扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法.方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或后期乳房再造.结果 应用该方法再造乳房95例,其中保留乳头乳晕改良根治术后即时再造24例,保留皮肤改良根治术后即时再造36例,改良根治术后即时再造26例,后期再造9例,其中1例为改良根治术后,其他8例为改良根治术后,再造乳房均形态良好.术后6例乳头部分坏死;14例胸部皮肤表皮脱落,自行愈合;2例背部供区部分坏死;背部顽固性血清肿2例,再次手术后愈合.结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造安全有效,再造乳房形态良好,尤其适用于中、小乳房的乳房再造.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的 介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法。方法 将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区，在背部设计半月形皮肤切口，切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织，不应用乳房假体，进行即时或后期乳房再造。结果 应用该方法乳房再造35例，再造乳房形态良好，结论 扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造，安全有效，再造乳房形态良好，是乳房再造的重要进展。     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法.方法将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为5个区,在背部设计半月形皮肤切口,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织,不应用乳房假体,进行即时或后期乳房再造.结果应用该方法乳房再造35例,再造乳房形态良好.结论扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,安全有效,再造乳房形态良好,是乳房再造的重要进展.     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的　介绍单纯应用扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造方法。方法　将背阔肌周围脂肪组织分为 5个区 ,在背部设计半月形皮肤切口 ,切取背阔肌及周围脂肪组织 ,不应用乳房假体 ,进行即时或后期乳房再造。结果　应用该方法乳房再造 35例 ,再造乳房形态良好。结论　扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造 ,安全有效 ,再造乳房形态良好 ,是乳房再造的重要进展。     

背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳房再造中的应用

目的探讨利用背阔肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造的设计、手术操作及效果。方法2005年5月至2006年4月行背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造18例,其中8例联合假体置入。观察指标包括手术时间、术后并发症及美学效果。结果平均手术时间为147min。再造乳房全部成活,无严重术后并发症。除1例再造乳房位置偏高以外,其余17例（94.4%）患者对再造乳房均很满意。结论背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合假体置入乳房再造操作简便、术后并发症少,再造乳房形态好,是一种可供选择的乳房再造方法。     

扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房再造中的应用

目的评价扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣在乳腺癌改良根治术后一期乳房再造中的应用价值。方法选取我科2008年1月至2009年6月期间收治的48例乳腺癌患者,根据所接受的术式分为扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣一期乳房再造（乳房再造）组（n=12）和单纯乳腺癌改良根治术（单纯根治）组（n=36）,对2组患者术后并发症、恢复情况以及生活质量进行对比,并对再造乳房外观形态进行评价。结果乳房再造组患者均成功行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,再造乳房外形评价良好6例,中4例,差2例,明显优于单纯根治组（P〈0.001）。2组患者术后积液、皮瓣坏死、患肢及肩关节活动、住院时间、引流时间及开始辅助治疗时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但乳房再造组术后生活质量较好,与单纯根治组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。乳房再造组有10例行术后辅助放化疗,未出现转移皮瓣坏死。2组患者随访2～17个月（中位时间8个月）,未见局部复发及转移。结论乳腺癌根治术后扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣一期再造乳房形态效果良好,手术操作简单,对早期乳腺癌是一种安全、可行的治疗方法 。     

乳房再造术的临床研究

目的 回顾总结了乳癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、Becker可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植、扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植乳房再造术的经验,探讨手术的适应征、方法和效果.方法 16例行保留皮肤的乳癌根治术一期假体植入乳房再造;13例行Becker可扩张假体植入一期乳房再造;4例行单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植乳房再造手术,其中2例为一期再造,另2例为二期再造.应用Becker可扩张假体行二期乳房再造1例.扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植二期乳房再造1例.结果 手术效果满意,优良率超过90%.3例病人出现轻微并发症,其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死,一例出现保留的乳头乳晕部分坏死,1例出现血清肿.结论 单纯假体植入适用于瘦小病人,对侧乳房小且没有明显下垂.优点是不增加额外瘢痕,术后恢复快;可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳癌根治术的患者,此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张术乳房再造术的优点;TRAM和ELDF皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植,安全、手术效果好.     

