铝灰中铝资源回收工艺现状与展望

铝灰是铝工亚一种重要的副产品,其中的铝含量约占铝生产使用过程中总损失量的1%～12%.回收铝灰中的铝资源能降低成本、保护环境、节约能源和提高资源利用率,有着巨大的经济和社会效益.本文总结了铝灰的来源、分类和组成,综述了铝灰中回收金属铝的回收工艺和利用铝灰合成材料工艺,展望了铝灰回收工艺的发展前景,提出了相关建议.     

The Nondestructive Determination of the Aluminum Content in Pressed Skulls of Aluminum Dross

During production of primary and secondary aluminum, various amounts (in some cases up to 200 kg) of aluminum dross, a mixture consisting of molten aluminum metal and different oxide compounds (the nonmetallic phase), are skimmed per tonne of molten metal. To preserve the maximum aluminum content in hot dross for further extraction, it is necessary to cool the dross immediately after skimming. One way to do this is to press the skimmed hot dross in a press. In this process, the skimmed dross is transformed into so-called pressed skulls, with characteristic geometry convenient for storage, transport, or further in-house processing. Because of its high aluminum content—usually between 30% and 70%—pressed skulls represent a valuable source of aluminum and hence are in great demand in the aluminum recycling industry. Because pressed skulls are generally valued on a free-metal recovery basis, which is influenced by the yield of recovery, or in other words, by the quality of the recycling process, it was recognized as important and useful to develop a method of fast and cost-effective nondestructive measurement of the free aluminum content in pressed skulls, independent of the technology of pressed skulls recycling. In the model developed in this work, the aluminum content in pressed skulls was expressed as a function of the pressed skulls density, the density of the nonmetallic phase, and the volume fraction of closed pores. In addition, the model demonstrated that under precisely defined conditions (i.e., skulls from the dross of the same aluminum alloy and skimmed, transported, cooled, and pressed in the same way and under the same processing conditions), when other parameters except the pressed skulls density remain constant, the aluminum content in pressed skulls can be expressed as a linear function of the pressed skulls density. Following the theoretical considerations presented in this work, a practical industrial methodology was developed for nondestructive prediction of the amount of free aluminum in pressed skulls w _Al, based on nondestructive measurement of the density ρ of the pressed skulls. The pressed skulls density is measured by a fully automatic gas displacement pyknometer with a working volume large enough to enable the insertion of the whole pressed skull sample. An additional integral part of this methodology is the set of experimentally determined linear graphs w _Al-ρ, plotted in advance for all classes of pressed skulls existing in the plant, from the experimentally collected data on pressed skulls density and aluminum recovery by melting. After selecting the proper graph w _Al-ρ, which is usually performed on an aluminum alloy basis, the pyknometric measured density of the pressed skulls can be routinely related to the aluminum content sought, within a relative error of ±5%.     

Dross treatment in a rotary arc furnace with graphite electrodes

Aluminum baths are always covered with a layer of dross resulting from the aluminum surface oxidation. This dross represents 1–10% of the melt and may contain up to 75wt.% aluminum. Since aluminum production is highly energy intensive, dross recycling is very attractive from both energy and economic standpoints. The conventional recycling process using salt rotary furnaces is thermally inefficient and environmentally unacceptable because of the production of salt slags. Hydro-Quebec has developed a new technology using a rotary arc furnace with graphite electrodes. This process provides aluminum recovery rates of 80–90%, using a highly energy efficient, environmentally sound production method.     

A salt-free treatment of aluminum dross using plasma heating

The plasma dross treatment process is similar in operation and equipment to the conventional RSF process, but its elimination of salt fluxes solves the problem of corrosive gas evolution, and also results in salt-free by-products (NMP), which are recyclable and are a marketable raw material for other industries. Labor and equipment demands are about the same for both processes, but the new process dispenses with the costs of salt purchase and landfilling or recycling of salt cake. The new process is the first industrial application of plasma heating technology in the aluminum industry, and greatly reduces environmental risks, while providing a closed-loop, pollution-and waste-free dross treatment method.     

