外源NO缓解紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫

以津优35号黄瓜为材料,采用根尖悬空气培养的方法,研究了紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根边缘细胞的化感胁迫,以及外源NO缓解化感胁迫的效应.结果表明: 1000 mg·L^-1紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜根尖有明显的伤害作用,根尖组织结构被破坏,根尖表层细胞脱落,细胞排列混乱且疏松;这些伤害能够被外源NO有效缓解.与对照相比,紫茎泽兰提取物处理黄瓜幼苗根尖根边缘细胞(RBC)的数量和细胞活率被显著抑制,分别降低54.5%和97.2%,细胞凋亡率升高12.3倍,RBC的黏胶层厚度增加31.4%,根边缘细胞根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)活性显著增加.与紫茎泽兰提取物处理相比,提取物胁迫下添加外源NO处理的RBC数量和细胞活率分别增加72.4%和146.0%,细胞凋亡率和RBC黏胶层厚度分别降低30.7%和15.0%,PME活性在处理72 h时降低了14.3%.紫茎泽兰提取物对黄瓜RBC产生细胞毒性,诱导细胞发生凋亡和死亡,破坏RBC对根尖的保护,提取物进一步对根尖产生胁迫伤害,破坏根尖的组织结构.外源NO可以在一定程度上缓解提取物对黄瓜根尖及RBC的化感胁迫伤害.     

内源GSH参与低温胁迫下外源NO对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用的调控

为探讨还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)参与低温(10℃/6℃)胁迫下一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜幼苗叶片光合及荧光作用的调节作用,该研究以‘津研4号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,于四叶一心时置光周期14 h/10 h、昼夜温度25℃/20℃光照培养箱内,叶面预处理分别为:双蒸水(对照)、GSH合成酶抑制剂(BSO,丁硫氨酸亚砜胺)、NADPH合成酶抑制剂(6-AN,6-氨基烟酰胺),8 h后再喷施NO供体亚硝基铁氰化钠(SNP),于第1次喷施药剂24 h后昼夜温度降至10℃/6℃,低温胁迫24 h后测定叶片细胞膜透性、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光等各项指标。结果显示:(1)与CK相比,SNP处理显著提高了黄瓜幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、表观光合电子传递系数(ETR)及NO含量,显著降低叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)、电解质渗漏率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、非调节性能量耗散量子产量Y_(NO)。(2)SNP处理可保持较高的荧光产额,使快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线JIP相逐渐升高,而BSO+SNP、6-AN+SNP处理显著降低了SNP的作用效果;SNP处理黄瓜幼苗叶片PSⅡ最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))、PSⅡ反应中心吸收光能用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))、捕获激子将电子传递到电子传递链Q_A~-下游其他电子受体的概率(ψ_o)、与PSⅡ反应中心受体侧性能有关的荧光参数包括氧气释放复合体(OEC)活性状态(F_(O-K))、Q_A被还原能力(F_(K-J))、Q_B(含快还原PQ库)被还原能力(F_(J-I))和慢还原PQ库被还原能力(F_(I-P))以及单位受光面积有活性反应中心数量(RC/CS)等均显著高于CK,而与反应中心关闭有关的荧光参数Q_A被还原最大速率(M_o)和J相相对可变荧光(V_J)均显著低于CK。(3)BSO+SNP、6-AN+SNP处理也削弱了SNP的这些作用效果。研究表明,在低温胁迫条件下,内源GSH参与了外源NO增强黄瓜幼苗叶片相对含水量、缓解膜脂过氧化、稳定PSⅡ和促进PSⅡ反应中心电子传递链供受体侧的电子传递能力,从而提高黄瓜幼苗耐冷性。     

一氧化氮对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

以0.4mol/L的甘露醇(M)模拟水分胁迫状况,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对水分胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水分胁迫下,玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长受到抑制,叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、质膜相对透性、脯氨酸含量均显著增加;(2)SNP能显著提高水分胁迫下玉米种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,增加玉米幼苗的根长、茎长、根重和整株干重,抑制水分胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片MDA含量的上升,降低叶片质膜相对透性,降低脯氨酸含量。其中以100μmol/L和200μmol/LSNP对水分胁迫的缓解效果最佳。     

