SiCP/ZA27复合材料界面微结构分析及高温蠕变性能

利用透射电镜分析和高温持久硬度试验,研究了SiC_P/ZA27复合材料界面微结构和高温蠕变性能。结果表明,SiC_P/ZA复合材料具有较好的高温蠕变性能。对其试样进行微观分析,基体中的η相和增强相SiC_P都能显著提高ZA27合金的高温蠕变性能。     

原位生成TiB2/ZA27复合材料的制备与性能

以Al熔液为载体,采用原位反应生成形状规则、尺寸细小的TiB₂颗粒相,再将TiB₂颗粒传递到ZA27合金中,形成TiB₂颗粒增强的ZA27复合材料。采用合理的熔炼工艺促进了TiB₂颗粒在基体中的均匀分布。实验结果显示,TiB₂颗粒在ZA27复合材料中,分布均匀,平均直径在3 μm以下。TiB₂颗粒的加入使得复合材料的晶粒明显细化,并随着TiB₂颗粒含量增加,复合材料的抗拉强度、硬度明显提高,2.1%TiB₂/ZA27复合材料与基体合金相比室温抗拉强度提高13%、布氏硬度提高21%,弹性模量也有所提高,在强度、硬度及弹性模量提高的同时,材料的塑性并未恶化,延伸率略有提高,另外,材料的热膨胀系数随着TiB₂颗粒的加入有所降低。     

纤维取向对复合材料磨损性能影响的统计学研究

采用挤压铸造法制备了3Al₂O₃·2SiO_2f/ZL109复合材料.利用统计学方法研究了载荷为600N、滑动速度为1.05m/s的润滑滑动磨损条件下纤维取向对复合材料磨损性能的影响.研究结果表明:纤维平行取向与垂直取向复合材料的磨损体积均符合概率密度f(x)的同一总体的正态分布[式(1)],纤维取向对复合材料的耐磨性影响不大.通过磨面的SEM分析,发现两种纤维取向的复合材料的磨损均为纤维断裂与磨粒磨损.     

Zr变质SiCP/ZA27复合材料在部分重熔过程中的组织演变

用扫描电镜(SEM)背散射成像技术对Zr变质SiC_P/ZA27复合材料在部分重熔过程中的组织演变进行了研究,并与未变质复合材料及基体合金作了对比。结果表明:经0.2 wt% Zr变质的SiC_P/ZA27复合材料在460℃加热过程中(0min~30min),其基体组织依次经历了晶臂的快速合并,晶粒的长大,晶界区域的熔化、组织分离,最后经球状化形成触变成形所需的粒径较为均匀、细小、圆整的半固态浆料,在随后的保温过程中(30 min~80 min)未发现明显的粗化现象;未变质复合材料则形成相互连接的不规则组织,即使经长时间的保温(80 min),也未全部球状化;基体合金组织的分离快于变质复合材料,但在保温中的晶粒粗化却较为严重。加热初期晶粒的快速粗化是由共晶组织向晶内的迅速扩散引起的。本文作者从相变角度分析了组织的演变过程。     

SiCP/2024复合材料切削力与刀具磨损的试验研究

本文通过SiC_P/2024复合材料的车削试验,得出了刀具材料、切削用量及SiC_P含量对切削力和刀具磨损的影响规律。并认为K类硬质合金可用于粗加工和半精加工,而且要采用较低切削速度和较大进给量,但SiC_P含量较高时会出现切深分力大于主切削力。SiC_P含量越高差值越大;PDC是精加工最佳刀具材料,也不会出现切深分力大于主切削力现象     

层状Ti3SiC2陶瓷的组织结构及力学性能

利用热压烧结TiH₂,Si和C粉获得了致密度大于98%的层状Ti₃SiC₂陶瓷。利用压痕法,在不同的载荷下测定了材料的维氏硬度, 发现其硬度值随载荷的增加而降低,在最大载荷30kg时,硬度值为4GPa。压痕对角线没有发现径向裂纹的出现。 这归因于多重能量吸收机制——颗粒的层裂、裂纹的扩展、颗粒的变形等。利用三点弯曲法和单边切口梁法测定了材料的强度和韧性分别为270MPa和6.8MPa·m1/2。Ti₃SiC₂材料的断口表现出明显的层状性质,大颗粒易于发生层裂和穿晶断裂,小颗粒易被拔出。当裂纹沿平行于Ti₃SiC₂基面的方向扩展造成颗粒的层裂,当裂纹沿垂直于基面的方向扩展时,裂纹穿过颗粒的同时,在颗粒内部发生偏转,使裂纹的扩展路径增加。裂纹的扩展路径类似人们根据仿生结构设计的层状复合材料。裂纹在颗粒内的多次偏转、裂纹钉扎以及颗粒的层裂和拔出等是材料韧性提高的主要原因。此外,在室温下得到的荷载-位移曲线,说明Ti₃SiC₂材料不象其它陶瓷材料的脆性断裂,而是具有金属一样的塑性。     

