X70针状铁素体管线钢包辛格效应研究

利用拉伸试验机、扫描电镜和透射电镜研究了TMCP工艺生产的Nb微合金化X70针状铁素体管线钢板的包辛格效应.实验结果表明:此钢板的包辛格效应比较小,当预压变形量为1.2%时,包辛格效应的值最大,约为17MPa.该钢的包辛格效应较小主要是由于钢中有多种具有不同屈服强度的相存在,其屈服行为不同时.     

UOE直缝埋弧焊管横向屈服强度测定的影响因素

针对UOE直缝埋弧焊管横向屈服强度测定的3个重要影响因素,分别讨论了钢管横向板拉伸试样的压平影响和钢管横向圆棒拉伸试验的应变时效现象,并分析了拉伸试验速率的影响。得出了横向板拉伸试样的屈服强度低于圆棒拉伸的结果是由于试样的不平直原因引起的结论,同时对UOE钢管圆棒拉伸应变时效的防止和不同实验室拉伸速率的统一提出了建议。     

金属板材包辛格效应曲线测试方法研究综述

经历包含正反向加载复杂成型过程的冲压件,需采用考虑包辛格效应的本构模型来提高这类成型过程的模拟精度。对现有测试金属板材包辛格效应曲线的方法、常见问题进行了介绍和总结,并为以后研究包辛格效应曲线测试方法指明了一些方向。     

测定材料屈服强度的应变计法试验研究

对应变计测量屈服强度的可能性做了讨论，选择适合弹塑性区测试的应变片，进行与引伸计的对比试验以考察测试结果的异同试验表明两种方法测试同一试样所得值之差最大为７ＭＰａ，测试相同状态不同试样所得平均值之差不到７ＭＰａ，由于差别很小，故应变计法可用于屈服强度的工程测试，且与引伸计法具有相同的测量精确度。     

X70管道环焊缝强度的小试样测试技术

采用小拉伸试样分层试验的方法测试了X70管道环焊缝的力学性能，从小试样的试验结果中不仅可以得到对接环焊缝的抗拉强度，还可以得到环焊缝不同区域的抗拉强度分布。结果表明：该对接环焊缝的屈服强度低于母材的屈服强度约20%,且环焊缝内部不同层的屈服强度也有较大差别。     

拉伸试样弯曲度对屈服强度测试值的影响

分析了输送管管体横向拉伸试样弯曲度对屈服强度测试值的影响,从理论上初步阐明了管体横向拉伸试样的弯曲会引起屈服强度测试值的降低,并提出在相关的标准中应对管体横向试样的展平程度作出规定.     

包辛格效应和卸载特性

利用拉伸或压缩不同变形量后卸载至零并立即反方向加载的方法，研究了几种金属材料的包辛格效应及其卸载情况。结果表明，包辛格效应受强度水平和加载方式的影响，强度水平高者，其包辛格效应就大，反之包辛格效应就小。受拉压强度差异现象的影响，相同的预应变量时，压缩预应变较拉伸预应受能产生更大的包辛格效应。预应变后立即卸载，卸载线偏离直线段的现象是由于卸载过程中背应力对反方向运动的位错起了推动作用的结果。     

剪切夹具设计及铝合金循环剪切变形行为

目的 研究金属薄板在剪切变形条件下的随动硬化行为。方法 设计一款金属薄板循环剪切变形试验夹具,对夹具的强度进行数值仿真校核。采用该夹具进行5052铝合金板的循环剪切试验,通过数字图像相关测量系统对剪切应变进行跟踪测量,对变形区剪切变形的均匀性进行分析,对5052铝合金的循环剪切应力应变曲线所表现出的包辛格效应进行讨论。结果 该夹具满足强度要求,剪切变形区的剪切应变与等效应变比值非常稳定,5052铝合金板的正向剪切强度与反向剪切强度不同,在3.97%和7.1%剪切应变时,包辛格效应系数分别为0.328和0.51。结论 所设计的夹具可以有效实现剪切变形,剪切应变分布均匀;试验所用的5052铝合金具有显著的包辛格效应。     