豫南雨养区周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后干物质动态和产量的影响

以玉米-小麦周年耕作模式为研究对象,于2006-2009年进行了连续4年的大田定位试验,设置了传统翻耕、不覆盖/不深松+覆盖/免耕、覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕、不覆盖/深松+不覆盖/免耕、覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕以及不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕6个模式,研究了豫南雨养区玉米-小麦周年不同耕作模式对小麦花后于物质积累转化、籽粒灌浆及产量的影响.结果表明:传统翻耕和覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕两种模式绿叶持续时间最长,营养器官的干物质积累均比其他模式高且差异达到显著水平(P＜0.05);营养器官花前贮藏物质的运转量也均高于其他模式,营养器官花后同化物运转量和运转率比覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕模式高11.9％、11.7％,比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模式高11.6％、11.4％,均达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);花后同化物对籽粒产量的贡献率比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕和覆盖/不深松+不覆盖/免耕高8.4％、7.9％和8.8％、8.3％,均达到显著水平(P＜0.05);产量也以这两种模式最高,达到7545.0 kg·hm-2和7480.5 kg·hm-2,比不覆盖/不深松+还田/旋耕模武分别增产14.8％和13.8％,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01).综合来看,覆盖/深松+覆盖/免耕模式具有较好的蓄永保墒和土壤培肥效果,能促使营养器官干物质积累和花后同化物向籽粒的转移,实现高产高效.     

Role of nitric oxide dependence on nitric oxide synthase-like activity in the water stress signaling of maize seedling

Nitric oxide (NO) has been known as an important signal in plant antioxidative defense but its production and roles in water stress are less known. The present study investigated whether NO dependence on a NO synthase-lika (NOS) activity is involved in the signaling of drought-induced protective responses in maize seedlings. NOS activity, rate of NO release and drought responses were analyzed when NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP), NO scavenger c-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramathylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) and NOS inhibitor L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) were applied to both detached maize leaves and whole plants. Both NOS activity and the rate of NO release increased substantially under dehydration stress. The high NOS activity induced by c-PTIO as NO scavenger and NO accumulation Inhibited by NOS inhibitor L-NAME In dehydration-treated maize seedlings Indicated that most NO production under water deficit stress may be generated from NOS-like activity. After dehydration stress for 3 h, detached maize leaves pretreated with NO donor SNP maintained more water content than that of control leaves pretreated with water. This result was consistent with the decrease in the transpiration rate of SNP-treated leaves subjected to drought treatment for 3 h. Membrane permeability, a cell injury index, was lower in SNP-trested maize leaves under dehydration stress for 4 h when compared with the control leaves. Also, superoxide dismutsse (SOD) activity of SNP combined drought treatment maize leaves was higher than that of drought treatment alone, indicating that exogenous NO treatment alleviated the water loss and oxidative damage of maize leaves under water deficit stress. When c-PTIO as a specific NO scavenger was applied, the effects of applied SNP were overridden. Treatment with L-NAME on leaves also led to higher membrane permeability, higher transpiration rate and lower SOD activities than those of control leaves, indicating that NOS-like activity was involved in the antioxidative defense under water stress. These results suggested that NO dependence on NOS-like activity serves as a signaling component in the induction of protective responses and is associated with drought tolerance in maize seedlings.     

NO和NADPH-黄递酶在绿豆下胚轴不定根发生和发育过程中的变化

研究了一氧化氮(NO)供体普钠(SNP)、一氧化氮清除剂C-PTIO和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制L-NAME对绿豆(Vigna radiataL.)下胚轴插条生根的影响.并对不定根生期间手条基部NO 和NADPH-黄递酶的时空变化进行了检测.所试浓度SNP均明显促进下胚轴不根发生.分别插条切取后24h和36h于其基部维管束之间检测到NADPH-黄递酶(NOS标记酶)阳性反应和NO荧光,根原基也于48h在相同位置出现,并于60h进一步伸长.48~60h期间,NADPH、黄递的阳性反应及NO荧光有增强趋势,并主要分布在不定根分生组织中.L-NAME既减弱NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应和NO荧光,也延缓不不定根发生;而c-PTIO对NO荧光及不定根生均有抑制作用.上述结果证明:NO在不定根发生及发育过程中有重要作用,而且此过程中的NO很可能由类似的NOS催化产生.     

