Fluid pathways and high‐P metasomatism in a subducted continental slice (Mt. Emilius klippe,W. Alps)

The Mt. Emilius klippe (Western Alps, Italy) corresponds to a segment of the stretched Adriatic continental margin metamorphosed at granulite facies during Permian. This slice was subducted during the early Cenozoic Alpine subduction with the underlying eclogite facies remnants of the Tethyan seafloor (Zermatt‐Saas zone). Near the base of the Mt. Emilius massif, there is a shear zone with eclogite facies hydrofracture systems associated with deformation‐induced re‐equilibration of granulites during high‐P metamorphism. In the basal part of the massif, a pluri‐hectometre domain of sheared mafic boudins is hosted in the granulitic paragneiss. In these mafic boudins, there are garnetites, garnet veins and clinopyroxenites, as well as clinozoisite and calcite veins. These features record multiple events of fracture opening, brecciation, boudinage and parallelization of structures coevally with fluid–rock interaction, metasomatism and volume change. This integrated petrological, micro‐textural and geochemical investigation illustrates the multiplicity and the chemical variability of fluid sources during prograde to peak metamorphic evolution in the lawsonite–eclogite‐facies field (at ~2.15–2.4 GPa, 500–550 °C) during subduction of the Mt. Emilius slice. The calcite veins crosscutting the garnetites have relatively low δ¹⁸O_VSMOW values (～+6.5‰) near those for marble layers (and nearby calcsilicates) embedded within the metasomatized granulites (+8 to +10‰). It is proposed that infiltration of externally‐derived H₂O‐rich fluids derived from the plate interface flushed the marbles, promoting decarbonation followed by short‐distance transport and re‐precipitation along garnetite fractures. This study highlights the importance of inherited structural heterogeneities (such as mafic bodies or sills) in localizing deformation, draining fluids from the downgoing plate and creating long‐lasting mechanical instabilities during subduction zone deformation.     

Evidence of a two-fold glacial advance during the last glacial maximum in the Tagliamento end moraine system (eastern Alps)

The glacial history of the Tagliamento morainic amphitheater (southeastern Alpine foreland, Italy) during the last glacial maximum (LGM) has been reconstructed by means of a geological survey and drillings, radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis in the amphitheater and in the sandur. Two phases of glacial culmination, separated by a distinct recession, are responsible for glacial landforms and related sediments in the outer part of the amphitheater. The age of the younger advance fits the chronology of the culmination of the last glaciation in the Alps, well established between 24 and 21 cal ka BP (20 to 17.5 ¹⁴C ka BP), whereas the first pulse between 26.5 and 23 cal ka BP (22 to 21 ¹⁴C ka BP), previously undated, was usually related to older (pre-LGM) glaciations by previous authors. Here, the first pulse is the most extensive LGM culmination, but is often buried by the subsequent pulse. The onset and final recession of the late Würm Alpine glaciation in the Tagliamento amphitheater are synchronous with the established global glacial maximum between 30 and 19 cal ka BP. The two-fold LGM glacial oscillation is interpreted as a millennial-scale modulation within the late Würm glaciation, caused by oscillations in inputs of southerly atmospheric airflows related to Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles. Phases of enhanced southerly circulation promoted increased rainfall and ice accumulation in the southern Alps.     

Magnetostratigraphic dating of an intensification of glacial activity in the southern Italian Alps during Marine Isotope Stage 22

