驱油用甜菜碱表面活性剂的乳化性能

针对所研究的甜菜碱乳状液运用了宏观脱水率和微观显微镜观察的方法,并通过粘度计测定了乳状液的粘度,对A(烷基二甲基磺丙基甜菜碱)和B(烷基二甲基羟丙基磺基甜菜碱)两个系列甜菜碱的乳化性能进行了研究。结果表明,AB两个系列甜菜碱的乳化性能都随长烷基链碳原子数的增加先逐渐增强,当A系列长烷基链碳原子数达到14,B系列长烷基链碳原子数达到16,乳化性最好,继续增加长烷基链碳原子数,乳化性能减弱。AB两个系列的甜菜碱都随着浓度的增加乳化性能逐渐增强。随着甜菜碱长烷基链碳原子数的增加,B系列乳化性能好于A系列     

LAS生物降解性与分子结构的定量相关研究

用量子化学方法计算得到了LAS的分子结构参数，应用这些分子结构参数对LAS生物降解的实验结果进行回归分析，建立了以分子总电子能(Ee)、分子偶极距(μ)、前线轨道电子云密度指数(Fr^N)为结构描述符的降解率D％的数学模型。表明：①烷基碳原子数相等而苯环位置离中心碳原子越近，Ee值越负、Fr^N越大、偶极矩μ越小其生物降解性越低；②苯环离末端碳原子位置不变即碳原子数减少的LAS分子，Ee值越正、Fr^N越大、偶极矩户越小其生物降解性越低。可见μ与Fr^N在各种结构系列中均适用，是与生物降解活性相关的主要结构描述符。     

烯丙基型可聚合表面活性剂的性能

通过对烯丙基型可聚合表面活性剂——烷基琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠的表面活性和应用性能的测定,研究和对比了两系列不同烷烃碳原子数(n)的烷基琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠的性能,得到了同系列产物结构与其性能的关系。结果表明,当n=8~16时,其中n=8,γcm c最低;n=16,cm c最低,分散力最强;n=14,乳化力最好;n=12,起泡性最好。     

12种脂肪酸的分子连接性指数与其气相色谱保留值的相关关系研究

对月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸、芥酸、α-桐酸、蓖麻油酸等12种脂肪酸的气相色谱保留值与其化学结构的关系进行了探讨。计算了这些脂肪酸的部分分子连接性指数。采用多元线性拟合法,求出了各脂肪酸分子中各种碳原子的个数及分子连接性指数与其气相色谱保留关系的回归方程,得到了复相关系数≥0.99,F检验值远高于临界值的回归方程,方程预测的色谱保留值与文献值一致。     

含偶氮基团香蕉液晶化合物的合成与表征

为了研究香蕉型液晶化合物侧链碳原子数与其侧链碳原子数之间的关系,本文做了一系列对比实验。用不同的溴代烷烃与偶氮化合物(自制)合成目标产物香蕉形液晶化合物。对所得产物用红外、核磁以及热台偏光显微镜对其结构进行表征,结果显示碳原子数对目标产物的液晶性没有实质性的影响。     

Porapak QS固定相的色谱性能研究

针对国外Porapak QS的色谱性能进行了研究，测定了极性常数(麦氏常数)，提出在柱温170℃测定其常数的方法，测定了热分析曲线和17种物质的相对保留值；对柱温与保留值、关系进行了研究。     

单取代烷烃的熵和吉布斯自由能与分子结构的关系

将单取代烷烃RX(X=OH、SH、NH2、Cl、Br、I、NO2、CN等)分子结构分为两个区域R和X来提取分子结构参数,从三方面影响因素:烷基R、取代基X、R与X相互作用来定量关联RX标准摩尔熵及标准摩尔生成吉布斯自由能。获得了已有实验测定的单取代烷烃RX标准摩尔熵及标准摩尔生成吉布斯自由能,并以烷基的碳原子数、取代基X对所研究单取代烷烃热力学性质的贡献值,烷基的极化效应指数与取代基电负性的乘积三参数为变量,建立定量相关模型,采用留一法交叉验证这些方程,结果表明,模型方程都具有良好的稳定性和预测能力。     

多种农药产品的高效液相色谱分析及其定量结构-色谱保留关系研究Ⅰ.氨基甲酸酯类及酰胺类农药

对 8种氨基甲酸酯类农药和 8种酰胺类农药的高效液相色谱分析法进行了探讨。使用 ODS- C1 8(5μm)为固定相的 15 0 m m× 4.6 mm(i.d.)的不锈钢柱及甲醇 -水流动相 ,进行了这 16种农药的高效液相色谱测定。同时应用化学计量学的原理 ,对这些农药的定量结构与其色谱保留值的关系进行了研究。采用多元线性回归法 ,建立了试验农药的分子连接性指数以及理化参数与其色谱保留值关系的回归方程 ,能得到用这些方程的计算值与实验测定的保留值一致的结果     