铝灰处理工艺研究

铝熔炼过程中产生的铝灰含铝量大约在45%-50%,有很高的利用价值。通过实验证明了通过铝灰热处理、球磨、中频炉熔炼等工艺,可回收铝灰中大部分金属铝,并将低含铝量的铝灰做成电解铝用阳极钢爪保护环,使铝灰循环利用,充分开发了铝灰的价值,减少了铝灰对环境的污染,并收到了较好的经济效益。     

铝灰渣中AlN水解行为及其多元非线性回归分析

通过对铝灰渣水解反应过程中组分及其含量变化的研究,提出铝灰渣中AlN含量的修正公式;根据AlN含量和悬浊液pH值的测定,考察时间、温度、转速等水解参数对AlN水解速率的影响并对其进行多元非线性回归分析。结果表明:升高温度能降低铝灰渣中AlN含量并降低悬浊液pH值;延长时间可有效促进AlN的水解,同时在2h内悬浊液pH值迅速提升至高位;转速对AlN水解速率和悬浊液pH值无明显影响。总体而言,AlN含量比悬浊液pH值更能客观表征铝灰渣中AlN水解速率。对水解参数及修正后铝灰渣中AlN含量进行多元非线性回归分析并二次简化,发现理论值与实验值相对误差≤±8.65%。     

Recycling of lead solder dross,Generated from PCB manufacturing

The main purpose of this work is to analyze lead solder dross, a waste product from manufacturing of printed circuit boards by wave soldering, and to develop an effective and environmentally sound technology for its recycling. A methodology for determination of the content and chemical composition of the metal and oxide phases of the dross is developed. Two methods for recycling of lead solder dross were examined—carbothermal reduction and recycling using boron-containing substances. The influence of various factors on the metal yield was studied and the optimal parameters of the recycling process are defined. The comparison between them under the same parameters-temperature and retention time, showed that recycling of dross with a mixture of borax and boric acid in a 1:2 ratio provides higher metal yield (93%). The recycling of this hazardous waste under developed technology gets glassy slag and solder, which after correction of the chemical composition can be used again for production of PCB.     

Recovering aluminum from aluminum dross in a DC electric-arc rotary furnace

The recycling of aluminum scrap and dross yields significant economic and energy savings, as well environmental benefits. The recovery of aluminum depends on many factors. The aim of this work is to experimentally investigate aluminum recovery under different conditions. In this study, aluminum dross was processed in a direct-current electric-arc rotary furnace. The presence of crushing refractory bodies during processing was found to increase the degree of aluminum recovery by about ten percent.     

Processing of Aluminum Dross: The Birth of a Closed Industrial Process

This is the history of a modern aluminum dross recycling company, from its beginnings in the last years of the twentieth century to the present day. The vision of the founders was to build a local recycling plant and take full responsibility for sensitive environmental issues by recycling aluminum dross locally rather than shipping it abroad. The paper tells the history of the company from the environmental perspective, and gives an overview of some of the challenges and the decisions that followed from this vision, for instance the selection of technology. The company developed a closed industrial process for the recycling of aluminum dross, and the paper discusses some of their laboratory experiments and industrial trials. An important milestone has now been reached as the process in its present form is recognized by the environmental authorities in the country. Furthermore, it seems realistic that in the near future the final product from this process will be comparable to the product delivered in the processing of salt cake in specialized chemical plants, but at a fraction of the cost.     

利用铝灰和粉煤灰铝热还原氮化制备镁铝尖晶石-刚玉-Sialon复相材料

以铝灰和粉煤灰为原料,以铝灰中的金属铝为还原剂在1550 ℃,3 h下进行原位铝热还原氮化制备镁铝尖晶石-刚玉-Sialon复合材料.采用XRD分析了不同原料配比对合成产物物相的影响,并对制备的镁铝尖晶石-刚玉-Sialon复相材料进行了显微形貌和性能表征.结果表明,当铝灰过量50%时,制备得到了镁铝尖晶石-刚玉-Sialon复合耐高温材料,其中,尖晶石为富铝尖晶石,含量为45%;刚玉含量为25%,呈板片状;Sialon的含量为26%,其Z值为4,呈柱状形貌.此时其抗折强度最大,为183 MPa,显气孔率最小,为5.3%,体积密度为2.6 g/cm~3,洛氏硬度HRB的值为123.     