管线钢管屈服强度的稳定性试验

针对目前API Spec 5L-2009《管线钢管规范》中采用冷压平方法测试管线钢管屈服强度的不稳定性问题,采用双肩圆试样拉伸、展平率法板试样拉伸、预拉伸至弹性极限Rp0.02板试样拉伸和预拉伸至弹性极限Rp0.01板试样拉伸四种方法对不同取样方向的管线钢管试样进行了拉伸试验,并对四种方法测得的屈服强度结果进行分析比较。结果表明:双肩圆试样拉伸法由于不是全厚度试样,因而不能真实地反映管线钢管的屈服强度,且试样加工比矩形平板状试样更为繁琐;展平率法板试样拉伸方法由于同一取样角度只计算一个试样的展平率,因而试验结果比较分散,且需要采用滞后环法对试验数据进行处理,工作量较大;预拉伸至弹性极限板试样拉伸方法可以方便、准确地计算出管线钢管的屈服强度,但预拉伸至弹性极限Rp0.02时的非比例伸长延伸率稍大,因此建议采用预拉伸至弹性极限Rp0.01板试样拉伸的方法测试管线钢管的屈服强度。     

矩形拉伸试样夹持位置对金属材料强度测试值的影响

通过X70管线钢板和S690QL高强钢板的室温拉伸试验,研究了矩形拉伸试样夹持位置对钢材强度测试值的影响。结果表明:在试验人员、试验机及引伸计、试样、试验方案、试验环境均相同的前提下,试样夹持在夹头的边缘与夹持在夹头的中间相比,测得的下屈服强度ReL、上屈服强度ReH和抗拉强度Rm几乎没有变化,但会造成试样的拉伸应力-应变曲线弹性变形阶段异常,从而影响对规定塑性延伸强度Rp0.2及规定总延伸强度Rt0.5的测试。     

高钢级大口径焊管残余应力的测试方法

针对X80钢大口径UOE,JCOE和SAWH(螺旋缝埋弧焊)三种焊管,研究了盲孔法、切块法和切环法在高钢级大口径焊管残余应力测试中的应用.结果表明:对于这三种管型,通过切环法估算的残余应力与盲孔法和切块法的测试值较为接近,三种方法的结果重合性较好.     

油气输送管典型应力状态下的屈服行为研究

准确计算油气输送管的实际屈服强度对合理确定输送压力有重要影响。该文分析了4种应力状态下对屈服强度有明显影响的钢管轴向应力,发现管材横向小试样试验时,轴向应力为零,工厂静水压试验时,轴向应力小于零,裸露钢管静水压试验时,轴向应力为环向应力的一半,埋地服役状态时,轴向应力为0.3倍环向应力。并从理论和试验两方面分析了实物钢管屈服强度与管材小试样屈服强度的差别。理论计算表明,4种应力状态下,屈服时vonMises理论计算的钢管环向应力值大于或等于Tresca理论计算值,其中裸露钢管受内压状态下,vonMises理论计算的管道屈服环向应力为1.15倍管材屈服强度,Tresca理论计算值为1.0倍,6根钢管爆破试验及小试样拉伸试验表明,该值为1.18倍。vonMises理论比Tresca理论更适合油气输送管的屈服计算。     

New unloading compliance correlation for throughwall circumferentially cracked pipe to measure crack growth during fracture tests

Crack growth is generally measured during fracture experiment of specimen or component. The unloading compliance technique is commonly used for this purpose because of its simplicity. It infers the crack length from unloading compliance of cracked component. The pre‐requisite of this technique is the availability of an equation that correlates crack length with unloading compliance. While such correlations are available for compact tension and three‐point bend specimens, it is not available for big components such as pipe or pipe bend. Development of such a correlation for throughwall circumferentially cracked (TCC) straight pipe under bending, therefore, forms the objective of the present study. However, the challenge to develop such correlation for TCC pipe is that the equation should contain not only crack length as a function but also the current deformation or load level as a parameter. This is attributed to the fact that the circular cross section of the pipe ovalizes during deformation leading to change of bending stiffness of the cracked body. New compliance correlations have been proposed for TCC pipe under bending load considering these complexities. Elastic‐perfectly plastic material behaviour has been assumed to characterize the material stress–strain response. However, it has been shown that error due to this approximation with respect to the actual stress–strain behaviour is negligible if one chooses flow stress equal to average of yield and ultimate strength. The proposed correlations are expressed in terms of normalized parameters to make them independent of specific values of geometric dimensions such as radius, thickness and span length of four‐point bending loading system. Effectiveness of this normalization has also been verified by carrying out a sensitivity study.     