背阔肌肌皮瓣联合假体在乳腺癌术后二期乳房再造中的应用

目的探讨背阔肌肌皮瓣联合假体植入在乳腺癌术后二期乳房再造术中的临床应用。方法 2009年至2013年,共8例乳腺癌术后年轻患者接受二期乳房再造手术。术前以排水法测定健侧乳房体积,根据患者健侧乳房形状、大小及背部组织情况,设计胸背部供区皮瓣,术中测量移植皮瓣的容积,然后根据健侧乳房和移植皮瓣的容积差,选择大小合适的乳房假体,将假体埋植于背阔肌-胸大肌后间隙,利用背阔肌肌皮瓣移植联合乳房硅胶假体进行二期乳房再造。结果本组患者术后随访6个月至4年,再造乳房外形较佳,效果满意,供区无明显并发症。结论对于年轻有生育要求的乳腺癌术后乳房缺失患者,健侧乳房较大,利用背阔肌肌皮瓣联合假体进行乳房再造,可取得良好的手术效果。     

乳腺癌根治术后即刻行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造50例分析

目的探讨保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造的治疗及美容效果。方法收集2014年4月至2019年4月收治的50例乳腺癌患者临床资料,所有患者均采用保留乳头、乳晕(NSM)或保留皮肤(SSM)的乳腺癌改良根治术联合扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造,观察手术相关指标(手术时间、手术出血量及引流管留置时间)及术后并发症情况,并评价术后美容效果。结果50例患者均成功完成保留乳头、乳晕或保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造术,皮瓣存活率100%,乳腺组织切除量(200±50)g,手术时间(220±40)min,手术出血量(35±15)mL,胸部引流管留置(12±4)d,背部引流管留置(20±5)d。其中,2例患者术后1个月存在背部血清肿,经重新置管引流后消除;1例患者术后出现乳头部分缺血坏死,经换药后愈合;1例患者术后出现上肢活动受限,经功能锻炼后缓解。美容效果评价显示,再造乳房优良率92%。所有患者随访36~60个月(中位数48个月),均未见局部复发及远处转移。结论乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术适合亚洲女性的中、小型乳房,手术可操作性强,美容效果好,值得临床推广。     

应用岛状背阔肌肌瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造98例的体会

目的 介绍采用侧胸切口岛状背阔肌肌瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造的应用体会.方法 回顾性分析了自2000年1月至2009年6月采用保留乳头、乳晕的乳房改良根治术加岛状背阔肌肌瓣Ⅰ期乳房再造的98例患者的临床资料,阐述其手术要点和常见的并发症.结果 所有患者的再造乳房全部存活,无肌瓣坏死,但少数患者存在供区血清肿和背部畸形等并发症.结论 本术式操作简便,效果确切,Ⅰ期再造的乳房切口隐蔽,外形良好,值得临床推广使用.     

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建关键技术

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建是目前乳房重建的重要手术方式,包括背部供区“无痕化”背阔肌乳房重建、“皮岛式”背阔肌乳房重建。其特点为：腋窝无切口,仅做3个trocar孔,在微创视野下通过皮下隧道完成背阔肌皮瓣切取或转移,随后3个trocar孔可用于术后引流,不增加额外切口;背部供区不遗留瘢痕;微创视野下获取背阔肌肌瓣整个过程不需要拉钩。机器人和腔镜辅助背阔肌乳房重建优势为切口隐蔽、创伤小,美容效果好,是一种安全、可行的手术。     

Autologous breast reconstruction with latissimus dorsi flap

The gold standard technique for autologous breast reconstruction is the transverse rectus abdominis flap (TRAM). Recently, techniques of harvesting a latissimus dorsi flap have been modified in such a way as to increase the flap and allow breast reconstruction without an associated implant. The aim of this study was to evaluate aesthetic results obtained with this method and to assess early morbidity related to the changes in the technique. Between January 1994 and August 1998, 43 patients underwent breast reconstruction with an autologous latissimus dorsi flap. Their postoperative outcome was compared to that of 30 patients who underwent reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap associated with an implant. These 43 patients were asked to come back for aesthetic evaluation by a physician and to answer a questionnaire about cosmetic results. Mean duration of follow-up was 18.6 months (range 8 to 60). Mean size of the breast reconstructed with this technique was 340 g (up to 835 g). Dorsal seroma was the most frequent complication (72%), followed by delayed dorsal healing (19%). The frequency of seroma was significantly increased when compared to a classic latissimus dorsi flap (P = 0.003), but frequency of skin slough was not. The aesthetic result was considered satisfactory in 93% of the cases by the patient and 77% of the cases by the physician. In conclusion, the extended latissimus dorsi flap allows reconstruction of small and medium size breasts, with a good aesthetic result. This flap appears to be an interesting alternative to the TRAM flap for autologous reconstruction in selected patients.     

