Numerical and experimental corroboration of an FDTD thin-slot modelfor slots near corners of shielding enclosures

Simple design maxims to restrict slot dimensions in enclosure designs below a half-wave length are not always adequate for minimizing electromagnetic interference (EMI). Complex interactions between cavity modes, sources, and slots can result in appreciable radiation through nonresonant length slots. The finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method can be employed to pursue these issues with adequate modeling of thin slots. Subcellular FDTD algorithms for modeling thin slots in conductors have previously been developed. One algorithm based on a quasistatic approximation has been shown to agree well with experimental results for thin slots in planes. This FDTD thin-slot algorithm is compared herein with two-dimensional (2-D) moment method results for thin slots near corners and plane wave excitation. FDTD simulations are also compared with measurements for slots near an edge of a cavity with an internal source     

EMI from cavity modes of shielding enclosures-FDTD modeling andmeasurements

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from slots and apertures resulting from coupling of interior sources through enclosure cavity modes in a rectangular test enclosure is reported. EMI from a specially designed test enclosure with slots or apertures excited by interior sources was studied experimentally and with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) modeling. The measurements and FDTD modeling agree well. The results indicate that radiation at cavity mode resonances through slots and apertures of nonresonant dimensions can be as significant as the radiation at aperture or slot resonances. The agreement between the FDTD modeling and measurements demonstrates the usefulness of FDTD for investigating aspects of shielding enclosure design such as coupling to slots and apertures and slot interactions     

Stable modeling of arbitrarily oriented thin slots in the FDTD method

A subcell model for thin wires in the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method using modified telegraphers equations has been developed by Holland et al. Edelvik has previously presented an extension of their algorithm, which allows for arbitrarily located and oriented wires with respect to the Cartesian grid. This is important to be able to accurately model wires that cannot be aligned to the Cartesian grid, e.g., tilted wires and circular loop wires. Recently, a dual set of equations has been proposed for modeling of thin slots. In this paper, we show that using a similar algorithm as for thin wires we can also handle slots of arbitrary location in Cartesian planes. Previous thin slot models have been susceptible for instabilities. We show that a symmetric coupling between field and slot yields a stable time-continuous field-slot system and that the fully discrete field-slot system is stable under a generalized Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) condition. The proposed method is demonstrated for scattering from a finite-length slot in an infinite conducting wall and a shielding enclosure including a slot. The results are in good agreement with published experimental data.     

Generation of FDTD subcell equations by means of reduced order modeling

Adapted finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) update equations exist for a number of objects that are smaller than the grid step, such as wires and thin slots. We provide a technique that automatically generates new FDTD update equations for small objects. Our presentation focusses on 2D-FDTD. We start from the FDTD equations in a fine grid where the time derivative is not discretised. This yields a large state-space model that is drastically reduced with a reduced order modeling technique. The reduced state-space model is then translated into new FDTD update equations that can be used in an FDTD simulation in the same way as the existing update equations for wires and thin slots. This technique is applied to a number of numerical problems showing the accuracy and versatility of the proposed method.     

Full-wave analysis of broad wall slot's Characteristics in rectangular waveguides

A rigorous analysis of the resonant characteristics for a broad wall waveguide slot by using the finite-difference time-domain method is presented. Four types of slots including a radiating longitudinal shunt slot, a longitudinal/transverse coupling slot, a centered-inclined coupling slot and a compound coupling slot are analyzed. Lots of slot characteristics such as the resonant length, scattering parameters and normalized admittance in different offsets, tilt angles or slot sizes are obtained. Because the shape of slots is a rectangle with rounded ends in practical fabrication, an accurate modeling and computation for the slots with rounded ends is implemented, and the resonant lengths calculated coincide well with the Stegen's measured data and method of moments results. From these computed results, it is found that all the resonant characteristics of the slots with rounded ends are significantly different from those with normal rectangular ends.     

The inclusion of wall loss in finite-difference time-domainthin-slot algorithms

The authors present two methods for incorporating slot wall loss into the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculations. The walls are assumed to be good conductors. Loss is only applied to the current component that flows axially along the slot walls, which is generally the dominant component for slots that are long and narrow. The first method modifies an FDTD equation internal to the slot to include a surface-impedance contribution. This method is appropriate for the usual FDTD thin-slot formalisms. The second method includes the losses into a half-space integral equation that can be used by the recently introduced hybrid thin-slot algorithm. Results based on the two methods are compared for a variety of slot parameters and wall conductivities     

FDTD analysis of CPW-fed folded-slot and multiple-slot antennas onthin substrates

Folded slot antennas are attractive for active arrays due to relatively large bandwidth, fabrication simplicity, and ease of integration with devices. Currently, there is little design information for these antennas, especially on thin substrates. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to the analysis of CPW-fed folded-slot antennas. The paper describes the problems encountered in the analysis, compares the theoretical results and measured data, and provides some design information for folded slots. In addition, it explores the manipulation of input impedance through the use of additional slots, yielding antennas with a broadband 50 Ω input impedance     

Shielding Characterization of Metallic Enclosures With Multiple Slots and a Thin-Wire Antenna Loaded: Multiple Oblique EMP Incidences With Arbitrary Polarizations

Shielding effectiveness (SE) of metallic rectangular enclosures with thin slots and a thin-wire antenna loaded by an impedance, illuminated by multiple electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) simultaneously, is investigated using a hybrid finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. In order to enhance the simulation efficiency of the FDTD algorithm, accurate formulas for handling multiple thin slots, a thin-wire antenna, and a lumped network are integrated together. Numerical results show that for real metallic enclosures, their shielding performance is very sensitive to the variations in direction and polarization angle of the incident EMPs. However, at a given frequency, the resistance and inductance loaded at the terminal of a thin-wire antenna have little effect on the SE level. For two, three, as well as more EMP incidences, common-frequency interferences will result in strong inner field resonance in the enclosure.      

