青海玛多M7.4地震中桥梁地震破坏现象分析

2021年5月22日青海省玛多县发生了M7.4地震,造成玛多县境内的野马滩1、2号桥破坏,其主要表现为桥梁纵向位移过大导致多跨主梁落梁,桥墩也有不同程度的破损.经现场专家鉴定,地震影响烈度均突破桥梁抗震设计值,并且初步判断这种整齐划一的落梁震害的机理系近断层地震动方向性效应的强速度脉冲作用所致.野马滩大桥位置的地震影响烈度调查结果为Ⅸ,但是野马滩大桥附近无强震动观测台站,大桥附近没有获得地震动记录,这不利于野马滩大桥地震作用下地震响应和破坏机理的研究.另外,野马滩大桥的设计参数和折损情况也很难掌握,桥梁模型难以准确估计.为此,本文拟采用另一座同等抗震设防烈度的桥梁,通过有限元程序,使用反应谱法作为参考,同时使用拟合的地震动和脉冲记录进行桥梁结构反应时程分析,以便间接地揭示玛多地震桥梁地震反应特征和破坏机理.计算结果分析表明,所分析的桥梁结构地震响应位移和内力均超过罕遇地震设计值,其中一条地震动记录最大反应接近极罕遇设计值,导致桥梁结构出现破坏甚至损毁震害现象的出现.     

2021年青海玛多7.4级地震强震动记录及特征分析

2021年5月22日,青海省果洛州玛多县发生7.4级地震,中国强震动观测网络在主震中捕获16组强震动数据.对48条三分向加速度记录进行基线校正、滤波等常规处理,计算相应的地震动参数,发现位于断层破裂前向位置的63DAW台NS向记录的地震动速度波形具有长周期分量丰富的特征.分析6个典型台站的单自由度加速度反应谱,并与我国...     

乌鲁木齐中强地震地震动特征分析

以乌鲁木齐烈度速报台网建成以来发生的乌鲁木齐M_S4.5以上中强地震强震动数据记录为依据,统计分析强震动加速度记录特征及对建筑物的影响。分析结果表明,乌鲁木齐区域地震动峰值加速度高于新疆区域土层衰减曲线;计算3个典型台站记录的5%阻尼比加速度反应谱,其周期在0.1～0.4 s范围内,高于规范设计反应谱谱值,且在周期0.4 s后迅速下降到规范设计谱值以下;同时拟合了乌鲁木齐地区PGA与PGV对数线性关系,为本区域中强地震PGA与PGV换算提供参考依据,通过PGA与PGV联合计算其仪器烈度。     

青海玛多7.4级地震烈度快速评估

利用青海地震烈度衰减模型和基于断层最短距离的地震动参数衰减模型对青海玛多7.4级地震的烈度分布进行快速评估,将评估结果与实际烈度图对比分析.研究结果表明:两种模型可以在地震正式速报后1分钟内得到地震烈度分布的快速评估结果,时效性强,可以在最短的时间内为应急指挥和救援工作提供参考;青海地震烈度衰减模型计算结果比较理想化,...     

玛多地震中大野马岭大桥震害机理分析

2021年5月22日青海玛多发生了M_s7.4级地震,从地震中桥梁震害情况看:此次地震的特点是断层北侧震害轻,南侧震害重。位于断层南侧的野马滩大桥是简支梁桥,发生大量落梁,是此次地震中受损最为严重的大桥之一;而位于北侧的大野马岭大桥是连续梁桥,仅发生了部分挡块开裂。其中原因值得深入研究。本文通过有限元分析软件Midas/Civil建立大野马岭大桥（上行线）模型,进行地震反应分析,讨论分析了大野马岭大桥在此次地震中的震害机理。发现南北向的地震动是造成该桥横向挡块破坏的主要原因,东西向地震动因受到桥台和纵向挡块的约束并没有出现严重损伤。若将该桥由连续梁桥变成简支梁桥,地震反应会有所变化,但总体趋势特点变化并不大。另外,本文通过现有资料选定5组地震动作为输入,进行地震反应分析,比较分析不同地震动对该桥的影响,并验证地震动模拟效果。     

青海玛多M7.4地震中剪力墙结构抗震性能初步分析

本文选取2021年5月22日青海玛多县发生的M7.4地震的大武地震台实测加速度及课题组用经验格林函数法模拟的野马滩大桥处的加速度,并将二者的绝对加速度反应谱与中国地震动参数区划图(GB18306—2015)给出的“双参调整”设计反应谱进行对比分析,得到地震波观测值和模拟值对当地抗震设防结构的影响程度应视结构形式而定.然后将两条地震波分别输入到某11层剪力墙结构,用PKPM的SATWE模块进行多遇地震、设防地震下的线弹性分析,并用PUSH模块进行罕遇地震下的静力弹塑性分析.该剪力墙结构在两地区不同地震波作用时,均达到了“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的设防目标,其抗震性能目标达到C级.结论可为房屋建筑的抗震设防及震后应急响应提供很重要的参考.     