Can Nipple-sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Modified Extended Latissimus Dorsi Muscular Flap Improve the Cosmetic and Functional Outcome among Patients with Breast Carcinoma?

Background Nipple–areola complex (NAC) preservation is a new revolution in breast cancer surgery and breast reconstruction, if reliability and safety are considered. The latissimus dorsi muscular flap is a versatile flap that is gaining renewed popularity for immediate breast reconstruction with development of modifications. We are introducing nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) for Egyptian patients with breast carcinoma and reporting our results with a new modification of the extended latissimus dorsi muscular flap. Methods Between July 2005 and August 2006; forty-one patients with stage I to III breast carcinoma had NSM and immediate breast reconstruction. We performed a new modification to the extended latissimus dorsi muscular flap that allowed us to obtain enough autologous tissue to reconstruct the breast without implant or back incision. The postoperative aesthetic results with specific view of the preserved NAC were evaluated. Results We applied both an objective and subjective aesthetic result to our monitoring. Aesthetic grading results of breast reconstruction were as follows: excellent in 31, good in 6, fair in 2, poor in 2. Both reconstructed breast and donor site complications were minor. Patients are followed for a median follow-up of 7.9 months (range: 4–11 months). In this short period of follow-up, no local recurrence or distant failure has been observed. Conclusions Nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using modified extended latissimus dorsi muscular flap allows single-stage, totally autologous reconstruction with a satisfactory aesthetic result, low morbidity, and good quality of life.     

Boomerang flap reconstruction for the breast

The boomerang-shaped latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap for breast reconstruction offers a stable platform for breast reconstruction. It allows for maximal aesthetic results with minimal complications. The authors describe a skin paddle to obtain a larger volume than either the traditional elliptical skin paddle or the extended latissimus flap. There are three specific advantages to the boomerang design: large volume, conical shape (often lacking in the traditional skin paddle), and an acceptable donor scar. Thirty-eight flaps were performed. No reconstruction interfered with patient's ongoing oncological regimen. The most common complication was seroma, which is consistent with other latissimus reconstructions.     

Skin-Sparing Mastectomy with Immediate Breast Reconstruction by a New Modification of Extended Latissimus Dorsi Myocutaneous Flap

Background  The introduction of skin-sparing mastectomy has revolutionized both breast cancer surgery and breast reconstruction. Latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is a versatile flap that is gaining renewed popularity with the development of flap modifications and the continued recognition of its reliability and safety. We report our results with a new modification of the extended latissimus dorsi flap after skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer. Methods  From January 2002 to January 2006, 140 patients of breast carcinoma had unilateral skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. A total of 132 cases of invasive duct carcinoma and eight cases of invasive lobular carcinoma are included. Age ranged from 27 to 53 (median, 40.5) years. Tumor stage was stage I in 22 cases, stage II in 100 cases, and stage III in 18 cases. We performed a new modification to the standard extended latissimus dorsi flap, which allowed us to obtain enough autologous tissue to reconstruct the relatively large breast of the Egyptian women without implant. The postoperative aesthetic results and donor side morbidity, including contour deformity and scaring, were examined. Results  We applied both an objective and subjective aesthetic result monitoring. Aesthetic grading results of breast reconstruction were excellent in 85, good in 42, fair in ten and poor in three cases. Both flap and donor site complications were minor. Patients were followed for a median of 32.4 (range, 12-48) months. During this period of follow-up, no episode of local or distant failure was observed. Conclusions  Skin-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction using our new modification of extended latissimus dorsi flap allows single-stage, totally autologous reconstruction with satisfactory aesthetic results and low morbidity.     

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建关键技术

机器人和腔镜背阔肌乳房重建是目前乳房重建的重要手术方式，包括背部供区“无痕化”背阔肌乳房重建、“皮岛式”背阔肌乳房重建。其特点为：腋窝无切口，仅做3个trocar孔，在微创视野下通过皮下隧道完成背阔肌皮瓣切取或转移，随后3个trocar孔可用于术后引流，不增加额外切口；背部供区不遗留瘢痕；微创视野下获取背阔肌肌瓣整个过程不需要拉钩。机器人和腔镜辅助背阔肌乳房重建优势为切口隐蔽、创伤小，美容效果好，是一种安全、可行的手术。     

The extended latissimus dorsi flap option in autologous breast reconstruction: A report of 14 cases and review of the literature

Background:

Autologous breast reconstruction using the extended latissimus dorsi flap has been infrequently reported. In the current study, the authors are reporting their own clinical experience with this method. A review of the literature is also discussed.