带有填充各向异性介质凹槽的金属目标电磁散射的FDTD法分析

本文利用各向异性时域有限差分法(FDTD)分析填充各向异性介质凹槽的金属目标的电磁散射.就一种特定的典型金属目标模型,详细计算分析了开槽位置、宽度和深度以及填充材料对其电磁散射特性的影响,计算结果显示在目标的特定部位开适当宽度和深度的槽并填充负单轴各向异性介质能显著降低目标的后向雷达散射截面(RCS).     

一种新型矩形波导裂缝天线的分析与设计

针对任意两个横缝位于馈电矩形波导终端的短路圆盘上的情况.本文运用伽略金方法分析了一种新型双裂缝天线的反射与辐射特性:分析中考虑了缝隙间的内部互耦与外部互耦:根据分析结果,首次设计并研制了这种工作于C波段的新型天线,实验结果和设计指标吻合较好.它适合高速飞行器载体的特殊应用.     

凹槽的尺寸对旋转对称金属目标的后向RCS的影响

利用各向异性时域有限差分法(FDTD)，分析填充不同介质凹槽的金属目标的电磁散射。对具有旋转对称特性的典型目标模型，计算并分析了在金属目标表面开凹槽的宽度和深度对其电磁散射特性的影响，计算结果显示，在目标的特定部位开适当宽度和深度的槽并填充负单轴各向异性介质，能显著降低目标的后向雷达散射截面(RCS)。     

Analysis of planar arrays of shunt slots in ridged waveguides

Planar infinite arrays, comprising longitudinal slots cut in ridged waveguides, are analysed using a Galerkin formulation for the tangential electric field at both slot interfaces, combined with the finite element method for generating the waveguide Green function used in the integral equation. Computations agree very well with previously documented results     

非均匀网格FDTD分析波导宽边辐射缝隙特性

波导宽边辐射缝隙被广泛应用于波导缝隙阵列中，为了比较准确地对波导缝隙进行建模，同时考虑到计算资源限制，本文引入一种采用非均匀网格的时域有限差分方法对其S参数特性进行了计算。数值结果表明该方法分析波导辐射缝隙特性问题的有效性。     

用时域有限差分法对缝隙渐变天线的瞬态电磁场分析

本文用时域有限差分（ＦＤＴＤ）法分析缝隙渐变天线，分析中对天线缝隙边缘场和薄天线衬底采取了特殊的处理方法，求天线的远区辐射场采用了ＦＤＴＤ中近场到远场的变换方法。本文计算出的缝隙渐变天线的辐射方向图和远区辐射场与实验结果比较一致。本文给出了超短电磁脉冲在天线上传播和辐射过程的瞬态直观图象，同时还研究了这种天线衬底厚度、几何尺寸及介电常数对其辐射特性及频带的影响。     

微波脉冲窄缝耦合的数值模拟方法

本文应用一种近似方法，结合时域有限差分法，模拟了微波脉冲与腔体上有限厚度孔缝的线性耦合过程，给出了耦合场对入射波载频、入射场偏振方向、腔体壁电导率以及孔缝尺寸的依赖关系，得出了微波脉冲与孔缝耦合的共振效应和增强效应等规律。     

电磁脉冲对目标腔体的孔缝耦合效应数值研究

利用时域有限差分（ＦＤ－ＴＤ）方法研究了超宽带电磁脉冲（ＵＷＢ），快上升前沿电磁脉冲（ＦＲＥＭＰ），核电磁脉冲（ＮＥＭＰ）对目标腔体的孔缝耦合效应。研究表明：对于较小尺寸的目标腔体，在孔缝尺寸也较小的情况下，ＦＲＥＭＰ和ＵＷＢ相对于ＮＥＭＰ更容易通过腔体上的孔缝耦合进入目标腔体，而且更容易引起孔腔共振。     

The design of large waveguide arrays of shunt slots

It is shown that the method of moments (MM) solution can determine the active admittance of each slot in a finite array and that the infinite array model is quite accurate for the design of large waveguide arrays of shunt slots. Active admittances computed by an infinite array model agree favorably with that of slots in sufficiently large finite arrays. Measured results verify the MM solution, thereby validating the infinite array model accuracy     

A time domain theoretical method for the analysis of microstrip antennas composed by slots

In this paper, a time domain method is introduced for analyzing microstrip antennas having thin slots. The present method is based on a resolution of Maxwel?s. equtions using the finite difffreence time domain method. A particular investigation has been made for taking thin slots into account, this avoids a prohibitive grid to represent the slots. Two kinds of antennas have been analyzed by this method: the slot antennas and the radiatins patch fed by a line through a slot.     

Theory and analysis of leaky coaxial cables with periodic slots

Frequency band and coupling loss are the two important parameters of leaky coaxial cables with periodic slots. The frequency band can be predicted by analyzing the arrangement of the slots on the outer shield of the cable, but the coupling loss is not so easy to determine by classical methods. In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used to calculate the electric field distribution in the slot cut in the outer conductor of the coaxial cable. The dyadic Green's function is then used to calculate the radiation field of the equivalent surface magnetic current densities. By these two methods, the coupling losses of the leaky coaxial cables with different periods, sizes and shapes of the slots can be accurately obtained. Some results in this paper were verified by the experimental results of leaky coaxial cables designed for railway mobile communications with a frequency band of 100-500 MHz