用相转换法制备非对称膜的凝胶速度——膜结构的相关性表征

本文采用了一套先进的实验装置来测定由相转换法制备非对称膜的凝胶速度,同时连续观测膜生成的动态过程及膜结构,研究凝胶速度与膜结构之间的相关性。还采用了平均凝胶速度常数、絮凝值、混合热、表面张力等参数来表征凝胶速度与膜结构的相关性,为预测可能生成的膜结构提供了重要信息。     

用相转换法制备非对称的凝胶速度—膜结果的相关性表征

本文采用了一套先进的实验装置来测定由相转换法制备非对称膜的凝胶速度，同时连续观测膜生成的动态过程及膜结构，研究凝胶速度与膜结构之间的相关性。还采用了平均凝胶速度常数，絮凝值，混合热，表面张力等参数来表征凝胶速度与膜结构的相关性，为预测可能生成的膜提供了重要信息。     

Determination of environmentally relevant physical-chemical properties of some fatty acid esters

Fat models frequently use input parameters that are defined at environmental conditions. In a recently developed gas-liquid chromatography method (GC-VAP), vapor pressures, heats of vaporization, and heat capacity differences (gas-liquid) of fatty acid esters are determined over a large temperature range that includes environmental temperatures. This method also allows an accurate determination of the normal boiling point temperature of a substance. Literature values of vapor pressure, boiling point temperature, and heat of vaporization at 298.15 K for the chosen esters are all in excellent agreement with those determined with the developed method. Correlations between carbon number and heat of vaporization are high.     

Improved Approach to Predict the Power of Energetic Materials

Nowadays, the ballistic mortar is the preferred test for the explosive power measurements but there is no reliable method for its prediction. For an energetic compound, the formation of low molecular mass gaseous products and a high positive heat of formation per unit weight of the energetic compound are important parameters to have a high value of power. A novel method was developed to predict the power by the ballistic mortar test for pure and mixture of energetic materials. It can be used for some important classes of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, acyclic and cyclic nitramines, nitrate esters, and nitroaliphatics. The presented method is based on the molecular structure of the desired compound and there is no need to use experimental data such as the condensed phase heat of formation. For 84 pure and 24 mixtures of energetic compounds, the calculated power relative to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (= 100) show good agreement with respect to the measured values.     

N-十二烷基-N,N,N-三羟乙基氯化铵的物化性能研究

通过用滴体积法对合成纯化所得 N-烷基 - N,N,N-三羟乙基氯化铵 ( AEEC)表面张力测定发现 ,AEEC的表面过剩浓度随疏水基碳链数的增加而有所减小 ,表面分子面积受碳链长度影响 ;疏水基碳链的增加使 AEEC降低表面张力的效能和效率都提高 ;随着疏水基碳链的增加 ,AEEC的 CMC降低。并且在所测定的温度范围内 ,log CMC与疏水基碳链长度成线性关系。在 2 5°C时 ,TΔSomic对 ΔGomic的贡献比 ΔHomic大 ,并且碳链愈长 TΔSomic的贡献愈大 ,AEEC胶束化的主要驱动力是熵变。     

EPDM胶料的性能研究Ⅰ.炭黑补强EPDM胶料

研究了炭黑品种、用量和硅烷偶联剂Ｓｉ６９的使用等因素对炭黑补强ＥＰＤＭ胶料静态和动态性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜分析了硫化胶的阿克隆磨耗表面,而且使用经改造的固特里奇压缩疲劳实验机测试了胶料内部的动态生热。研究结果表明：炭黑补强ＥＰＤＭ胶料生热较低,耐热老化性能较好,老化后动态性能有明显的改善;使用硅烷偶联剂Ｓｉ６９处理的炭黑,可显著降低胶料的动态生热;与ＳＢＲ载重轮胎胎面胶相比,ＥＰＤＭ胶料具有回弹性好、动态生热较小及老化后性能保持率较高的优点,可用于高温动态下使用的橡胶制品     

The preparation and properties of acrylic and methacrylic acid grafted cellulose prepared by ceric ion initiation. II. Water retention properties

