Adaptive Boundary Control for Unstable Parabolic PDEs—Part I: Lyapunov Design

We develop adaptive controllers for parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs) controlled from a boundary and containing unknown destabilizing parameters affecting the interior of the domain. These are the first adaptive controllers for unstable PDEs without relative degree limitations, open-loop stability assumptions, or domain-wide actuation. It is the first necessary step towards developing adaptive controllers for physical systems such as fluid, thermal, and chemical dynamics, where actuation can be only applied non-intrusively, the dynamics are unstable, and the parameters, such as the Reynolds, Rayleigh, Prandtl, or Peclet numbers are unknown because they vary with operating conditions. Our method builds upon our explicitly parametrized control formulae in to avoid solving Riccati or Bezout equations at each time step. Most of the designs we present are state feedback but we present two benchmark designs with output feedback which have infinite relative degree.      

Output-feedback adaptive control of a wave PDE with boundary anti-damping

We develop an adaptive output-feedback controller for a wave PDE in one dimension with actuation on one boundary and with an unknown anti-damping term on the opposite boundary. This model is representative of a torsional stick–slip instability in drillstrings in deep oil drilling, as well as of various acoustic instabilities. The key feature of the proposed controller is that it requires only the measurements of boundary values and not of the entire distributed state of the system. Our approach is based on employing Riemann variables to convert the wave PDE into a cascade of two delay elements, with the first of the two delay elements being fed by control and the same element in turn feeding into a scalar ODE. This enables us to employ a prediction-based design for systems with input delays, suitably converted to the adaptive output-feedback setting. The result’s relevance is illustrated with simulation example.     

Dynamic high-gain scaling: State and output feedback with application to systems with ISS appended dynamics driven by all States

We propose a dynamic high-gain scaling technique and solutions to coupled Lyapunov equations leading to results on state-feedback, output-feedback, and input-to-state stable (ISS) appended dynamics with nonzero gains from all states and input. The observer and controller designs have a dual architecture and utilize a single dynamic scaling. A novel procedure for designing the dynamics of the high-gain parameter is introduced based on choosing a Lyapunov function whose derivative is negative if either the high-gain parameter or its derivative is large enough (compared to functions of the states). The system is allowed to contain uncertain terms dependent on all states and uncertain appended ISS dynamics with nonlinear gains from all system states and input. In contrast, previous results require uncertainties to be bounded by a function of the output and require the appended dynamics to be ISS with respect to the output, i.e., require the gains from other states and the input to be zero. The generated control laws have an algebraically simple structure and the associated Lyapunov functions have a simple quadratic form with a scaling. The design is based on the solution of two pairs of coupled Lyapunov equations for which a constructive procedure is provided. The proposed observer/controller structure provides a globally asymptotically stabilizing output-feedback solution for the benchmark open problem proposed in our earlier work with the provision that a magnitude bound on the unknown parameter be given.     

Adaptive control of PDEs

This paper presents several recently developed techniques for adaptive control of PDE systems. Three different design methods are employed—the Lyapunov design, the passivity-based design, and the swapping design. The basic ideas for each design are introduced through benchmark plants with constant unknown coefficients. It is then shown how to extend the designs to reaction-advection-diffusion PDEs in 2D. Finally, the PDEs with unknown spatially varying coefficients and with boundary sensing are considered, making the adaptive designs applicable to PDE systems with an infinite relative degree, infinitely many unknown parameters, and open loop unstable.     

Adaptive output-feedback stabilization of non-local hyperbolic PDEs

We address the problem of adaptive output-feedback stabilization of general first-order hyperbolic partial integro-differential equations (PIDE). Such systems are also referred to as PDEs with non-local (in space) terms. We apply control at one boundary, take measurements on the other boundary, and allow the system’s functional coefficients to be unknown. To deal with the absence of both full-state measurement and parameter knowledge, we introduce a pre-transformation (which happens to be based on backstepping) of the system into an observer canonical form. In that form, the problem of adaptive observer design becomes tractable. Both the parameter estimator and the control law employ only the input and output signals (and their histories over one unit of time). Prior to presenting the adaptive design, we present the non-adaptive/baseline controller, which is novel in its own right and facilitates the understanding of the more complex, adaptive system. The parameter estimator is of the gradient type, based on a parametric model in the form of an integral equation relating delayed values of the input and output. For the closed-loop system we establish boundedness of all signals, pointwise in space and time, and convergence of the PDE state to zero pointwise in space. We illustrate our result with a simulation.     