Materials and Methods:

Over a three year period, 14 patients underwent breast reconstruction using the extended latissimus dorsi (LD) flap. Patients with small to medium sized breasts were selected. The age of the patients ranged from 29 to 42 years with a follow-up period ranging from six to 18 months. The indications, flap-related complications and donor site morbidity and aesthetic results were evaluated.

Results:

The main indication to use the flap was dorsal donor site preference by patients. The remaining patients were either not suitable for a flap from the abdomen or wished to get pregnant and were offered the dorsal donor site. Neither total nor partial flap loss was recorded but donor site morbidity was mainly due to seroma, which was treated conservatively in all patients, except for one who required surgery. Another two patients suffered from wound breakdown and distal necrosis of the back flaps. Mild contour deformity was also noted on the back of all patients but caused no major concern. Indeed, the overall patient satisfaction was very high.

Conclusion:

The extended LD flap proved to be a good option for autologous breast reconstruction in selected patients. Patients should be warned of the potential for seroma and mild contour back deformity.     

Physiological studies using laser Doppler flowmetry to compare blood flow to the zones of the free TRAM flap

The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous island flap was once the standard for breast reconstruction. With the increased use of tissue expanders and the development of the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap for autologous tissue breast reconstruction, use of the latissimus dorsi has decreased. To reassess the role of the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap in breast reconstruction, a retrospective review was performed to evaluate women who had skin-sparing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi flap and permanent implants. The postoperative aesthetic results and donor site morbidity, including contour deformity and scarring, were examined. Satisfactory results were obtained in 17 of 18 patients. Complications were noted in 5 patients, and all were minor. Using the latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap and a permanent breast prosthesis for immediate reconstruction is successful because it provides sufficient muscular coverage of the implant. In addition, it provides a good aesthetic result using a single-stage procedure. Illustrative cases are presented.     

Improvement of upper extremity lymphedema after delayed breast reconstruction with an extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap

Lymphedema is a common complication after mastectomy in breast cancer patients. Many treatment options are available, but no treatment results in a complete cure. We report a case of lymphedema that occurred after modified radical mastectomy in a breast cancer patient who showed objective improvement after delayed breast reconstruction with an latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap. A 41-year-old female patient with left breast cancer had undergone modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection and postoperative radiotherapy 12 years previously. Four years after surgery, lymphedema developed and increased in aggravation despite conservative treatment. Eight years after the first operation, the patient underwent delayed breast reconstruction using the extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap method. After reconstruction, the patient's lymphedema symptoms showed dramatic improvement by subjective measures including tissue softness and feeling of lightness, and by objective measures of about 7 mL per a week, resulting in near normal ranges of volume. At a postoperative follow-up after 3 years, no recurrence was observed. Delayed breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flaps may be helpful to patients with lymphedema after mastectomy. This may be a good option for patients who are worried about the possibility of the occurrence or aggravation of secondary lymphedema.     

Postmastectomy reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap for Hong Kong Chinese

Objective: Because of the smaller breast size of Chinese women, postmastectomy reconstruction without prosthesis by extended latissimus dorsi (LD) flap is potentially more applicable in the Chinese population. Methods: Patients who had undergone immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction by extended latissimus dorsi flap without prosthesis were retrospectively studied. Surgical complications, aesthetic result and patient satisfaction were evaluated. Results: Ten Asian patients (nine Chinese and one Filipino) underwent extended LD flap for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. There was no total or partial flap failure. Operative complications included seroma in one patient and minor wound edge slough at back wounds in two patients. Simultaneous seroma and minor donor wound slough occurred in another patient. Aesthetic outcome was excellent (n = 5), good (n = 4) and poor (n = 1). Patient satisfaction with the procedure was very satisfied in four, satisfied in four and dissatisfied in two, respectively. All but two patients would recommend the same procedure to their friends or relatives. Conclusion: Extended LD flap can reliably achieve pleasing results with low morbidity. It has more potential to become a competitive alternative to transverse abdominis myocutaneous flap in most Chinese women for postmastectomy reconstruction.