高钢级管线钢应变时效行为分析

应变时效现象会造成管线钢屈服强度和屈强比升高,应力一应变曲线出现明显屈服平台。通过对管线钢及钢管制造和使用过程的分析,指出应变时效行为对钢管生产过程质量控制、现场环焊缝对接以及管线服役性能的稳定性都有不良影响。通过减小钢管管体试样制备温度影响、严格控制防腐层制备工艺加热条件、降低管线钢中的C、N含量以及采用双相显微组织并在终轧时加速冷却后立即进行热处理等方法,可以有效降低应变时效效应。最后,对管线钢的应变时效行为的定量表征提出了建议。     

A size effect law for notched tensile strength of woven carbon/epoxy laminates

Specimen-size effect and notch-size effect on the tensile strength of woven fabric carbon/epoxy laminates are evaluated and modeled. For two different layups of [(0/90)₁₂] and [(±45)₂/(0/90)₅]_S, respectively, static tension tests were performed on two-dimensional geometrically similar unnotched and double-edge notched specimens scaled to three different sizes. Experimental results demonstrate that the notched strength of the woven CFRP laminates depend on the size of specimen as well as the size of notch. The ratio of notched strength to unnotched strength decreases as the length of notch increases, regardless of the size of specimen. For a given size of notch, the notch strength ratio becomes larger with decreasing size of specimen. A notch-size effect law is derived by means of the Neuber interpolation method. A specimen-size effect is embedded into the notch sensitivity parameter involved by the notch-size effect law to establish a size effect law that can cope with these two kinds of size effect. The engineering size effect law proposed can adequately describe the specimen-size effect as well as notch-size effect on the tensile strength of the woven CFRP laminates. It is also demonstrated that the size effect law allows determining the size independent fracture toughness on the basis of notched strengths of small specimens that fail in a quasi-brittle manner.     

两种形状试样的室温旋转弯曲疲劳性能的对比分析

选用三种汽轮机叶片材料,对室温旋转弯曲疲劳试验常用的圆柱形试样和漏斗形试样分别进行了旋转弯曲疲劳试验,对两种形状试样的试验结果进行了对比分析。提出了试样形状系数的概念,由试验结果可得漏斗形试样和圆柱形试样旋转弯曲疲劳强度的试样形状系数为1.1。分别概括了两种形状试样的疲劳强度与抗拉强度的关系式,并从应力和挠度两个方面对漏斗形试样的疲劳强度大于圆柱形试样的原因进行了分析。     

低碳钢微型试样塑变机制的研究

本文对低碳钢微型试样在扫描电镜装置上所作的动态拉伸观测结果进行的分析表明:物理屈服现象的产生具有尺寸效应,即当试样厚度减至与晶粒尺寸相当时,物理屈服不再出现。表现在起始塑变机制上,则可能的机制是:先发生晶粒倾转,然后才出现晶粒内滑移带。     

Effects of specimen and grain sizes on compression strength of annealed wrought copper alloy at room temperature

Variations in compression yield strength of annealed wrought CuAl7 copper alloy with specimen diameter (t) in 1–10 mm range and grain size (D) in 24–172 μm range were investigated. Both grain size effect and feature size effect could be observed. The compression yield strength increased with a reduction in grain size or specimen diameter, and varied with the t/D ratio in no particular manner. However, when t was held constant, the compression yield strength increased as the ratio increased. When D was held constant, the strength decreased as the ratio increased. The Hall–Petch relationship between the compression yield strength and the grain size was found to depend on the specimen diameter. The effect of feature size was greater than that of grain size. A new model of the relationship between the compression yield strength and the grain size, specimen diameter, and size factor has been built. The predicted results of the model agreed well with the experimental results. The fit of the model was better than that of a model based on the relationship between the compression yield strength and the grain size and specimen diameter only.