Adaptive fault-tolerant vibration control of a wind turbine blade with actuator stuck

ABSTRACT

This paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant boundary vibration control method designed to resolve unknown failure and stuck actuator problems in the wind turbine blade control process. The blade is modelled as a distributed parameter system described by two coupled partial differential equations. The proposed boundary control achieved the fact that the vibration of the blade can still be suppressed even when the actuator fails, and the bending and torsional deformation is eventually reduced to zero. Based on the Lyapunov direct method, a fact has been confirmed that the stability of the system is guaranteed under the boundary controller. The effectiveness of the controllers is demonstrated by numerical simulations.     

Adaptive control of uncertain time-delay chaotic systems

This work investigates adaptive control of a large class of uncertain time_delay chaotic systems (UTCSs) with unknown general perturbation terms bounded by a polynomial (unknown gains). Associated with the different cases of known and unknown system matrices, two corresponding adaptive controllers are proposed to stabilize unstable fixed points of the systems by means of Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequalities (LMI) which can be solved easily by convex optimization algorithms. Two examples are used for examining the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Adaptive control of uncertain time-delay chaotic

This work investigates adaptive control of a large class of uncertain time-delay chaotic systems （UTCSs） with unknown general perturbation terms bounded by a polynomial （unknown gains）, Associated with the different cases of known and unknowl system matrices, two corresponding adaptive controllers are proposed to stabilize unstable fixed points of the systems by means of Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequafities （LMI） which can be solved easily by convex optimization algorithms, Two examples are used for examining the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

Adaptive control of uncertain time-delay chaotic systems

This work investigates adaptive control of a large class of uncertain time_delay chaotic systems (UTCSs) with unknown general perturbation terms bounded by a polynomial (unknown gains). Associated with the different cases of known and unknown system matrices, two corresponding adaptive controllers are proposed to stabilize unstable fixed points of the systems by means of Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequalities (LMI) which can be solved easily by convex optimization algorithms. Two examples are used for examining the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

A compact design scheme of adaptive output-feedback control for uncertain nonlinear systems

Multiple uncertainties/noises, frequently exist in a plant, usually require multiple compensation techniques, which renders feedback controllers highly dynamic and nonlinear. This motivates us to search for a compact design scheme of compensation to reduce the complexity of controllers. In this paper, global output-feedback stabilisation is investigated for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with unknown unmeasured states-dependent growth and input matching uncertainty. To solve the problem, a compact scheme is proposed to design a global adaptive output-feedback controller, which combines the technique of dynamic gain and extended state observer together. Particularly, only one dynamic gain, rather than two dynamic gains, is introduced to deal with the unknown polynomial-of-output growth rate, which makes our controller to have lower dynamics than those in the related works. Moreover, the input matching uncertainty is asymptotically estimated by the extended state observer, and thus its effect is well counteracted. It is shown that, under the designed controller, the system states globally converge to zero. A simulation example on non-zero set-point regulation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Controller design with regional pole constraints

A design procedure is developed that combines linear-quadratic optimal control with regional pole placement. Specifically, a static and dynamic output-feedback control problem is addressed in which the poles of the closed-loop system are constrained to lie in specified regions of the complex plane. These regional pole constraints are embedded within the optimization process by replacing the covariance Lyapunov equation by a modified Lyapunov equation whose solution, in certain cases, leads to an upper bound on the quadratic cost functional. The results include necessary and sufficient conditions for characterizing static output-feedback controllers with bounded performance and regional pole constraints. Sufficient conditions are also presented for the fixed-order (i.e. full- and reduced-order) dynamic output-feedback problem with regional pole constraints. Circular, elliptical, vertical strip, parabolic, and section regions are considered     

带有未知虚拟控制增益符号的自适应输出反馈控制

针对带有未知虚拟控制增益符号的一类非线性系统。采用基于参数的坐标变换和参数重定义。将该系统转化为参数输出反馈形式。从而将未知的虚拟控制增益归入高频控制增益中．由于该高频控制增益符号未知。将Nussbaum增益技术融入自适应Backstepping方法中设计自适应输出反馈控制器．采用调节函数法设计参数自适应律以避免过参数估计．该方法所设计的自适应输出反馈控制器可确保闭环系统的所有信号一致有界。且跟踪误差渐近收敛．仿真研究表明了该设计方法的有效性．     

