白杨河——艾里克湖湿地及周边植物群落与环境因子的关系

应用数量分类和排序方法,对新疆白杨河-艾里克湖湿地植被进行了多元统计分析。结果表明,该研究区域主要植被类型中共有植物18种,隶属10科,17个属。其中,多数植物种类在样方中出现的频次较低,说明该地区植物物种丰富度较低。TWINSPAN结果表明,该地区植物可以分9个种类组,与实际调查结果一致。CCA排序结果同TWINSPAN分类结果基本一致,反映出植物群落分布格局随环境因子梯度变化的趋势。分析了不同环境因子的关系,并从定量的角度,以CCA排序图直观的揭示了决定艾里克湖湿地植物群落分布的环境因子主要是地下水位、土壤有机质,其回归模型分别为:X_1=-0．6037L 0．6824(R~2=0．6024);X_2=0．74530M 0．1142(R~2 =0．6004)。     

阿拉善高原珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina)种群空间分布格局

为探究阿拉善高原珍珠猪毛菜(Salsolapasserina)种群生长习性和空间格局分布机制,采用体积划分龄级方法和Ripley's K函数对具有代表性的珍珠猪毛菜种群年龄结构、空间分布格局及不同龄级间的空间关联性进行研究.结果表明:珍珠猪毛菜种群结构以稳定型为主,其次是增长型,成年个体占比高,种群整体趋于稳定.随干旱...     

生态旅游在自然保护区可持续发展的阻碍因素分析——以辽宁省三个国家级自然保护区为例（英文）

自然保护区是生态旅游最主要的实践场地。在可持续发展的大背景下,全球各地大量的自然保护区开展了生态旅游实践探索,并且取得了丰富的实践经验。生态旅游在自然保护区实践中的主要经验包括:建立生态旅游认证体系,成立促进社区参与的管理机构和构建生态旅游实践标准。本研究中以辽宁省的白石砬子、医巫闾山和海棠山三个国家级自然保护区为例,采用问卷调查、田野调查、访谈等方法对当地居民、游客、景区工作人员、自然保护区工作人员、当地媒体等群体进行调查,获取一手资料。通过综合分析发现,当前生态旅游在自然保护区可持续发展的阻碍因素包括两大方面,第一个方面是普遍性阻碍因素,具体包括:(1)环境教育的缺失;(2)社区参与的不足;(3)游客管理的不规范;(4)自然保护区管理机构与当地政府的矛盾冲突(条块矛盾)。第二个方面的阻碍因素是由于每个自然保护区具体的自然环境、社会文化等不同而引起的千差万别的各个自然保护区生态旅游发展的具体性阻碍因素。针对生态旅游在自然保护区实践面临的阻碍因素,本研究提出了五项措施:(1)正确认识并且尽力满足利益相关者的合理利益诉求;(2)完善自然保护区生态旅游的协调机制体系;(3)增加自然保护区管理机构的社会效益职责;(4)自然保护区生态旅游经营权、监督权分离;(5)加强对自然保护区生态旅游游客的环境教育。     

湿地土壤有机质和全氮含量分布特征对比研究——以向海与科尔沁自然保护区为例

研究了土壤有机质及全氮在霍林河中下游的科尔沁和向海两个自然保护区湿地表层土壤中的水平分布及其在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征。结果表明，与科尔沁自然保护区相比，向海自然保护区的空间分异程度较高，其表层对有机质及全氮的持留作用较强，碳的固定速率比氮累积更慢一些；盐碱化程度较高，湿地植被净化效应较显著；pH值对有机质和全氮的影响也更为显著。     