热浸镀Zn-Al-Si镀层的组织

试验研究了550℃,纯铁在30Al-Zn-1.1Si和40Al-Zn-1.1Si合金浴中热浸镀生成的合金层组织。比较了两种合金镀层在不同浸镀时间合金层生长的变化,发现在τ5C相破裂之前阶段,两种镀层的合金层生长缓慢;随着反应时间延长,熔池扩散的进行,τ5C相破裂,液相开始进入FeAl3相,FeAl3相与τ5C相生长加快,故本试验中对合金层生长起主要抑制作用的是τ5C相;由于富硅的τ1相在界面上富集,再加上Fe2Al5中固溶硅的作用,抑制了铝的扩散,使(Fe2Al5+τ1)相生长缓慢而且致密。通过比较还发现,浸镀相同时间时,随着铝含量降低,合金层的厚度会更薄,τ5C相的抑制作用更强,形成的渣更少。     

Al及LY12Al的表面处理与复合转化膜的耐蚀性能研究

采用失重法与电化学方法研究了纯铝及LYl2铝合金表面钼酸盐和锰酸盐的化学复合转化膜。首先，在不同的钼酸盐(锰酸盐)钝化剂里生成A1，LYl2A1转化膜，然后进行阴极和阳极极化曲线测定，得到一系列电化学参数。将成膜的A1，LYl2A1浸在人造海水中观察，分别测试在pH＝3、pH＝13的3．5％NaCl溶液中的极化曲线。结果表明，处理工艺简单，成膜速度快。铝及铝合金钼酸盐和锰酸盐的化学复合转化膜提高了耐蚀性能，有效地抑制了铝合金在3．5％NaCl溶液中的点蚀。并简单讨论了钼酸盐和锰酸盐的成膜机理及耐蚀作用。     

TiAl_3对TiC粒子在铝基体中分布及α(Al)晶粒形核的影响

研究TiC和TiAl_3细化工业纯铝时TiAl_3的存在对TiC在铝基体中分布及α(Al)晶粒形核的影响,分析Al-Ti-C晶粒细化机制.结果表明:TiC单独作为工业纯铝的晶粒细化剂时,大量TiC被α(Al)晶粒推向树枝晶的晶界处,从而限制了TiC的异质形核作用;当TiC和TiAl_3共同作为晶粒细化剂时,在α(Al)晶粒内部出现了大量TiC粒子,大量的TiC粒子成为了α(Al)的结晶核心,并且在TiC颗粒和铝基体的界面处存在"富Ti过渡区";TiAl_3在铝熔体中分解释放出Ti原子并向TiC粒子周围偏聚,形成的"TiC/铝熔体界面富Ti过渡区" 改善了TiC与α(Al)的结构适应性,降低了TiC粒子的表面张力,促进了TiC粒子在铝熔体中的均匀分布,提高了其形核能力.     

Study on the Mechanical Properties of Cast 6063 Al Alloy Using a Mixture of Aluminum Dross and Green Sand as Mold

The mechanical characteristics of 6063 aluminum alloy cast in a mixture of aluminum dross and silica sand as mold have been examined. The amount of dross in the green silica sand was varied in the range of 0?C80% with bentonite as binder. In all, 40 samples were cast, and 8 of these were left in the as-cast condition for control while 32 were first homogenized at 470°C for 6?h and then rolled in a two-high mill at ambient temperature to 10% reduction in one pass. The rolled samples were solution heat treated at 515°C for 8?h followed by normalizing, annealing, and quench tempering, respectively. The samples were then simulated and tensile behavior coupled with the evaluation of microhardness and microstructures developed. The results obtained demonstrate significant improvement in mechanical properties from 50% to 80% dross in the mold. Tensile strength increased to 177?MPa and 15% elongation compared with conventional 6063-T5 aluminum alloy with 145?MPa tensile strength and 8% elongation. The improvement in mechanical properties by the quench-tempered samples can be attributed to the inducement of fine and coherent Mg₂Si crystals within the matrix. Furthermore, the overall analysis of the proportion of dross to the size of cast show that about 64% of dross generated can be utilized as mold material.     