We applied magnetostratigraphy and mammal biostratigraphy to date climate-sensitive pollen cycles and lithostratigraphic units of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Leffe sedimentary succession from the Southern Alps, Italy. The Leffe section was correlated to additional sections (Casnigo, Fornaci di Ranica, and Pianengo) to construct a stratigraphic network along a common fluviatile system (the Serio River) sourced in the Southern Alps and flowing southward into the Po River Basin. We obtained a coherent scenario of climate variability for the last ∼ 2 Myr. At Leffe, lacustrine deposition commenced during the Olduvai Normal Subchron (1.94-1.78 Ma) and lasted up to a chronologic level compatible with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 22 (0.87 Ma). Pollen analysis revealed that climate varied cyclically from warm-temperate to cool during this time interval, but never as cold as during glacial intervals. At around MIS 22, climate cooled globally. Gravels, attributed to high-energy braided river systems fed locally by alluvial fans, prograded from the Serio River catchment area over the Leffe Basin and toward the Po Plain in response to a generalized event of vegetation withdrawal and enhanced physical erosion. At this time, Alpine valley glaciers reached their first maximum southward expansion with glacier fronts located at only ∼ 5 km upstream from Leffe.     

玉龙雪山冰川沉积序列OSL定年

位于青藏高原东南缘的玉龙雪山分布有欧亚大陆纬度最低的海洋型冰川,其主峰及周边地区保存了大量清晰完整的第四纪冰川遗迹。研究该区第四纪冰川作用遗迹及其冰川作用史,具有重要的理论与实际价值。应用光释光（OSL）测年技术对玉龙雪山冰川沉积物进行了定年,结合前人研究资料,重建玉龙雪山冰川作用史。研究结果表明：玉龙雪山东麓的末次冰期冰碛物主要形成于晚更新世末次冰期最盛时期,其平均年代约在25ka,西麓末次冰期冰碛物形成年代约为50ka,对应于深海氧同位素3阶段中期（MIS3b）。而倒数第二次冰期的年代在240ka左右,处于中更新世晚期,对应于MIS8阶段,当时玉龙雪山存在多条复式山谷冰川。该研究可为玉龙雪山第四纪冰川作用历史的重新认识以及光释光测年技术在该区的应用提供基础资料。     

Petrology and Petrogenesis of the Eclogite in Mt.Dabie Area,Central China

The occurrence,mineralogy and geochemistry of eclogites in the Mt.Dabie area show that they were subjected to a high-pressure metamorphism together with the country rocks,but their petrochemistry and REE geochemistry show some difference from those of the country rocks.The geochemical characteristics of the eclogites are similar to those of bot continental tholeiitic basalt and oceanic tholeiitic basalt.The rocks probably subducted to the upper mantle with the Dabie metamorphic complex.When elevated to the surface,they were subjected to different staes of retrogressive metamorphism.     

Palaeovalleys and fault-controlled depocentres in the Late-Ordovician glacial record of the Murzuq Basin (central Libya)

In the Gargaf area, the stratigraphic architecture of the Late-Ordovician glacial drift results from successive glacial erosion events, with the location of the main glacial valleys partly controlled by inherited Panafrican structural trends, and by the existence of glacio-isostatically induced fault-related depocentres. Four laterally discontinuous, depositional units correspond to the filling of palaeovalleys. Each of the corresponding basal bounding surfaces was incised during a major ice front advance, reaching at least the northern Gargaf (>28°S). The bulk of the glacial record is made up of fluvial to shallow-marine sediments deposited in relatively distal glacial environments. Each unit, which recorded a glacial-interglacial climatic cycle, can be used for correlation throughout the Murzuq Basin and even at the scale of the North Gondwana platform. To cite this article: J.-F. Ghienne et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

Fluid-controlled crustal metasomatism within a high-pressure subducted mélange (Mt. Hochwart, Eastern Italian Alps)