基于GIS与地理探测器的旅游地空间分布格局及驱动力分析——以贵州为例

以贵州旅游地空间数据为基础,运用平均最邻近、地理探测器等方法,研究贵州1990—2018年4个时间截面旅游地空间格局,分析该时期旅游重心演化进程,探讨旅游地与地理环境、社会经济要素间关系并开展驱动力分析。结果表明：① 4个时期旅游地均为凝聚状态分布,总体呈现点、团向面状、带状聚集转变;② 全省旅游收入演化比客流量演化更为敏感和剧烈,二者均以经向变幅为主导,且呈现西部比重大于东部的态势;③ 旅游地在海拔高程垂向上表现为近似正态分布,碳酸盐岩类区旅游地资源多为自然类景点、碎屑岩类区主要表现为民族文化类景点的聚集分布,断层线5 km缓冲区范围内分布90%左右的旅游地、其空间展布总体与断层线走向吻合,三叠、寒武及二叠地层是旅游地的主要分布区,旅游地沿省道特征分布明显;④ 全省旅游地分布主要受旅游地到河流沟谷距离、县级行政中心距离、高速公路直线距离、陆上交通路网密度、高速公路路网密度、断层线距离、河流沟谷密度等7项因子驱动;而距河流沟谷、距县级行政中心、距高速公路直线距离以及交通路网密度水平等因子的组合效应集中控制了当前贵州旅游地空间分布的总体格局。     

中国东部南北样带森林生态系统WUE和NUE空间格局及驱动因子(英文)

From July 2008 to August 2008, 72 leaf samples from 22 species and 81 soil samples in the nine natural forest ecosystems were collected, from north to south along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC). Based on these samples, we studied the geographical distribution patterns of vegetable water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and analyzed their relationship with environmental factors. The vegetable WUE and NUE were calculated through the measurement of foliar δ 13C and C/N of predominant species, respectively. The results showed: (1) vegetable WUE, ranging from 2.13 to 28.67 mg C g-1 H2O, increased linearly from south to north in the representative forest ecosystems along the NSTEC, while vegetable NUE showed an opposite trend, increasing from north to south, ranging from 12.92 to 29.60 g C g-1 N. (2) Vegetable WUE and NUE were dominantly driven by climate and significantly affected by soil nutrient factors. Based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, mean annual temperature, soil phosphorus concentration, and soil nitrogen concentration were responding for 75.5% of the variations of WUE (p<0.001). While, mean annual precipitation and soil phosphorus concentration could explain 65.7% of the change in vegetable NUE (p<0.001). Moreover, vegetable WUE and NUE would also be seriously influenced by atmospheric nitrogen deposition in nitrogen saturated ecosystems. (3) There was a significant trade-off relationship between vegetable WUE and NUE in the typical forest ecosystems along the NSTEC (p<0.001), indicating a balanced strategy for vegetation in resource utilization in natural forest ecosystems along the NSTEC. This study suggests that global change would impact the resource use efficiency of forest ecosystems. However, vegetation could adapt to those changes by increasing the use efficiency of shortage resource while decreasing the relatively ample one. But extreme impacts, such as heavy nitrogen deposition, would break this trade-off mechanism and give a dramatic disturbance to the ecosystem biogeochemical cycle.     

基于GIS的农村居民点分布特征及景观格局研究——以揭阳市为例

农村居民点作为乡村区域空间人口集聚形态的一种表现,是构成乡村聚落景观的一个重要部分,对其特征的分析研究对于推动城乡一体化建设和美丽乡村建设等政策的理论研究和实践开展和促进农村土地节约集约利用有重要意义.运用Ripley's K函数和ArcGIS 10.2中的核密度法来研究广东省揭阳市农村居民点的空间分布特征,建立河流和...     

外来投资与西部城市发展的关系——以兰州市为例

通过外来投资与城市发展关系的理论分析,研究了外来投资对西部城市发展的影响机制和影响模式,认为随着外资投入类型、方式和规模的差异,将对所投入城市造成不同程度的影响。并以兰州市为例,利用近年来兰州市外来投资的资料,分析了外来投资对兰州市发展可能造成的直接和间接影响,对前述理论进行了实证,最后提出了兰州市引进外来投资的政策建议。     

城市物流企业区位分布的空间格局及其演化——以苏州市为例

通过建立苏州市1990～2007年的物流企业空间与属性数据库,借助GIS空间分析模块,采用样方、空间自相关以及热点区分析方法,对城市物流企业空间分布及其演化进行探究。研究表明：（1）近20年来,物流企业区位分布总体处于集聚状态,但BPI呈减小趋势,显示集聚强度减弱;物流空间分布从少数高强度中心向多集聚中心扩散,缺乏全局...     