铝挤压材生产的能耗和温室效应分析

运用生命周期评价方法,结合2008年我国铝工业生产的实际情况,定量评价了生产1吨铝合金挤压材的能耗和温室气体排放,并将其分为原铝生产和铝合金挤压生产两个阶段进行分析。研究表明,与2003年相比,2008年我国原铝生产能耗下降约16%,温室气体排放也有显著降低。这与我国原铝工业积极研发适合我国铝土矿品位的氧化铝制备技术、淘汰自焙槽以及单位发电能耗的下降是分不开的。在铝合金挤压材生产阶段,由于我国85%的铝锭需要重熔,吨铝挤压材生产的能耗是欧洲1.43倍,温室效应是欧洲的2.33倍。     

Defining a Closed-Loop U.S. Aluminum Can Supply Chain Through Technical Design and Supply Chain Innovation

The purpose of this study is to conduct a supply chain material flow analysis (MFA) for the U.S. aluminum can market, consistent with studies conducted for the overall worldwide aluminum industry. A technical definition of the use of alloys 5182 and 3104 is conducted by metallurgists for use in the “aluminum can” MFA. Four propositions are created: technical, economic, and supply chain factors are as important to secondary aluminum recycling in an aluminum can as higher recycling rates (P₁); the development of a unialloy aluminum can will increase reuse rates, but recycling rates must increase for this to happen (P₂); a closed-loop aluminum can supply chain is not able to be fully realized in today’s environment but is very useful for understanding improvement through both supply and demand (P₃); and UBC supply can improve through a “voluntary deposit-refund system” approach (P₄).     

Pitting Potentials of Aluminium Alloys

The pitting potential of the following aluminum alloys in 3% sodium chloride solution was measured using potentiodynamic and potentionstatic methods: Al-2.7 Mg with 0–0.47% Cr, Al-2.7 Mg with 0–0.94% Mn, Al-2.7 Mg-0.43 Mn with 0–0.31% Cr, Al-4.7 Mg-0.13 Cr-0.78 Mn, Al-51 Mg with 0.1 and 0.3% Sb, Al 2S-1/2H (commercial aluminum) super pure Al (99,99% Al). The results show that the pitting potential is not much affected by the alloying elements. The pitting potetial decreases with increasing content of magnesium and increases slightly with increasing content of manganese up to a certain point. The nature and amount of secondary phases do not seem to have any marked influence upon the pitting potential.     

循环经济对现代铝工业的启示

现代铝工业由原生铝工业和再生铝工业组成。再生铝工业的崛起,将促使现代铝工业按照循环经济模式发展,大大减少对资源、能源的依赖和减轻对环境的压力,促使现代铝工业的重心从原生铝冶炼向铝加工和再生铝工业转移．逐步形成资源可高度循环再生的后现代铝工业的新格局。     

Interface of solid steel and liquid aluminum under nonequilib rium diffusion

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｏｆｓｏｌｉｄｓｔｅｅｌａｎｄｌｉｑｕｉｄａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｕｎｄｅｒｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎｍａｉｎｌｙｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｈｏｔｄｉｐａｌｕｍｉｎｉｚｉｎｇｓｔｅｅｌｐｌａｔｅ[1～3]ａｎｄｓｔｅｅｌａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍｓｏｌｉｄｔｏｌｉｑｕｉｄｂｏｎｄｉｎｇｐｌａｔｅ[4～6].Ｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｕｓｉｏｎｏｆａｌｕｍｉｎｕｍａｔｏｍｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｎｅｒｐａｒｔｏｆｓｏｌｉｄｓｔｅｅｌｂａｓｅｉｓｒａｔｈｅｒｓｕｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔｎ…     

Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis of Al2O3-TiB2 Coatings by Aluminothermic Reactions

The Al2O3-TiB2 coatings were fabricated on Q235 steel by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis(SHS)process using aluminothermic reactions with aluminum,titania,boron oxide and ferric oxide powders.The effect of the content of excessive aluminum in the reactants on Al2O3-TiB2 coatings was studied when only Al-TiO2-B2O3 system was used for preparation of the coatings.The results indicate that the combustion reaction cannot occur when excessive aluminum is over 40wt%and the coating has good quality when excessive aluminum is 20wt%.In order to improve the bonding of the coating and substrate and optimize the ratio of Al2O3/TiB2,composite reaction systems Al-TiO2-B2O3 and Al-Fe2O3 were used for the preparation of Al2O3-TiB2 coatings.The XRD result shows that the coatings contain FeAl intermetallic compound which can improve efficiently the interface bonding of the coating and substrate.The percentage of Al-Fe2O3 system in reactants has only a small effect on the hardness of Al2O3-TiB2 coating,which is about 22000 MPa(Hv),but has an obvious effect on the morphology and interface bonding of the coatings.