ZA22/Al2O3复合材料切削加工表面质量的研究

采用硬质合金刀具研究了挤压铸造Al₂O₃短纤维强化ZA22合金复合材料的切削加工表面质量。发现在相同切削条件下,该复合材料表面质量优于ZA22合金。高的切削速度、低的进给量及低的切削深度有利于提高该复合材料的切削加工表面质量。随Al₂O₃纤维体积分数增大,复合材料切削加工表面粗糙度降低。     

SiCP/Al复合材料的拉伸性能

对高体积分数碳化硅颗粒增强铝基(SiC_P/Al)复合材料的拉伸强度进行了试验研究。发现在较高应力水平下经过2次卸载的试件与未做卸载的试件相比,拉伸强度变化很小,说明加载-卸载过程对材料的拉伸强度影响不大。在试验研究的基础上,使用ANSYS软件建立了有限元模型,对SiC_P/Al复合材料的拉伸特性进行了仿真模拟。研究结果表明,低体积分数SiC_P/Al复合材料的力学性能更接近塑性材料;而高体积分数SiC_P/Al复合材料的力学性能则接近于脆性材料。拉伸强度模拟计算误差非常小,基体破坏是导致高体积分数SiC_P/Al复合材料破坏的主要因素。     

Cr3C2粒径对等离子堆焊铁基合金层组织与耐磨性能的影响

在低碳钢表面利用等离子堆焊技术分别制备Fe50堆焊层及添加40％(质量分数)微米和纳米Cr₃C₂的(Fe50+40%微米/纳米Cr₃C₂)复合堆焊层,比较研究添加不同粒径的Cr₃C₂对Fe50合金堆焊层的显微组织与磨损性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析堆焊层的相组成,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)观察堆焊层的显微组织形貌及微区成分,通过显微硬度计测试了堆焊层的硬度分布,使用滑动磨损及冲击磨损试验机分别考察了复合堆焊层的磨损性能。结果表明:Fe50等离子堆焊层组织主要由柱状晶α-Fe及其间的网状共晶α-Fe+Cr₂₃C₆组成;而Fe+40%微米/纳米Cr₃C₂堆焊层凝固方式为过共晶,由大量的先共晶碳化物及其间细密、均匀的枝晶与共晶组织组成,并增加了γ-Fe、Cr₇C₃和未熔Cr₃C₂等相;但Fe+40%纳米Cr₃C₂涂层比Fe+40%微米Cr₃C₂涂层析出更多且细小、致密的先共晶碳化物。与Fe50等离子堆焊涂层相比,Fe+40%微米Cr₃C₂涂层的显微硬度、滑动磨损性能及冲击磨损性能分别提高了21%、1.5倍和0.8倍;而Fe+40%纳米Cr₃C₂涂层的显微硬度、滑动磨损性能及冲击磨损性能则分别提高了34.1%、2.4倍和1.7倍,表面的犁沟和剥落及塑性变形明显减少,耐磨性能显著提高。因此,添加纳米Cr₃C₂颗粒可以显著细化铁基合金等离子堆焊层的显微组织并提升其耐磨性能。     

电场激活燃烧合成( TiB2)PNi/Ni3Al/ Ni功能梯度材料

采用电场激活压力辅助合成技术(FAPAS)制备了(TiB₂)_PNi/(TiB₂)_PNi₃Al/Ni₃Al/Ni梯度材料,主要研究电场激活燃烧合成过程中电场对材料合成及层界面扩散连接的作用。分析了梯度材料各层的界面微观组织及相组成和材料的硬度分布。结果表明,采用FAPAS 技术结合机械合金化工艺制备的(TiB₂)_PNi/(TiB₂)_PNi₃Al/Ni₃Al/Ni 功能梯度材料具有快速、简便和组织均匀密实的特点。梯度材料的陶瓷复合层、Ni₃Al层和Ni板的界面区产生成分的互扩散,形成了良好的冶金结合。从Ni板到陶瓷复合层的硬度呈梯度分布。     

Tribological behavior of ZA27/Al2O3/graphite hybrid nanocomposites

ZA27 alloy composites reinforced with alumina and graphite nanoparticles are a unique class of advanced engineered materials that have been developed to use in tribological applications. In this study, dry sliding wear behavior of ZA27 alloy matrix hybrid nanocomposites has been investigated. Mechanical alloying and hot pressing methods have been used for the fabrication of these composite materials. Sliding wear tests were conducted using a block-on-disc type sliding wear testing apparatus under unlubricated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy analyses have been carried out to examine the wear surfaces. The results showed that the increase of alumina nanoparticle content can positively influence improvement of the tribological behavior of the hybrid nanocomposites.     

