of Interaction and Orientation of the Cyclodextrin Complex at the Surface of Silver

Preliminary studies concerning the structural characterization of inclusional complexation have been carried out between barbiturate and β-cyclodextrin on silver surface by using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The results not only provide convincing evidence for the complex formation but also reveal special structural features of the supramolecules oriented on Ag surface.     

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪光阑孔径及扫描速率设置探讨

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪辐射通量大,特别适用于测量弱信号光谱,从而具有很高的灵敏度.因此也对处理系统有着苛刻的要求,在实际测试中,博里叶光谱仪光阑孔径及扫描速率设置是相关联的,直接影响到采集及数据处理的精度.通过试验,研究探讨了傅里叶光谱仪光阑孔径及扫描速率设置极限及平衡点,兼顾快与准.