直肠癌保肛手术中的若干问题

中下段直肠癌患者在接受外科手术时总是要面临终生性肠造口的可能。随着人们物质生活水平的快速提高,对生活质量的要求也在不断提升。多数直肠癌患者已不能满足于既往那种切除器官以保全生命的传统理念,而是要求在切除病灶后尽量保全该器官的生理功能。在这种时代背景下,外科治疗中的多种保功能手术应运而生。直肠癌保肛手术是其中最具代表性的一种术式。然而,直肠癌保肛手术本身是一把双刃剑,应用得当可明显提高患者的生活质量,若应用不当,如手术指证掌握错误,手术技术应用不正确等,均会给患者带来无尽的痛苦和烦恼,甚至危及生命。因此中下段直肠癌行保肛手术必须严格掌握手术适应证,严格按照肿瘤学原则进行治疗,运用正确的手术技术以保证术后肛门功能的健全。     

低位直肠癌保肛手术的质量控制

 随着对盆腔解剖和直肠癌生物学特性认识的加深,越来越多的低位直肠癌患者能够保留肛门,保肛手术已成为目前临床上治疗直肠癌最常用的术式。高质量的手术需要同时在肿瘤学和功能学方面使患者受益,因而低位直肠癌保肛手术需兼顾肿瘤根治和肛门功能。全直肠系膜切除（total mesorectal excision,TME）原则、安全的远切缘和环周切缘是保证肿瘤学效果的关键,能够有效降低直肠癌局部复发率和远处转移率。而保留更多的肛门括约肌以及术中对盆腔植物神经的保护则是改善术后肛门功能,提高患者生活质量的重要因素。       

新辅助放化疗对局部进展期直肠癌保肛术后排便功能的影响

目的:探讨新辅助放化疗对局部进展期直肠癌保肛术后排便功能的影响。方法:回顾性分析2013年至2016年我院185例局部进展期直肠癌行直肠低位前切除术患者的临床和病理资料,采用低位前切除综合征（LARS）评分量表评估患者术后排便功能状况,通过单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者术后排便功能的危险因素。结果:所有患者均严格遵循直肠全系膜切除术（TME）原则行低位前切除术,其中113例行术前（新辅助）放化疗,50例行术后（辅助）放化疗,22例未行放化疗。术后12～48个月中,患者中LARS的发生率为64.9%,重度LARS的发生率为31.9%,重度LARS患者占全部LARS患者的49.2%。单因素分析发现,接受放化疗者术后重度LARS发生比例显著高于未接受放化疗者（P＜0.001）,肿瘤距肛缘距离＜5 cm者术后重度LARS发生比例显著高于≥5 cm者（P=0.001）,开放手术者术后重度LARS发生比例显著高于腹腔镜手术者（P=0.038）,然而放化疗的不同时机（新辅助、辅助）、新辅助放化疗的不同形式（长程放化疗、短程放疗）对术后重度LARS发生比例的影响,差异并无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。多因素分析发现,只有放化疗（P=0.001）、肿瘤距肛缘距离＜5 cm（P=0.003）是术后发生重度LARS的独立危险因素。结论:LARS是直肠癌保肛术后长期困扰患者的常见并发症,放化疗、肿瘤位置较低是导致术后LARS的独立危险因素。然而,新辅助放化疗与辅助放化疗,长程放化疗与短程放疗对术后LARS发生的影响基本相似。     

Parks手术在低位直肠癌术中的保肛作用

目的探讨Parks手术在低位直肠癌术中的保肛作用及一些相关问题.方法回顾分析自1991年5月至2004年6月共33例Parks手术病人的临床资料.结果全组手术进程顺利,术后并发吻合口漏和吻合口出血各1例.按Parks制定的标准,本组病人术后肛门功能优良率为89.2%,肿瘤术后局部复发率为6.2%,3年存活率为87.5%,5年存活率为65.4%.结论Parks手术应为低位直肠癌保肛手术的首选术式.     