The Nonsberg–Ultental Region of northern Italy contains a Palaeozoic mélange that was partially subducted during the Variscan orogeny. This mélange is constituted mainly by metapelites characterized by shale-type REE-patterns, displaying partial melting which began under high-pressure conditions. The resulting migmatites enclose minor slivers of mantle-wedge peridotites that have been incorporated into the mélange during subduction. Peridotites display important large ion lithophile elements (LILE) enrichment consequent to amphibole recrystallization contemporaneously with metapelite migmatization at P ≈ 2.7 GPa and T ≈ 850 °C in the garnet–peridotite field. Crustal and mantle (ultramafic) rocks of the mélange display the same Sm–Nd ages of about 330 ± 6 Ma, which dates both the metamorphic peak and the migmatization event. The zircon U–Pb age of the metasomatic amphibolitic contact between garnet peridotite and migmatite is identical (333.3 ± 2.4 Ma) within analytical errors. Therefore, metasomatism, migmatization and peak metamorphism are constrained to the same event. The presence of Cl-rich apatite and ferrokinoshitalite in the contact amphibolite, together with the trace-element patterns of peridotites, suggest that metasomatism was driven by Cl- and LILE-rich fluids derived from ocean water transported into the subduction zone by sediments and crustal rocks. These fluids interacted with the crust, prompting partial melting under water oversaturated conditions and partitioning LILE from the crust itself. Peridotites, which were well below their wet solidus temperature, could not melt but they recrystallized in the crustal mélange under garnet-facies conditions. Crustal fluids caused extensive hydration and LILE-enrichment in peridotites and severe Sm–Nd isotope disequilibrium between minerals, especially in the recrystallized peridotites. The proposed scenario suggests massive entrapment of crustal aqueous fluids at high-pressure conditions within subduction zones.     

1954年以来珠穆朗玛峰地区两支冰芯记录的对比分析

根据珠穆朗玛峰(以下简称珠峰)地区远东绒布冰川和东绒布冰川两支冰芯记录的恢复,1954年以来的冰川净积累量相差达1倍以上,但两支冰芯记录均表明:20世纪60年代冰川净积累量出现急剧减少现象,印度季风系统的突变可能是造成冰川净积累量变化的主要原因.两支冰芯δ¹⁸O剖面的总体变化趋势基本相同,但研究时段内远东绒布冰芯的δ¹⁸O平均值比东绒布冰芯的相应值低3.12‰,其原因有待进一步研究.两支冰芯的主要离子浓度剖面之间也存在较明显的差异,沉积后过程是导致这一差异的原因所在.     

新疆博罗霍洛山地区上志留统博罗霍洛山组沉积构造背景分析

新疆中天山西段的博罗霍洛山地区,在早古生代具有裂陷带性质。上志留统博罗霍洛山组形成于该裂陷带的最后闭合阶段,具有其特殊的形成时间和沉积特征。通过对该组地层的沉积学、岩石学及地球化学等方面的分析,本文较深入地讨论了其沉积环境及其沉积构造背景。认为该组岩石为浊流沉积物,其形成与活动性较强的大陆边缘区有着密切的关系,其陆源物质来源以当时存在于裂陷带以南的具有一定陆壳厚度和中等成熟度的“伊宁古陆”区为主。     

Comparison of Late Pleistocene and Modern Glacier Extents in Central Nepal Based on Digital Elevation Data and Satellite Imagery

Late Pleistocene and modern ice extents in central Nepal are compared to estimate equilibrium line altitude (ELA) depressions. New techniques are used for determining the former extent of glaciers based on quantitative, objective geomorphic analyses of a 90-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM). For every link of the drainage network, valley form is classified as glacial or fluvial based on cross-valley shape and slope statistics. Down-valley transitions from glacial to fluvial form indicate the former limits of glaciation in each valley. Landsat Multispectral Scanner imagery for the same region is used to map current glacier extents. For both full-glacial and modern cases, ELAs are computed from the glacier limits using the DEM and a toe-to-headwall altitude ratio of 0.5. Computed ELA depressions range from 100–900 m with a modal value of 650 m and a mean of 500 m, values consistent with previously published estimates for the central Himalaya but markedly smaller than estimates for many other regions. We suggest that this reflects reduced precipitation, rather than a small temperature depression, consistent with other evidence for a weaker monsoon under full-glacial conditions.     