NO和NADPH-黄递酶在绿豆下胚轴不定根发生和发育过程中的变化(英文)

研究了一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)、一氧化氮清除剂c-PTIO和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME对绿豆(Vigna radiata L.)下胚轴插条生根的影响,并对不定根发生期间插条基部NO和NADPH-黄递酶的时空变化进行了检测。所试浓度SNP均明显促进下胚轴不定根发生。分别在插条切取后24 h和36 h于其基部维管束之间检测到NADPH-黄递酶(NOS标记酶)阳性反应和NO荧光,根原基也于48 h在相同位置出现,并于60 h进一步伸长。48-60h期间,NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应及NO荧光有增强趋势,并主要分布在不定根分生组织中。L-NAME既减弱NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应和NO荧光,也延缓不定根发生;而c-PTIO对NO荧光及不定根发生均有抑制作用。上述结果证明:NO在不定根发生及发育过程中有重要作用,而且此过程中的NO很可能由类似的NOS催化产生。     

外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应

以苹果属植物平邑甜茶水培幼苗为试验材料,采用20%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫,进行了外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应研究。结果表明:100~500μmol·L-1外源硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理,能在一定程度上提高渗透胁迫下平邑甜茶叶片内SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和ASA含量,不同程度减轻20%PEG-6000胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧的累积和氧化损伤,其中以300μmol·L-1 SNP处理缓解效应最佳,而相对高浓度的700μmol·L-1 SNP处理则不能起到缓解作用,反而有一定的毒害作用。     

外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠浸种对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗碳氮代谢及抗氧化系统的影响

预先用0.1mmol/L的SNP(硝普钠,NO供体)浸种,研究NO预处理对120mmol/L NaCl胁迫下两小麦品种(扬麦12和淮麦17)幼苗叶片抗氧化系统、碳氮代谢及蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明,NO预处理能有效地抑制NaCl胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片超氧阴离子释放(O.2-)和过氧化氢(H2O2)积累,提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,提高叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和可溶性总糖含量。另外,NO预处理显著提高叶片可溶性蛋白质含量,以及内肽酶和羧肽酶活性。分析表明,NO有利于维持盐胁迫下小麦碳氮代谢正常运转,从而促进植株生长,提高小麦幼苗株高、鲜重和干重。试验条件下,NO对淮麦17的促进作用大于扬麦12。     

生态系统服务消费计量——以传统农业区贵州省从江县为例

目前国内对生态系统服务的研究多是从供给的角度对生态系统服务的功能量和价值量进行评估,对生态系统服务的消费及其与供给的相互关系重视不够。以传统农业区贵州省从江县为例,利用不同计量方法对当地居民对生态系统服务的消费进行测算,并对当地的生态系统服务供给-消费平衡关系进行衡量。结果表明:(1)价值量方法、能值分析方法和生态足迹方法的计量结果都说明,从江县居民对供给服务的消费构成了生态系统服务消费的主体部分;(2)运用能值分析方法和生态足迹方法得到的负荷能力系数表明,从江县2007年基本上处于生态系统服务供需平衡状态。尽管几种方法各有优缺点,但都不失为计量生态系统服务消费的有效方法。     