TiCp/ZA-12复合材料磨损行为的研究

采用XD^TM与搅拌铸造技术相结合的工艺制备TiCp/ZA-12复合材料。利用MM－200摩擦磨损测试仪测试干摩擦条件下这种复合材料的磨损性能。研究了TiC颗粒含量、应用载荷和滑动距离对其磨损程度的影响。结果表明：复合材料的磨损率低于基体合金磨损率，且磨损率随TiC颗粒含量的增加而减小；增大应用载荷和滑动距离，并且复合材料和基体ZA－12合金的磨损程度均增加，但复合材料的增幅明显偏小。同时发现，在磨损过程中存在瞬变载荷，当应用载荷低于瞬变载荷时，磨损表现为微磨损，当高于瞬变载荷时为剧烈磨损，复合材料的瞬变载荷比基体合金高得多。最后分析了复合材料和基体合金的磨面形貌。     

Friction and wear of a glass woven roving/modified phenolic composite

The friction and wear behaviour of a glass woven roving/poly(vinyl) butyral modified phenolic composite, sliding under dry conditions against a cast iron counterface, has been investigated. Friction and wear of the composite show a marked dependence both on sliding velocity and normal pressure. Microscopic observations of the worn surface indicate that the higher wear loss and low friction coefficient for the composites at higher sliding velocities as well as at higher normal loads is probably due to fracture of weft fibres of the glass woven roving fabric reinforcement. The results are discussed on the basis of existing wear models of composite materials.     

Wear characteristics of spray formed Al-alloys and their composites

In the present investigation, different Al based alloys such as Al–Si–Pb, Al–Si, Al–Si–Fe and 2014Al + SiC composites have been produced by spray forming process. The microstructural features of monolithic alloys and composite materials have been examined and their wear characteristics have been evaluated at different loads and sliding velocities. The microstructural features invariably showed a significant refinement of the primary phases and also modification of secondary phases in Al-alloys. The Pb particles in Al–Si–Pb alloy were observed to be uniformly distributed in the matrix phase besides decorating the grain boundaries. The spray formed composites showed uniform distribution of SiC particles in the matrix. It was observed that wear resistance of Al–Si alloy increases with increase in Pb content; however, there is not much improvement after addition of Pb more than 20%. The coefficient of friction reduced to 0.2 for the alloy containing 20%Pb. A sliding velocity of 1 ms⁻¹ was observed to be optimum for high wear resistance of these materials. Alloying elements such as Fe and Cu in Al–Si alloy lead to improved wear resistance compared to that of the base alloy. The addition of SiC in 2014Al alloy gave rise to considerable improvement in wear resistance but primarily in the low pressure regime. The wear rate seemed to decrease with increase in sliding velocity. The wear response of the materials has been discussed in light of their microstructural features and topographical observation of worn surfaces.     

Microstructure developed in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum

Microstructural changes in the surface layer of Ti-6Al-4V alloy after sliding wear in vacuum have been studied by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The wear rates of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in vacuum were measured under different sliding velocities and loads. The experimental results showed that a severely deformed layer with a grain size of 50–100 nm and thickness about 70 μm was formed underneath the worn surface. Under the slower sliding velocities, the substructure of the layer had a high dislocation density, while under higher sliding velocities, twins were found to exist in the substructure. A process by which the deformed layer formed has been proposed and the deformation of materials at the contacting spots of the Ti-6Al-4V sample is discussed.     