1970-2007年西藏念青唐古拉峰南、北坡冰川显著退缩

1999年和2007年夏季,利用GPS技术先后对念青唐古拉峰(念峰)南、北坡的5条冰川末端位置进行了实地测量.结果表明:同1970年比较发现,过去近40 a来5条冰川退缩显著,1970-2007年间念峰北坡的拉弄和扎当冰川与南坡的爬努冰川末端平均退缩速率均接近10.0 m.a-1;西布冰川在1970-1999年间达到38.9 m.a-1,而爬努冰川流域海拔较高的小冰川5O270C0049退缩幅度较小,为4.8 m.a-1.2007年野外观测发现,爬努冰川1970年代的积累区有冰面河形成.念峰周围的冰川变化,不仅仅是末端的显著退缩,而且消融区面积也在扩大.     

Eo-Alpine HP metamorphism in the Permian intrusives from the steep belt of the central Alps (Languard-Campo nappe and Tonale Series)

Abstract

Diorites and granitoids that intruded the Upper Austroalpine units of the central Alps during the Permian display map-pable tectonic imprints and metamorphic transformations that were acquired during the Alpine tectonometamorphic cycle. Superposed heterogeneous deformations interacted with metamorphic re-equilibration stages and created a range of textural types that reflect local deformation gradients: coronitic transformations textures, normally foliated S-tectonites and mylonitic foliations. The three textural types are distinguished on maps recording foliation trajectories of successive deformation phases, which are correlated to the evolution of metamorphic assemblages. Tectonic deformation of Alpine age is represented by three generations of ductile syn-metamorphic structures. The mineral assemblages stable during the first Alpine deformation phase (D1) are Amp_II + P1_II + white mica, + Zo/Czo + Grt + Qtz ± Mg-Ch1 ± Ilm in metadiorites and P1_II + white mica_I + Zo/Czo + Grt + Amp_II + Qtz ± Ilm/Ttn in metagranitoids; the successive foliations D2a and D2b are defined by greenschist facies minerals. Thermobarometric estimates allow T = 500–600 °C and P = 1.1 ± 0.2 GPa conditions to be determined during D1 and T ≤ 350 °C and P ≤ 0.5 GPa during D2. Relict igneous minerals in metadiorites allow to determine intrusive conditions of T = 879 ± 110 °C and P = 0.4–0.7 GPa. Radiometric ages and P/T ratio of Alpine P_maxT_Pmax suggest that the inferred P-T-d-t path may represent the thermal state of the initial Alpine subduction stages. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS     

雪峰山中段古生代变形的特征及意义——以绥宁-靖州-天柱-新晃剖面为例

对雪峰山中段绥宁-靖州(会同)-天柱-新晃剖面的研究表明,雪峰山中段的变形自东向西减弱,由东部的向西倒转紧闭褶皱过渡到西部的开阔褶皱。东部(绥宁-靖州段)卷入褶皱的为南华系和震旦系—下古生界,褶皱样式表明东部在南华系与板溪群之间存在一区域性的滑脱面,本段缩短11km。剖面西段(靖州(会同)-天柱-新晃段)卷入变形的为板溪群、南华系和震旦系—下古生界,主要滑脱面位于板溪群下部或冷家溪群与板溪群之间,该段缩短46km。东西2段之间的界线是早期控制板溪群和南华系沉积的正断层。研究得出的缩短量为最小值,与前人的研究结果一致,表明古生代雪峰山逆冲推覆距离不大。雪峰山中段石炭系与南华系之间的超覆不整合、靖州盆地的构造属性和雪峰山剖面的变形特征显示,雪峰山中段的变形发生在早古生代。雪峰山早古生代变形是早期裂谷的反转,属薄皮构造。     

Calcio-carbonatite melts and metasomatism in the mantle beneath Mt. Vulture (Southern Italy)