城市化背景下广佛都市圈农林生态系统服务价值

从广佛都市圈1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年5期土地利用矢量数据中提取出耕地、林地、园地和水域4类农林业用地.基于Costanza等生态系统服务价值计算方法,在对谢高地等提出的“中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值”进行区域修正及功能性和经济性调整的基础上,估算了1990—2010年间广佛都市圈农林生态系统的生态服务价值.结果表明: 1990—2010年间,随着经济的不断发展以及人们生活水平的不断提高,居民对农林生态系统服务的支付意愿和支付能力逐年增强,使得广佛都市圈农林生态系统服务价值总体上呈波动上升趋势,1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年的服务价值分别为413.74×10⁸、612.83×10⁸、582.88×10⁸、773.44×10⁸和698.67×10⁸元,20年间提高了284.93×10⁸元,平均年增幅为2.7%.研究期间,总服务价值增加最多的为水域,达 166.74×10⁸元,其次为林地和园地,分别增加了103.01×10⁸和47.74×10⁸元.耕地的服务价值则降低了32.56×10⁸元,降幅达23.1%.在空间分布上,广佛都市圈各年的农林生态系统服务价值均表现为从东北和西南部向中部减少的趋势.各类型农林生态系统服务价值所占比例在年际间变化不大,总体表现为:涵养水源>废物处理>生物多样性保护>气候调节>土壤形成与保护>气体调节>娱乐休闲与文化>原材料提供>食物生产.     

阔叶红松林下6种早夏草本不同生长期生物量分配及模型构建

早夏草本植物作为阔叶红松林林下的一类优势物种,对整个生长季林下草本物种多样性和生物量具有重要影响,对其不同生长阶段生物量分配特征及生物量模型的研究有助于了解该类植物生存策略和碳汇储量。以吉林省蛟河地区阔叶红松林林下的白花碎米荠(Cardamine leucantha)、北重楼(Paris verticillata)、鹿药(Smilacina japonica)、美汉草(Meehania fargesii)、山茄子(Anisodus acutangulus)和紫花变豆菜(Sanicula rubriflora)6种早夏草本植物为研究对象,从4月初到8月底对其物候期进行观察记录,定期取样,从而对6种植物不同生长时期各组分生物量分配特征,地上与地下生物量相对生长关系进行分析研究,并以株高级为自变量建立5种形式(一元线性模型、一元二次模型、指数模型、幂函数模型、对数模型)的单种和混种生物量模型,选取最优模型进行验证。结果表明,6种早夏草本植物花期一般开始于4月底结束于6月中旬,果期开始于5月底结束于8月中旬,不同植物的花、果期持续时间差异较大。生长期内,随着植物生长,株高、生物量和根冠比(R/S)变化明显,但变化趋势不一致。不同物种各组分生物量分配存在差异,用于繁殖的生物量分配比例较小,通常不超过5%。所有物种AGB和BGB间均具有明显的相对生长关系(P0.0001),且均表现为异速生长(相关生长指数a≠1)。根据R~2和SEE选取最优生物量模型,其中幂函数模型形式最常用,其次是一元二次和指数模型。所有最优模型的R~2均较高且SEE较低,拟合效果较好,其中AGB和TB的最优模型要优于BGB,单种模型优于混种模型;通过验证,除混合模型BGB的RMA(30.679%)稍大于30%外,所有模型的RS、EE和RMA均小于30%,P值均大于80%,说明所建立的最优模型能够用来对该地区阔叶红松林林下早夏草本植物生物量进行估算。     

小麦-玉米轮作体系多年定位试验中作物氮肥利用率计算方法探讨

近年来,国内学者针对氮肥利用率的概念、内涵和计算方法进行了深入的思考与探讨,在提出质疑的同时也给出了一些改进的计算方法.本文结合5年试验数据,以小麦-玉米轮作体系多年定位试验为研究对象,初步探讨了这些改进方法在农田氮肥利用状况评价中的适用性.结果表明: 利用常规差减法分两季作物分别计算当季氮肥利用率时存在小区土壤肥力不均一的弊端,且计算值逐年增大,已不能很好地反映田间实际情况;将小麦 玉米轮作体系作为整体计算体系累计氮肥利用率,可以确保计算建立在小区土壤肥力均一的基础上,且计算值较低,变异较小;基于比值法计算的体系氮肥利用率较累计计算法数值偏大,年际间变异最小,数值最稳定;土壤氮素平衡法计算体系氮肥利用率时,考虑了土壤养分在作物种植前后的盈亏和环境养分的输入,计算值最大,年际间变异也最大.
     