卢龙地震动场的预测

分别用经验格林函数方法和随机方法对卢龙ML5.7地震的地震动进行模拟对比研究,结果显示:用经验格林函数方法模拟得到的波形和反应谱都与原始记录接近,用该方法模拟的地震动,无需掌握场地的具体情况;对于无小震记录的地区,如果知道了其场地情况与附近有小震记录地区相似,可以用该小震记录作为经验格林函数模拟地震动。对于不能用经验格林函数方法模拟地震动的地区,可以用随机方法模拟地震动。用随机方法模拟地震动具有简单、方便、无需小震记录的优点。根据卢龙场地具体条件,尝试用两种方法结合预测了卢龙地震加速度场,结果比较好地反映了断层周围加速度的峰值分布规律。     

2021年5月22日玛多MS 7.4地震地震动特征

为了研究2021年5月22日玛多M_S 7.4地震地震动特征,收集16个强震台的峰值加速度和其中9个台的强震波形数据,利用峰值加速度衰减及反应谱等分析玛多M_S 7.4地震强震动特征。结果表明,多数台站的PGA值都随震中距的增大而平稳下降,PGA的衰减特征与青藏区衰减关系间有较好的一致性;土层台与基岩台的加速度反应谱明显不同,震中距越小,短周期高频成分越多,衰减越快,震中距越大,长周期高频成分越少,衰减越慢;加速度反应谱的水平向与竖向比值曲线在4 s内呈现两峰一谷的现象,初步认为,距发震断层较近的野马滩1号大桥所受到的破坏及水泥路面的明显错断受水平向地震动作用的影响更大。     

青海玛多7.4级地震桥梁工程震害特性分析

2021年5月22日青海果洛州玛多县发生7.4级地震,导致了显著的桥梁结构震害。本文基于现场调查,介绍了野马滩大桥、野马滩2号桥、黑河中桥、吾儿美岗大桥和雅娘黄河桥的典型震害特征。进一步结合地震断裂与桥位关系、地震台站的地震动记录与特性分析,初步分析了各桥的地震致灾要素和结构失效机理。野马滩大桥和野马滩2号桥整体划一的落梁震害可能系近断层法向的方向性效应所致;黑河中桥的结构轻微震害应系桥台的纵向约束作用,整个桥梁的纵向地震响应类似于整体式桥;吾儿美岗大桥结构南北方向的地震响应高于东西方向,同时减隔震支座与上、下部结构的有效锚固是发挥其减震耗能功效的必要保证;雅娘黄河桥未见水平方向地震作用所导致的显著震害特征,初步推断墩底的压溃破坏可能系震中竖向地震动所致。     

Development of attenuation relation for the near fault ground motion from the characteristic earthquake

A composite source model has been used to simulate a broadband strong ground motion with an associated fault rupture process. A scenario earthquake fault model has been used to generate 1 000 earthquake events with a magni-tude of Mw8.0. The simulated results show that, for the characteristic event with a strike-slip faulting, the character istics of near fault ground motion is strongly dependent on the rupture directivity. If the distance between the sites and fault was given, the ground motion in the forward direction (Site A) is much larger than that in the backward direction (Site C) and that close to the fault (Site B). The SH waves radiated from the fault, which corresponds to the fault-normal component plays a key role in the ground motion amplification. Corresponding to the sites A, B, and C, the statistical analysis shows that the ratio of their aPG is 2.15:1.5:1 and their standard deviations are about 0.12, 0.11, and 0.13, respectively. If these results are applied in the current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), then, for the lower annual frequency of exceedance of peak ground acceleration, the predicted aPG from the hazard curve could reduce by 30% or more compared with the current PSHA model used in the developing of seismic hazard map in the USA. Therefore, with a consideration of near fault ground motion caused by the rupture directivity, the regression model used in the development of the regional attenuation relation should be modified accordingly.     