一类具有未知控制方向非线性系统的输出反馈自适应控制

研究了一类控制方向未知非线性系统的输出反馈自适应镇定问题. 首先, 通过一线性状态变换, 将未知控制系数集中起来, 从而将原系统变换为适于控制设计的新系统. 然后, 分别引入状态观测器和参数估计器, 并应用积分反推和调节函数方法, 给出了输出反馈稳定控制律的构造性设计过程. 可以证明，所设计的控制器确保原系统状态渐近收敛到原点, 而其它闭环系统状态有界. 仿真结论验证了所提出方法的有效性.     

Adaptive boundary control for unstable parabolic PDEs—Part II: Estimation-based designs

The certainty equivalence approach to adaptive control is commonly used with two types of identifiers: passivity-based identifiers and swapping identifiers. The “passive” (also known as “observer-based”) approach is the prevalent identification technique in existing results on adaptive control for PDEs but has so far not been used in boundary control problems. The swapping approach, prevalent in finite-dimensional adaptive control is employed here for the first time in adaptive control of PDEs. For a class of unstable parabolic PDEs we prove a separation principle result for both the passive and swapping identifiers combined with the backstepping boundary controllers. The result is applicable in any dimension. For physical reasons we restrict our attention to dimensions no higher than three. The results of the paper are illustrated by simulations.     

参数未知的统一混沌系统的同步

针对统一混沌系统,研究驱动系统参数未知,响应系统参数可以调整的自适应同步问题。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,结合驱动法,提出采用多控制器和单一控制器两种方案实现自适应统一系统的新方法,给出控制律以及参数自适应律的解析表达式。数值仿真结果验证这两种方法的有效性与可行性。     

Synchronization of uncertain complex dynamical networks via adaptive control

In this paper, synchronization of an uncertain dynamical network with time‐varying delay is investigated by means of adaptive control schemes. Time delays and uncertainties exist universally in real‐world complex networks. Especially, parameters of nodes in these complex networks are usually partially or completely uncertain. Considering the networks with unknown or partially known nodes, we design adaptive controllers for the corresponding complex dynamical networks, respectively. Several criteria guaranteeing synchronization of such systems are established by employing the Lyapunov stability theorem. Analytical and numerical results show that the proposed controllers have high robustness against parameter variations including network topologies, coupling structures, and strength. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

随机Marino-Tomei系统的输出反馈鲁棒自适应跟踪

研究了一类Marino-Tomei非线性模型在不确定噪声干扰下的输出反馈鲁棒自适应跟 踪问题.通过滤波变换,采用随机控制Lyapunov设计方法,对于受方差未知的Wiener噪声干 扰的Marino-Tomei非线性系统,给出了参数自适应律和控制律,使得闭环系统成为噪声--状 态稳定的,并且跟踪误差的4次均方值在时间平均意义下收敛到一个足够小的区域内.     

船舶航向非线性系统的多滑模自适应模糊控制

针对参数未知的船舶航向非线性控制系统数学模型,在考虑舵机伺服机构特性的情况下,船舶航向控制问题就成为一个虚拟控制系数未知的非匹配不确定非线性控制问题.基于多滑模设计方法和模糊逻辑系统的逼近能力,提出了一种多滑模自适应模糊控制算法,通过引入非连续投影算法和积分型Lyapunov函数,提高了系统在抑制参数漂移、控制器奇异等方面的能力.借助Lyapunov函数证明了所设计控制器使最终的闭环非匹配不确定船舶运动非线性系统中的所有信号有界,且跟踪误差收敛到零.仿真研究表明:该算法与传统的PID控制相比,具有较好的跟踪能力和自适应能力.     

Switching adaptive output-feedback control of nonlinearly parametrized systems

In this paper, we consider global adaptive output-feedback control of nonlinear systems in output-feedback form, with unknown parameters entering nonlinearly. Such unknown parameters are not required to lie in a known compact set. Our proposed adaptive output-feedback controller is a switching-type controller, in which the controller parameter is tuned in a switching manner via a switching logic. Global stability results of the closed-loop system have been proved.