A comparison of the kinetics of aluminum (Al) uptake and distribution in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) using different aluminum sources. A revision of the operational definition of symplastic Al

The lack of information about the movement of aluminum (Al) across the plasma membrane presents a significant barrier to the elucidation of resistance mechanisms which may involve exclusion of Al from the symplast. An understanding of mechanistic aspects of exclusion requires the estimation of symplastic Al levels. Such measurements may be achievable through the use of a kinetic approach. A kinetic protocol was developed to characterize the accumulation and distribution of Al in various cellular compartments in roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The kinetics of uptake and desorption were similar when Al was supplied as AIK(SO₄)₂ or as AlCl₃. When both salts were supplied at low concentration (50 μM), Al bound to a purified cell wall fraction could be reduced to less than 10–20% of non-exchangeable Al, if roots were washed for 30 min in citric acid following exposure. In contrast, when AlK(SO₄)₂ was supplied at a high concentration (200 μM), a strong linear phase of uptake into cell wall material was observed, which accounted for approximately 48% of non-exchangeable Al in roots. These results suggest that the use of low concentrations of Al in simple salt solutions is required to minimize accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in the apoplasm. A series of multiple-desorption experiments confirmed that citric acid was effective in removing Al from the cell wall compartment of roots exposed to Al for short periods (3 h). However, long exposures (48 h) appeared to create conditions conducive to the accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in the cell wall. In experiments where uptake from solutions containing 50 μM AlCl₃ was followed by desorption in citric acid, non-exchangeable Al in microsomal membrane fractions represented less than 4% of total non-exchangeable Al. Thus, we can exclude the plasma membrane and cell wall as major sites for accumulation of non-exchangeable Al in short exposure studies. Although we cannot provide unequivocal evidence for the localization of Al within the symplast, use of simple salt solutions followed by desorption in citric acid provides the best kinetic technique currently available for the quantitation of Al in the symplasm.     

Hydrogen sulfide delays GA-triggered programmed cell death in wheat aleurone layers by the modulation of glutathione homeostasis and heme oxygenase-1 expression

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is considered as a cellular signaling intermediate in higher plants, but corresponding molecular mechanisms and signal transduction pathways in plant biology are still limited. In the present study, a combination of pharmacological and biochemical approaches was used to study the effect of H₂S on the alleviation of GA-induced programmed cell death (PCD) in wheat aleurone cells. The results showed that in contrast with the responses of ABA, GA brought about a gradual decrease of l-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD) activity and H₂S production, and thereafter PCD occurred. Exogenous H₂S donor sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) not only effectively blocked the decrease of endogenous H₂S release, but also alleviated GA-triggered PCD in wheat aleurone cells. These responses were sensitive to hypotaurine (HT), a H₂S scavenger, suggesting that this effect of NaHS was in an H₂S-dependent fashion. Further experiment confirmed that H₂S, rather than other sodium- or sulphur-containing compounds derived from the decomposing of NaHS, was attributed to the rescuing response. Importantly, the reversing effect was associated with glutathione (GSH) because the NaHS triggered increases of endogenous GSH content and the ratio of GSH/oxidized GSH (GSSG) in GA-treated layers, and the NaHS-mediated alleviation of PCD was markedly eliminated by l-buthionine-sulfoximine (BSO, a selective inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis). The inducible effect of NaHS was also ascribed to the modulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), because the specific inhibitor of HO-1 zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) significantly suppressed the NaHS-related responses. By contrast, the above inhibitory effects were reversed partially when carbon monoxide (CO) aqueous solution or bilirubin (BR), two of the by-products of HO-1, was added, respectively. NaHS-triggered HO-1 gene expression in GA-treated layers was also confirmed. Together, the above results clearly suggested that the H₂S-delayed PCD in GA-treated wheat aleurone cells was associated with the modulation of GSH homeostasis and HO-1 gene expression.     

Evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in an in vitro model of sepsis-induced kidney injury

To investigate the role of oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial impairment in the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during sepsis, we developed a sepsis-induced in vitro model using proximal tubular epithelial cells exposed to a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). This investigation has provided key features on the relationship between oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity defects.