Guidelines 2000 for colon and rectal cancer surgery

BACKGROUND: Oncologic resection techniques affect outcome for colon cancer and rectal cancer, but standardized guidelines have not been adopted. The National Cancer Institute sponsored a panel of experts to systematically review current literature and to draft guidelines that provide uniform definitions, principles, and practices. METHODS: Methods were similar to those described by the American Society of Clinical Oncology in developing practice guidelines. Experts representing oncology and surgery met to review current literature on oncologic resection techniques for level of evidence (I-V, where I is the best evidence and V is the least compelling) and grade of recommendation (A-D, where A is based on the best evidence and D is based on the weakest evidence). Initial guidelines were drafted, reviewed, and accepted by consensus. RESULTS: For the following seven factors, the level of evidence was II, III, or IV, and the findings were generally consistent (grade B): anatomic definition of colon versus rectum, tumor-node-metastasis staging, radial margins, adjuvant R0 stage, inadvertent rectal perforation, distal and proximal rectal margins, and en bloc resection of adherent tumors. For another seven factors, the level of evidence was II, III, or IV, but findings were inconsistent (grade C): laparoscopic colectomy; colon lymphadenectomy; level of proximal vessel ligation, mesorectal excision, and extended lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (all three for rectal cancer); no-touch technique; and bowel washout. For the other four factors, there was little or no systematic empirical evidence (grade D): abdominal exploration, oophorectomy, extent of colon resection, and total length of rectum resected. CONCLUSIONS: The panel reports surgical guidelines and definitions based on the best available evidence. The availability of more standardized information in the future should allow for more grade A recommendations.     

直肠癌保留肛门术后复发及处理

直肠癌保留肛门手术８１例，术后复发３０例，未复发５１例。分析结果：病期晚、病理恶性程度高、下切缘＜３ｃｍ等因素是引起术后复发的主要原因。主张全面分析，严格选择保肛术适应症，对复发癌病人应积极再手术，尽量争取作扩大性切除术。     

直肠癌患者微创保肛手术效果研究

目的：探讨直肠癌患者微创保肛手术效果。方法分别采取微创保肛手术和传统手术患者,将100例直肠癌患者随机分为微创保肛组和对照组各50例,对比两组患者的手术效果和手术并发症等情况。结果与对照组相比,微创保肛组患者术中出血量较少[（63.5±9.6）ml vs（89.2±12.7）ml]、手术切口较短[（4.1±0.4）cm vs（6.2±0.8）cm]、手术持续时间较短[（174.5±30.1）min vs（208.4±14.8）min]、住院时间较短[（7.8±0.9）天 vs（9.5±1.2天）]、切口拆线时间较早[（6.6±0.5）天 vs（8.2±1.1）天]、开始排气时间较早[（4.1±0.4）天vs （5.2±0.6）天]、导尿管拔除时间明显较短[（4.0±0.5）天vs（5.4±0.8）天],两组差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0.001）。微创保肛组患者与对照组患者相比,其总的并发症发生率较低（12%vs 30%,P＝0.027）,大便次数增多的并发症发生率较低（6%vs 20%,P＝0.037）。结论微创保肛术能够提高患者的手术效果,降低术后并发症发生率,值得在临床上广泛应用。     

Lung cancer--management and outcome in Glasgow, 1991-92.

Current practice and outcome for patients with lung cancer were determined by retrospective case note review of a random sample of all lung cancer cases registered for a calendar year and augmented by review of all surgical and radical radiotherapy cases. A total of 262 patients - 231 patients less than 75 years of age and 31 patients more than 75 years of age - represented 83% of the random sample. Eighty-three per cent of patients were seen within 2 weeks of referral. One-third reported symptoms occurring for less than 1 month and one-third had experienced symptoms for more than 3 months. The median time interval from first hospital contact until the making of a management decision was 18 days. The median interval from first contact to surgery was 63 days, and to starting radical radiotherapy 70 days. Histological confirmation was obtained in 69% of patients. Ten per cent of all lung cancer patients were calculated to have received chemotherapy. Five per cent of the whole cohort had definitive surgery and 64% of these were judged to be free of the disease at 3 years. Overall survival was 9% at 3 years, with no differences relating to cell type or area of residence. Many areas of good practice have been identified, but the lack of tumour staging or performance status data, the low proportion receiving chemotherapy or definitive surgery and the poor outcome after radical radiotherapy indicate the need for prospective audit and feedback of results. The long time interval from management decision to surgery and radiotherapy suggests organizational issues which need attention.     