Bleached sulfite softwood pulp and the corresponding paper have been grafted with acrylic and methacrylic acids and a number of other monomers. A practical, all aqueous, ceric ion method was used as described in Part I of this series. The water and saline retention values of the grafted pulps were determined. Super water sorbency, up to 48 g/g, were obtained after suitable post treatments. A number of variables were studied including the effects of pH, counterion, crosslinking, drying, and beating. It was gratifying that drying did not affect the effeciency of water or saline water retention. Useful linear functional relationships were found between the saline water retention values and the logarithm of the percent sodium chloride in the water. The two “model” parameters of the plots also correlated well with the water retention values and with the degree of grafting expressed as the ion exchange equivalents of the pulps. The osmotic pressure approach to the water sorption as developed by Grignon and Scallan⁵ coupled with the restraining forces of the grafted polymer itself is used to interpret the process.     

Determination of heat transfer formulas for gas flow in fin-and-tube heat exchanger with oval tubes using CFD simulations

Plate fin-and-tube heat exchangers operate in a cross-flow arrangement with the complex path of gas flow, hence in order to determine the velocity field and heat transfer characteristics, the numerical methods must be used. The CFD codes allow obtaining local values of the heat transfer coefficient, however it is impossible to incorporate these values into the analytical formulas for the overall heat transfer coefficient, that is fundamental for the designing procedure of the cross-flow heat exchangers. Therefore this paper presents a method for determination of the average heat transfer coefficient for gas flow in a plate fin-and-tube heat exchanger using the CFD simulations. The values of the heat transfer coefficient obtained using the heat transfer formulas for the Nusselt number, determined with the CFD simulations, can be directly implemented in the thermal designing procedure of the cross-flow heat exchangers. The results of the numerical computations are validated experimentally.     

Mechanism and Microkinetics of Soot Formation upon Thermal Decomposition of Carbon and Fiberglass Plastics under One-Sided Radiant-Convective Heating

The paper reports experimental methods for studying soot formation upon thermal decomposition of carbon and fiberglass plastics in flows of high-temperature gas and flame. The mechanism of the process is analyzed and its microkinetic parameters are determined. The problem of unsteady heating of a semi-infinite body of semitransparent fiberglass plastic is formulated and solved numerically taking into account the process of soot formation under conditions of radiant-convective heat transfer. A comparison of calculation results with experimental data is given in dimensionless variables.     

On the Detonation Characteristics of CHNO-Type Condensed Explosives. A parameter study

The object of the present paper is to carry out a parametric study which takes into consideration the variations of the detonation characteristics such as CJ pressure, CJ temperature, velocity of detonation (VOD), and gas volume of CHNO-based condensed explosive systems in connection with the changes in input parameters like loading density and heat of formation of the explosive in question. Meaningful equations which describe adequately the interrelationships between the parameters were derived for a typical CHNO-type explosive. The study is likely to be of considerable help in determining the variations in the magnitudes of the detonation parameters corresponding to a given change in the relevant input characteristics. The results of such studies should also be important in estimating the uncertainty of a parameter, like VOD, arising from the uncertainty in the heat of formation of the explosive which is often determined experimentally and whose values is often of questionable validity. The principal features that emerge from the investigations in this paper are: (1) while CJ pressure and VOD tend to increase sizably with the loading density of the explosive, CJ temperature and CJ volume decrease with an increase in the loading density; and (2) all the four parameters, viz., CJ pressure, CJ temperature, VOD, and CJ volume increase, however, being of a marginal nature, barring the CJ temperature whose variations with the heat of formation are not insignificant.     

Steady state multiplicity in surface reactions with coverage dependent parameters

Surface reaction rates may not be unique even when gas pressure and composition above an isothermal catalytic surface are constant. In this paper we examine general ways of obtaining necessary and sufficient conditions for multiple reaction rates for mechanisms that include coverage dependent rate parameters, surface heterogeneity or formation of a complex compound between two reactants or between a reactant and a product. It is shown that variations of the reaction activation energy or heat of adsorption with coverage can enlarge regions of rate multiplicity. Several numerical examples are studied in detail.     

促进剂TMTD对粘土填充NR胶料抗热氧老化性能的影响

采用ＮＲ塑性保持率的测定方法、橡胶热空气老化试验方法、热分析技术及扫描电镜分析等,研究了促进剂ＴＭＴＤ对粘土填充ＮＲ胶料 化性能的影响。试验结果表明,在制备粘土直充ＮＲ胶料时采用半有效硫化体系或有效硫化体系硫化,加入１．５或３．０份促进剂ＴＭＴＤ,可以获得很好的抗热氧老化性能。