At Mt. Vulture volcano (Basilicata, Italy) calcite globules (5–150 μm) are hosted by silicate glass pools or veins cross-cutting amphibole-bearing, or more common spinel-bearing mantle xenoliths and xenocrysts. The carbonate globules are rounded or elongated and are composed of a mosaic of 2–20 μm crystals, with varying optical orientation. These features are consistent with formation from a quenched calciocarbonatite melt. Where in contact with carbonate amphibole has reacted to form fassaitic pyroxene. Some of these globules contain liquid/gaseous CO₂ bubbles and sulphide inclusions, and are pierced by quench microphenocrysts of silicate phases. The carbonate composition varies from calcite to Mg-calcite (3.8–5.0 wt.% MgO) both within the carbonate globules and from globule to globule. Trace element contents of the carbonate, determined by LAICPMS, are similar to those of carbonatites worldwide including ΣREE up to 123 ppm. The Sr–Nd isotope ratios of the xenolith carbonate are similar to the extrusive carbonatite and silicate rocks of Mt. Vulture testifying to derivation from the same mantle source. Formation of immiscibile silicate–carbonatite liquids within mantle xenoliths occurred via disequilibrium immiscibility during their exhumation.     

The post to late glacial valley reconstruction on the Haramosh north side (Mani, Baska and Phuparash valleys)

The post to late glacial valley reconstruction is focused on the Mani- Baska and Phuparash valleys on the Rakaposhi- Haramosh Muztagh in the south Karakoram. The recently glaciated valleys join the Indus valley near Sassi at 1500 m. The knowledge of the tributary valley reconstruction can be seen in the context of the scientific discussion about the extent of glaciation along the main Indus valley. Today, the recent avalanche fed glaciers come down from high lying catchment areas with an average altitude of 6700–6800 m and terminate at 2700 m. Snow line runs at 4700–4800 m in the steep flanks which is common in the Karakoram Mountains. The postglacial extent is marked by the great lateral moraine (GLM) and reached down not more than 2.5–5 km away from the recent glaciers with a calculated snow line depression of 300 m in maximum. It can be shown that the valleys were already glaciated during the lastest Late Glacial down to the valley outlet at 1500 m. The snow line was depressed 600–700 m during that period. A high glacial ice filling of the Haramosh valley and glacial erosion of the flat top of the Darchan ridge as an intermediate valley head is strongly probable.     

珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流与地气能量交换特征

利用珠峰北坡曲宗地区连续一年的大气观测资料（2005年4月至2006年3月）,分析了珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流宏观统计特征和西南季风爆发前后地气能量交换特征。研究表明在珠峰北坡地区Monin Obukhov相似定律同样适用。拟合得到了珠峰北坡曲宗地区近地层无因次风速分量方差以及温度和湿度归一化标准差和静力学稳定度的函数关系。研究得出曲宗地区能量平衡各分量（净辐射通量、感热通量、潜热通量和土壤热通量）以及地面加热场具有明显的季节变化和日变化规律。尤其是在西南季风的影响下,曲宗地区感热通量和潜热通量在季风爆发前后具有明显相反的变化趋势。其它特征参数（波文比和地表反射率）在西南季风爆发前后的变化规律也十分明显。     

The geomorphological impact of Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial plateau icefields in the central Lake District,northwest England

Detailed geomorphological mapping has revealed evidence for the development of plateau icefields in the central fells of the English Lake District during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stadial (ca. 12.9–11.5 ka). The largest plateau icefield system, which covered an area of approximately 55 km² (including outlet glaciers), was centred on High Raise. To the west, smaller plateau icefields developed on Grey Knotts/Brandreth and Dale Head, covering areas of 7 km² and 3 km² respectively. The geomorphological impact of these plateau icefields appears to have been minimal on the summits, where the survival of blockfields and other frost‐weathered debris (mostly peat‐covered) implies the existence of at least patches of protective, cold‐based ice. Ice‐moulded bedrock at some plateau edges, however, documents a transition to wet‐based, erosive conditions. Prominent moraine systems were produced by outlet glaciers, which descended into the surrounding valleys where their margins became sediment traps for supraglacial debris and inwash. In some valleys, ice‐marginal moraines record successive positions of outlet glaciers, which actively backwasted towards their plateau source. This interpretation differs from that of previous workers, who assumed an alpine style of glaciation, with reconstructed glaciers emanating from corries and valley heads. It is likely that plateau icefields were more common at this time in upland Britain than hitherto has been appreciated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.