Tribological properties of powder metallurgy – Processed aluminium self lubricating hybrid composites with SiC additions

In this experimental study, aluminium (Al)-based graphite (Gr) and silicon carbide (SiC) particle-reinforced, self-lubricating hybrid composite materials were manufactured by powder metallurgy. The tribological and mechanical properties of these composite materials were investigated under dry sliding conditions. The results of the tests revealed that the SiC-reinforced hybrid composites exhibited a lower wear loss compared to the unreinforced alloy and Al–Gr composites. It was found that with an increase in the SiC content, the wear resistance increased monotonically with hardness. The hybridisation of the two reinforcements also improved the wear resistance of the composites, especially under high sliding speeds. Additionally, the wear loss of the hybrid composites decreased with increasing applied load and sliding distance, and a low friction coefficient and low wear loss were achieved at high sliding speeds. The composite with 5 wt.% Gr and 20 wt.% SiC showed the greatest improvement in tribological performance. The wear mechanism was studied through worn surface and wear debris analysis as well as microscopic examination of the wear tracks. This study revealed that the addition of both a hard reinforcement (e.g., SiC) and soft reinforcement (e.g., graphite) significantly improves the wear resistance of aluminium composites. On the whole, these results indicate that the hybrid aluminium composites can be considered as an outstanding material where high strength and wear-resistant components are of major importance, predominantly in the aerospace and automotive engineering sectors.     

Al2O3f/ZA27复合材料摩擦磨损性能的研究

在ZA27合金中添加不同体积分数的Al2O3短纤维，对其摩擦磨损性能进行了研究。结果表明，Al2O3／ZA27材料的摩擦系数大于ZA27合金，并且纤维体积分数越大，则平均摩擦系数越大。Al2O3f／ZA27材料的耐磨性明显优于ZA27合金，并且与纤维取向有关。     

多层石墨烯/纳米Fe_2O_3复合材料对TC11合金干滑动磨损行为的影响

钛合金综合性能优异,被广泛应用于航空航天、化工等领域,但是其耐磨性较差,又严重阻碍了它更广泛的应用。在TC11合金/GCr15钢摩擦界面添加多层石墨烯(MLG)/纳米Fe_2O_3复合材料,采用MPX-2000型摩擦磨损试验机研究了其对TC11合金磨损行为的影响,并与未添加及只添加MLG或纳米Fe_2O_3时的状况进行了对比;采用XRD,SEM,EDS等分析技术对磨损表面物相、形貌和成分进行了系统分析,并探讨了各添加物的作用机制。结果表明:在TC11合金表面添加MLG形成的摩擦层不能稳定存在,无法提高其耐磨性;添加纳米Fe_2O_3仅能在低载荷下形成稳定的摩擦层,高载荷时逐渐被破坏;添加MLG/纳米Fe_2O_3复合材料,在磨损表面形成了双层摩擦层,能起到保护基体的作用,使之磨损量显著下降,原因是MLG的润滑性与纳米Fe_2O_3承载性的协同作用。     

Sliding wear of Al2O3P/6061 Al composite

The mild sliding wear behaviour of a 15 vol % Al₂O_3P/6061 Al composite has been investigated by using a pin-on-disc reciprocating sliding machine. The composite has been shown to exhibit an excellent wear resistance as compared to the unreinforced matrix alloy. The wear rate of the composite under dry wear conditions with a 12N load is approximately one tenth of that in the 6061 aluminium alloy. The wear rate of the composite under lubrication with 15W/40 gear oil under a 100N load is only one thousandth ofthat in the 6061 aluminium alloy.The dry wear resistance of an over-aged sample is shown here to be better than a peak aged or under-aged sample when the composite was aged at 160°C. The coefficient of friction of the composite was approximately 0.5–0.6 under dry conditions and 0.07 in lubricated wear experiments.In the initial stage, the worn surface of the composite under dry conditions is primarily composed of ploughed grooves and ductile tear. The composite makes a conducting contact with the steel pin. The worn surface is composed of compacted powder and the contact potential gradually increases when the period of the wear experiment goes beyond 2 h.     

Effect of Short Fibre Reinforcement on the Friction and Wear Behaviour of Nylon 66

Use of thermoplastic composite material for load bearing components is increasing due to economical processing of complicated shapes in large quantities. Addition of fibre improves the strength and modulus of composites. Although the tribo-behaviour of thermoplastic composites were investigated, the friction and wear mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Friction and wear behaviour of injection unfilled Nylon 66, glass fibre reinforced Nylon 66 and carbon fibre reinforced Nylon 66 is investigated under dry sliding conditions. Tests were conducted at different normal loads and sliding velocities at room temperature. Coefficient of friction, wear loss and heat generation during the wear tests were quantified. Presence of fibre affects coefficient of friction and wear resistance of Nylon 66 matrix composites. The formation and stability of the transfer films affects the wear resistance. The rise in temperature during sliding was also calculated and also measured. The contact temperature rise is influenced by the composition which in turn influences the fibre adhesion and thereby the wear resistance. Glass fibre reinforced Nylon exhibited the lowest wear rate among the materials investigated. Both adhesive and abrasive wear mechanisms were observed in polymer matrix composites.