Expected ground motion in the south-east of Spain due to an earthquake in the epicentral area of the 1910 Adra earthquake

To study the ground motion levelassociated with historical earthquakeslocated in Southern Spain, we have chosen ascenario placed in the Poniente Almeriense(Southeast Spain). In this zone, somerelevant historical earthquakes haveoccurred, such as those of 1522, 1804 and1910. In particular, the earthquakes of 1804 and 1910 the estimated and calculatedmagnitudes are of M = 6.3. Those earthquakestook place near the epicentral zone of aseismic series happened in 1993–94. As partof this series, two earthquakes with M5were recorded by strong ground motioninstruments on 23^rd December 1993, and 4^th January, 1994 at Adra, Almeríaand Motril. We have used the accelerationrecords as empirical Green functions inorder to simulate the expected groundmotion associated with a hypotheticalearthquake of magnitude M = 6.3 like those of1804 and 1910. The simulations have beencarried out for three sites (Almería,Adra and Motril) using three differentapproaches. A total of 30 simulations, foreach approach, have been carried out foreach ground motion component in each site.The peak ground acceleration (PGA) and theresponse spectra are compared with thevalues obtained through empiricalrelationships for the distances and soilconditions corresponding to the threechosen sites. The results of thesimulations show that the horizontal PGAcould exceed the values observed in23/XII/93 and 4/I/94 by a factor of 5–8,surpassing in some cases the value of 140gals. Besides, some of the peak spectralaccelerations simulated reach Sa_max =400 gals, Adra being the location where thehighest values of a_max andSa_max are reached, due to the nearnessof this station to the epicentres of 23/XII/93 and 4/I/94. At Almeria, the PGAvalues reach 40 gals, which may beconsidered as input in the bedrock. InMotril, the PGA surpass a value of 130gals, considering as due to a strong localsite effect. Finally, the peak groundacceleration (PGA) and the response spectraobtained with the simulations have beencompared with other values estimated through empirical relationships for similarconditions. The conclusions about theexpected ground motion levels have animportant application aimed at the revisionof the maximum acceleration and responsespectra of the Spanish building Code,NCSE-94.     

2021年青海玛多7.4级地震共玉高速震害与启示

2021年5月22日青海玛多发生了M7.4级地震,造成了共和至玉树高速公路部分损毁。首先,基于地震现场考察及资料查阅,介绍了该条公路在此次地震中主要的震害类型及总体的震害情况;其次,统计分析了共玉高速上桥梁震害情况与结构形式等的关系。发现此次地震大桥震害远比中小桥要严重,简支空心板梁桥震害要比连续箱梁严重。鉴于此次地震在极震区缺少强震记录,本文提出一种基于衰减关系和台站土层条件的推测地震动简化方法,从地震动特征角度分析玛多地震对共玉高速破坏机理。最后讨论了此次地震对我国高原地区交通结构抗震的经验与启示。     

2008年汶川8.0级大地震近场强地面运动的模拟

运用经验格林函数法模拟了2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震的近场强地面运动.拟合过程中,首先参考其他学者反演结果给出的滑动量分布的特征,确定强震动生成区的大致范围;然后利用Somerville等(1999)提出的地震矩与凹凸体面积间的经验关系式确定强震动生成区(SMGA)细小划分的初值,继而利用遗传优化算法确定以上两者的最优值及其他震源参数.数值模拟波形同实际地震观测记录在时间域和频率域分别进行了比较,结果显示,在所选取的18个观测台中,多数台站的数值模拟结果同实际观测结果符合得很好,特别是大于1 Hz的高频部分.我们发现断层面上有5个强震动生成区,其中两个的位置与其他学者反演的滑动量集中分布区相一致,但强震动生成区规模和上升时间比Somerville等(1999)获得的定标率外延的估计值要小.     

Broadband ground motion simulation using a hybrid approach of the May 21, 2021 M7.4 earthquake in Maduo,Qinghai, China

In this study, the broadband ground motions of the 2021 M7.4 Maduo earthquake were simulated to overcome the scarcity of ground motion recordings and the low resolution of macroseismic intensity map in sparsely populated high-altitude regions. The simulation was conducted with a hybrid methodology, combining a stochastic high-frequency simulation with a low-frequency ground motion simulation, from the regional 1-D velocity structure model and the Wang WM et al.(2022) source rupture model,respect...