Short-course preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery in rectal cancer - a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: In the most advanced, non-resectable primary rectal cancers, conventional long-course radiotherapy (RT) (1.8-2Gyx25-28), frequently combined with chemotherapy, has been used since tumour regression is needed in order to allow a radical (R0) resection. In Uppsala, short-course 5x5Gy with planned delayed surgery has been used in patients with contraindications to long-course RT (+/-chemotherapy). The aim is to describe our experience of using this approach in patients not eligible for standard treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 2002 and 2005, 46 patients with non-resectable rectal cancer (+/-synchronous distant metastases) were treated with 5x5Gy and delayed surgery if possible. The clinical records were retrospectively evaluated. The first group (A) had no metastases (T4NXM0), whereas the other two groups (B+C) had metastases (T4NXM1). In group (B), the patients had predominantly loco-regional disease and were not candidates for combination chemotherapy (high age, co-morbidities), and in group (C) up-front combination chemotherapy was given, with the intention to have surgery of both the primary and the secondaries if sufficient regression at both sites were seen. RESULTS: The patients in the first two groups (A+B) were old (median 79 and 76 years, respectively), and had several co-morbidities. In group (C), median age was 63 years. The 5x5Gy RT was well tolerated by most patients, but grade IV diarrhoea was recorded in three elderly patients. One patient in the group (C) died from neutropenic fever. Many patients were reported to have less local symptoms after the treatment given. Delayed surgery was performed in all but nine patients. Radical surgery (R0+R1) was performed in 22 (92%) (group A), 4 (44%) (group B), and 6 (46%) (group C) patients, respectively. A pCR was seen in four patients (two in group A and two in group C). No postoperative deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the very high age and presence of co-morbidity, the 5x5Gy schedule is well tolerated. Further, considering the very advanced local stage, the schedule has considerable anti-tumour activity and can result in radical surgery in a high proportion of patients.     

Avoiding inappropriate surgery for secondary rectal cancer.

AIMS: Secondary rectal carcinoma occurs by invasion of the rectum by local primaries or by metastatic spread from a distant primary. The principle management of primary rectal carcinoma is surgery, but this is not usually the case for secondary carcinoma. This study investigates how these two may be differentiated and inappropriate surgery, in particular inappropriate abdominoperineal excision, can be avoided. METHODS: There were six patients with secondary carcinoma of the rectum. The primary tumours were: prostate (three), endometrium (two), breast (one). RESULTS: All the patients presented with lower gastrointestinal symptoms and four had a palpable mass on rectal examination. The diagnosis was made on histology and immunohistochemistry. Treatment was with endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Three patients had palliative surgical procedures, and one had a curative anterior resection. The median survival was 7.5 months. CONCLUSIONS: This study has found that the presentation of primary and secondary rectal carcinoma is similar, and the method for distinguishing between the two is histology and immunohistochemistry. Staining for prostate-specific antigen was 100% accurate in the diagnosis of secondary rectal carcinoma arising from a prostate primary. The treatment of secondary rectal carcinoma is with systemic therapy and surgery is usually palliative, and therefore abdominoperineal excision should be avoided.     

Waiting times for cancer surgery in Ontario: 1984-2000

AimsDespite persistent public interest and the perception among clinicians and patients that increased waiting time for cancer surgery is related to worse outcomes, little is known about waiting time for cancer surgery. Our aim is to describe changes in waiting times for cancer surgery in Ontario between 1984 and 2000, and associated factors.Materials and methodsThe interval between date of diagnosis and admission for surgery for all patients receiving surgical treatment for cancers of the larynx, hypopharynx, stomach, colon, rectum, breast, cervix, uterus, prostate, bladder, lung and oesophagus was calculated for all patients in Ontario between 1984 and June 2000. This was accomplished by retrospective review of prospectively gathered electronic records.ResultsMedian waiting times for cancer surgery increased for all cancer types, including substantial increases for oesophageal cancer (from 14 days between 1984 and 1987 to 33 days between 1998 and 2000), breast cancer (12–27 days), and laryngeal cancer (16–33 days). A similar increase in waiting times for patients awaiting radiation therapy was identified. The proportion of patients receiving diagnosis and definitive resection on the same admission for colon cancer decreased (from 79.4% between 1984 and 1987 to 47.9% between 1998 and 2000) for laryngeal cancer (35.5–9.4%), and for lung cancer (61.6–23.0%). Age, sex, cancer site, hospital type, household income and cancer centre location were all independently related to waiting times.ConclusionsWaiting times for cancer surgery increased substantially between 1984 and 2000. Waiting times were influenced by disease, patient and health-system-related factors.     