山地丘陵区土地利用分布及其与地形因子关系——以河北省怀来县为例

为探究山地丘陵地区不同地形因子对土地利用空间格局的影响,以河北省怀来县为例,研究了各土地利用类型在不同地形上的分布特征。同时,定性和定量分析了土地利用景观格局与地形环境的相关性。研究表明:土地利用景观格局分布存在明显的地形梯度特征,较高地形级别主要分布着林地和草地,其分布指数在较高地形级别占据优势位;而受人类活动干扰影响较大的城乡建设用地、采矿用地、耕地、园地和水域的优势位分布在较低地形级别上。移动窗口法得到的景观格局指数的分布定性显示出土地利用景观格局随地形变化的梯度特征,典范对应分析结果定量显示出典范对应分析排序的前4个轴的累计土地利用景观指数—地形解释变量为96.98%,地形因子第1排序轴与土地利用变化景观格局指数特征第一排序轴的相关系数达到0.671,其土地利用景观格局指数与地形因子存在显著的相关性。由此可见,高程、坡度和地形起伏度这三类地形因子对山地丘陵区的土地利用类型的结构和空间分布起着重要的影响作用。     

长白山哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓分布与环境关系研究

在长白山哈泥泥炭地调查7种苔藓的典型生境,共计93个样方,计测样方中苔藓植物的盖度和包括泥炭全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、K^＋和Ca^2＋等在内的9个环境因子,应用典范对应分析对数据进行处理,做出样方、物种与环境因子关系二维排序图,排序图直观地反映苔藓植物与环境因子间的关系。结果表明,排序图中同种苔藓为主的样方多数集中分布,个别分散分布;水位埋深、沼泽水pH以及乔木郁闭度和灌木盖度是影响泥炭地苔藓植物生态位分异的主要环境因子,泥炭全磷（TP）对苔藓植物分布影响较大。7种苔藓中,尖叶泥炭藓（Sphagnum capilifolium）、大泥炭藓（S．palustre）在乔木郁闭度和pH梯度上,喙叶泥炭藓（S．fallax）、沼泽皱缩藓（Aulacomnium palustre）在水位埋深和灌木盖度梯度上,生态位分异明显。锈色泥炭藓（S．fuscum）、桧叶金发藓（Polytrichum juniperinum）和中位泥炭藓（S．magellanicum）在各个环境梯度上生态位都比较相似。     

1975—2015年甘肃省白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值及其时空差异

利用1975-2015年7期遥感数据重建甘肃省白龙江流域8个野生动物自然保护区的生态系统时空变化特征,并在对该研究区各类生态系统服务价值当量修订的基础上,采用生态系统服务价值评估模型和敏感性指数,对不同时期的生态系统服务价值进行评估。结果表明:(1)白龙江流域自然保护区以森林生态系统为主,研究期内生态系统格局总体稳定,农田和裸地生态系统面积减少,而森林、草地、水域和人工表面生态系统呈增加趋势,且在2000年后变化最活跃。(2)研究区生态系统服务价值由1975年的239.68×10^8元上升到2015年的243.58×10^8元,净增加3.90×10^8元,农田和裸地生态系统服务价值持续减少,而森林、草地和水域生态系统服务价值则呈增加趋势。(3)整体上,研究区南部生态系统服务价值呈增长趋势,而中北部地区则处于阶段性变化状态,文县大鲵自然保护区单位面积生态系统服务价值密度最高,多儿自然保护区价值密度最低,且为唯一衰退型保护区。(4)在不同生态系统服务类型中,调节服务居主导地位,且以气候调节服务价值最高。白龙江流域自然保护区生态系统服务价值缺乏弹性,水域生态系统面积变化对研究区生态系统服务价值的变化具有放大作用。     

我国荒漠植被中的C4植物种类分布及其与气候的关系

C4植物水分利用效率高于C3植物,CAM植物具有最高的水分利用效率。在我国荒漠地区,CAM植物稀少,C4植物,特别是C4木本植物在荒漠生态系统中具有重要地位和作用。我国荒漠地区有C4木本植物45种,包括半木本植物,占我国荒漠植物总种数的6%,集中在藜科和蓼科,分别为19种和26种。C4草本植物共计107种,其中单子叶植物48种,双子叶植物59种。C4木本植物主要分布在贺兰山以西的西北干旱荒漠区。C4草本植物的耐旱性和抗旱能力不如C4木本植物,主要分布在荒漠地区潜水埋深较浅,水分条件较好的区域,在绿洲边缘广泛分布。C4木本植物丰度与干旱紧密相关,C4草本植物丰度随湿润条件而增加。     

Vegetation Pattern in Northern Tibet in Relation to Environmental and Geo-spatial Factors

Environmental and Geo-spatial factors have long been considered as crucial determinants of species composition and distributions. However, quantifying the relative contributions of these factors for the alpine ecosystems is lacking. The Tibetan Plateau has a unique ecological environment and vegetation types. Our objectives are to quantify the spatial distributions of plant communities on the Northern Tibetan Alpine grasslands and to explore the relationships between vegetation composition, Geo-spatial factors and environmental factors. We established 63 field plots along a 1200-km gradient on the Northern Tibetan Plateau Alpine Grassland and employed the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) and the detrended canonical correspondence analysis (DCCA). Fourteen communities of alpine grassland were identifiable along the transect and consisted of three vegetation types: Alpine meadow, Alpine steppe, and desert steppe. Vegetation composition and spatial distribution appeared to be largely determined by mean annual precipitation and less influenced by temperature. A large fraction (73.5%) of the variation in vegetation distribution was explained by environmental variables along this transect, somewhat less by Geo-spatial factors (56.3%). The environmental and Geo-spatial factors explained 29.6% and 12.3% of the total variation, respectively, while their interaction explained 43.9%. Our findings provide strong empirical evidence for explaining biological and environmental synergetic relationships in Northern Tibet.     

Development of a diatom-based specific conductivity model for the glacio-isostatic lakes of Truelove Lowland: implications for paleoconductivity and paleoenvironmental reconstructions in Devon Island lakes, N.W.T., Canada

Diatoms are identified and enumerated from the surface sediments of 100 lakes of Truelove Lowland, Devon Island, N.W.T., Canada. These lakes range from large oligotrophic lakes, to small tundra ponds, to coastal marine lagoons which are diverse in terms of ionic concentration and composition. The relationship between diatoms and 15 limnological variables is examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Specific conductivity is identified as the most important variable influencing the distribution of diatoms in the Truelove lakes. A Weighted Averaging (WA) calibration model is developed to predict diatom-inferred specific conductivity. The reliability of the model is tested by evaluating the correlation between observed and diatom-inferred values and determining the error of prediction by bootstrapping. The applicability of the predictive conductivity equation is demonstrated by reconstructing the paleoconductivity history of Fish Lake.     

河西走廊张掖绿洲LUCC的驱动力分析

利用1995和2000年Landsat 5、4、3、2(RGB)波段合成影像解译结果,采用中国科学院资源环境数据库中的中国1:10万土地资源利用分类系统,对河西走廊中段的张掖绿洲的土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)进行了研究。并运用典型相关分析方法对张掖绿洲LUCC及其影响因子进行了统计分析,诊断出各影响因子对该区LUCC的贡献作用大小,同时运用典型相关系数和冗余度分析,检验了分析结果。     

Relationship between Distribution of Soil Seed Bank and Environmental Factors in Lakeshore Wetlands,Taihu Lake,China

In order to analyze the spatial pattern of soil seed bank and its relation to environmental factors in lakeshore wetlands in Taihu Lake region,4 different sites in the lakeshore wetlands(A site at fleabane zone;B site at bush and grass zone;C site at crop zone;D site at natural reed zone) were established.Seed germination experiment was carried out and ordination technique(canonical correspondence analysis) was used in the study area.The results showed that totally 21 species(7 families) germinated from the seed banks.The seed bank density of 4 sites(A,B,C,and D sites)was(3 120 ± 1 581) ind./m2,(14 800 ± 5 049) ind./m2,(4 080 ± 1 760) ind./m2and(3 600 ± 2 882) ind./m2,respectively.With the deepening of the soil,the soil seed bank density of the vertical distribution showed a downward trend.Soil p H,soil moisture content,electric conductance,vegetation cover and soil bulk density all influenced the distribution of soil seed banks.Overall,soil moisture content had the greatest impact on the soil seed bank in lakeshore wetlands in Taihu Lake region.     