Advances in organ preserving strategies in rectal cancer patients

Treatment of rectal cancer patients has been subjected to change over the past thirty years. Total mesorectal excision is considered the cornerstone of rectal cancer treatment, but is also associated with significant morbidity resulting in an impaired quality of life. The addition of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to surgery has shown to improve survival and local control and may lead to a partial or even complete response (CR). This raises questions regarding the necessity for subsequent radical surgery. After careful patient selection local excision and wait-and-see approaches are explored, aiming to improve quality of life without compromising oncological outcome. A multimodality diagnostic approach for optimal staging is crucial in determining the appropriate neoadjuvant treatment regimen. Adequate endoscopic restaging of rectal tumours after multimodality treatment will aid in selecting patients who are eligible for an organ preserving approach. The role and accuracy of imaging in the detection of the primary tumour, residual rectal cancer or local recurrence seems vital. Alternative neoadjuvant regimens are currently explored to increase the rate of clinical CRs, which may support organ preserving approaches. This review aims to generate insight into the advances in diagnostics and treatment modalities in all stages of rectal cancer and will highlight future studies that may support further implementation of organ preservation treatment in rectal cancer.     

术前同期放化疗对局部晚期低位直肠癌患者保肛率及根切率的影响

目的 观察术前同期放化疗对局部晚期低位直肠癌患者手术治疗保肛率及根切率的影响。方法 回顾性研究2006年1月—2010年12月间入院的局部晚期低位直肠癌患者共64例,按治疗手段分为术前同期放化疗A组(n=34)和单纯手术切除B组(n=30)。术前同期放化疗组采用三维适形放疗,同步行奥沙利铂(L-OHP)+5-氟尿嘧啶(5-Fu)+亚叶酸钙(CF)方案化疗,放射总剂量为50 Gy,每次2 Gy,每周5次。放疗的第1天同步行化疗,手术于放疗结束后4~5周进行,手术按直肠全系膜切除(TME)原则进行。结果 全部患者均完成治疗,同期放化疗组放化疗结束后肿块均有不同程度缩小、活动度增加,总缓解率为64.7%,手术切除率91.2%,保肛率为79.4%,单纯手术组手术切除率66.7%,保肛率为43.3%。结论 术前应用同期放化疗可提高低位直肠癌患者的根切率及保肛率,同时改善了患者的生活质量。     

Anal Sphincter Function after Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancer

Objective:To assess the anal sphincter function after intersphincteric resection for low rectal cancer by questionnaire and vectorial manometry.Methods:twenty five patients underwent intersphincteric resection,the controls contained 25 patients of rectal cancer who underwent low anterior resection and 25 healthy people.The therapeutic responses were evaluated using the Vaizey and Wexner scoring systems and vectorial manometry.Results:The Vaizey and Wexner scores after intersphincteric resection were significantly higher than those of low anterior resection controls at one month,but had no significant difference one year after.On the other hand,the indexes of vectorial manometry still had significant difference one year later.The indexes after intersphincteric resection could not reach the normal level.Conclusion:The anal sphincter function after intersphincteric resection is lower than that after low anterior resection in short term,although the long-term results can be accepted,it still can not reach the normal level.     

论直肠癌保肛手术前后肛门结构和功能评估的重要性

随着术式的不断改进和术前同步放化疗被广泛接受,直肠癌低位保肛率在增加。放化疗和手术都会对肛门结构、功能造成损伤。术前对肛门结构和功能没有评估,即使保留部分肛门结构,也会出现功能严重损害或无效肛门,达不到“精准保肛”的目的。肛门评估可在术前为采取适当保肛术式,对比手术前后肛门结构、功能差异,术后明确肛门损伤程度和原因提供依据;为医源性损伤造成的肛门功能障碍选择适当的治疗方案。结直肠外科医师应该重视和接受对直肠癌保肛手术前后肛门功能和结构全面评估的理念。随着外科学的发展,直肠癌保肛手术也一定会进入更加精准和个体化的时代。