长白山苔原带优势植物种的分布格局及其关联性研究

通过开展植被样方调查,确定苔原带的主要优势种,分析优势种的分布格局及其关联性,从地理角度分析长白山苔原带植被变化特征。研究表明：① 长白山苔原带8个优势种中,草本植物已占6个。灌木中牛皮杜鹃（Rhododendron chrysanthum）依然为最主要的优势种,但笃斯越橘（Vaccinium uliginosum）的优势地位已被草本的小白花地榆（Sanguisorba parviflora）取代。草本植物聚集程度强,苔原植被存在草甸化趋势。② 除牛皮杜鹃与大白花地榆（Sanguisorba stipulata）之间存在较显著的负联结,排它现象明显外,多种优势种之间存在正联结,有弱的伴生现象,牛皮杜鹃和小白花地榆为强正联结,伴生现象更明显,草本植物与灌木伴生将长期存在。③ 各草本植物入侵、定植、扩展机制多样。小白花地榆分布广,聚集程度较弱,以种子繁殖为主,扩展速度较快;大白花地榆、小叶章（Calamagrostis angustifolia）等聚集程度较强,以无性繁殖为主,扩展速度较慢,但竞争能力强,在适宜生境中,能驱除其它物种。     

Species Abundance Distribution Patterns of a Toona ciliata Community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve

With the goal of model fitting species abundance distribution patterns of the tree, shrub and herb layers of the natural Toona ciliata community in Xingdoushan Nature Reserve, Enshi Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, we used the data collected from the field survey and employed different ecological niche models. The models tested were the broken stick model (BSM), the overlapping niche model (ONM) and the niche preemption model (NPM), as well as three statistic models, the log-series distribution model (LSD), the log-normal distribution model (LND) and the Weibull distribution model (WDM). To determine the fitted model most suitable to each layer, the fitting effects were judged by criteria of the lowest value of Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Chi-square and the K-S values with no significant difference (P>0.05) between the theoretical predictions and observed species abundance distribution values. The result showed: (1) The fitting suitability and goodness of fit of the tree, shrub and herb layers by using the three ecological niche models were ranked as: NPM>BSM>ONM. Of the three statistical models, by accepting the fitting results of the three layers, WDM was the best fitting model, followed by LND. By rejecting the fitting tests of the herb layer, LSD had the worst fitting effect. The goodness of the statistical models was ranked as: WDM>LND>LSD. In general, the statistical models had better fitting results than the ecological models. (2) T. ciliata was the dominant species of the tree layer. The species richness and diversity of the herb layer were much higher than those of either the tree layer or the shrub layer. The species richness and diversity of the shrub layer were slightly higher than those of the tree layer. The community evenness accorded to the following order: herb>shrub>tree. Considering the fitting results of the different layers, different ecological niche models or statistical models with optimal goodness of fit and ecological significance can be given priority to in studying the species abundance distribution patterns of T. ciliata communities.     

中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系

从蓼科植物的孢粉类型角度,研究了中国蓼科花粉类型的地理分布格局及其与生态因子的关系。根据中国蓼科植物赖以生存的生态因子,得出中国蓼科花粉类型分布区的主要生态因子,包括地理位置(分布中心)、海拔高度、年降水量、年积温及生境数量。在此基础上,根据同一区域内相同或相似的生态环境条件下分布的现代蓼科各种花粉类型,确定一定花粉类型组合所指示的现代气候和环境,为利用地层中蓼科化石花粉重建古气候、古环境及气候变迁提供了现代孢粉学证据。