循环流态化自动清洗式换热器的传热强化

液-固流态化传热强化的机理尚未完全清楚,已有文献对流态化粒子的粒度与传热系数的影响关系有较大分歧。从传热强化角度对水-沙流态化自动清洗的运行参数进行优化试验研究,得到的结果是:沙子粒度不是愈细愈好,而是D p 2mm(8目)左右为好;粒子体积分数以2.4%比较好;流速在0.2~0.28 m/s(R e为6 000~9 000)较好。虽然粒子体积分数低,但是在优化条件下的流态化传热强化幅度几乎可以达到一倍左右,并且阻力又很低。     

Heat transfer enhancement using hybrid nanofluids in spiral plate heat exchangers

A possible way to enhance the rate of heat transfer in the spiral plate heat exchanger (SPHE) is by employing hybrid nanofluids as its working medium. Hence, in the present work, effects of hybrid nanofluids on the thermal performance of SPHE has been investigated numerically. First, a countercurrent SPHE is designed and modeled. Later, simulation of SPHE has been carried out by employing conventional fluid , nanofluids , and hybrid nanofluids to investigate the heat transfer rates. Finally, the performance of SPHE using hybrid nanofluid is compared with that of using water and nanofluids. The heat transfer augmentation of approximately 16%‐27% with hybrid nanofluids of overall 4% nanoparticles volume concentration and 10%‐16% with 2% nanoparticles volume concentration is observed when compared with that of pure water. Therefore, it can be inferred that the application of hybrid nanofluids in SPHE seems to be one of the promising solutions for augmentation of its thermal performance.     

Heat transfer enhancement in cross-flow heat exchangers using oval tubes and multiple delta winglets

A three-dimensional study of laminar flow and heat transfer in a channel with built-in oval tube and delta winglets is carried out through the solution of the complete Navier-Stokes and energy equations using a body-fitted grid and a finite-volume method. The geometrical configuration represents an element of a gas-liquid fin-tube cross-flow heat exchanger. The size of such heat exchangers can be reduced through enhancement of transport coefficients on the air (gas) side, which are usually small compared to the liquid side. In a suggested strategy, oval tubes are used in place of circular tubes, and delta-winglet type vortex generators in various configurations are mounted on the fin-surface. An evaluation of the strategy is attempted in this investigation. The investigation is carried out for different angles of attack of the winglets to the incoming flow for the case of two winglet pairs. The variation of axial location of the winglets is also considered for one pair of winglets mounted in common-flow-down configuration. The structures of the velocity field and the heat transfer characteristics have been presented. The results indicate that vortex generators in conjunction with the oval tube show definite promise for the improvement of fin-tube heat exchangers.     

Heat transfer characteristics of in-ground heat exchangers

Most in-ground heat storage installations use a system of horizontal or vertical plastic pipes to carry heat exchanger fluid. In designing these systems it is generally assumed that the thermal effects of the plastic pipe can be neglected. This paper reports a laboratory study of the pattern of heat flow around fluid-carrying plastic pipe buried in clay soil. Heat flow measurements as well as estimated contact resistances are presented for a number of configurations. In addition, numerical model computations are given for steady-state, transient and cyclic behaviour of several configurations, and it is shown that substantially reduced heat flows are obtained when plastic pipe is used.     

Heat transfer enhancement accompanying pressure-loss reduction with winglet-type vortex generators for fin-tube heat exchangers

This paper proposes a novel technique that can augment heat transfer but nevertheless can reduce pressure-loss in a fin-tube heat exchanger with circular tubes in a relatively low Reynolds number flow, by deploying delta winglet-type vortex generators. The winglets are placed with a heretofore-unused orientation for the purpose of augmentation of heat transfer. This orientation is called as “common flow up” configuration. The proposed configuration causes significant separation delay, reduces form drag, and removes the zone of poor heat transfer from the near-wake of the tubes. This enhancement strategy has been successfully verified by experiments in the proposed configuration. In case of staggered tube banks, the heat transfer was augmented by 30% to 10%, and yet the pressure loss was reduced by 55% to 34% for the Reynolds number (based on two times channel height) ranging from 350 to 2100, when the present winglets were added. In case of in-line tube banks, these were found to be 20% to 10% augmentation, and 15% to 8% reduction, respectively.     

Heat transfer enhancement by crossflow‐induced vibration

A new method of heat transfer enhancement by water crossflow‐induced vibration is presented. A heat transfer element which involves elastic tube bundles has been designed. This system has excellent response characteristics of vibration to the crossflow. A triangular pole device for producing pulsating flow was adopted. This device can induce vibration in a fixed range of frequencies and has a profound influence on heat transfer augmentation. For the constant heat flux boundary condition, experiments are carried out on the heat transfer characteristics of elastic tube bundles augmented by flow‐induced vibration in a water crossflow. Compared with static tube bundles, the out‐tube average convective heat transfer coefficients of the elastic tube bundles are increased by 100–150% under the condition of crossflow‐induced vibration. Dimensionless equations describing the outside heat transfer coefficient for the elastic tube bundles were acquired. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(4): 211–218, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20012     

Heat transfer correlations for vertical mantle heat exchangers

This paper investigates heat transfer in vertical mantle heat exchangers for application in low flow solar domestic hot water systems. Two new heat transfer correlations for vertical mantle heat exchangers with top entry port and bottom exit ports are developed. The correlations are based on computational fluid dynamic modelling of whole vertical mantle tanks. The correlations are combined with a heat storage model in a simulation program that predicts the yearly thermal performance of low flow solar domestic hot water systems based on mantle tanks. The model predictions of energy gains and temperatures are compared with outdoor measurements and the model is found to give reliable results.     

Heat transfer in ground heat exchangers with groundwater advection

In order to estimate the impact of groundwater flow on performance of geothermal heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systems, an equation of conduction–advection is established for heat transfer in porous media, and an analytical transient solution is obtained for a line heat source in an infinite medium by means of the Green function analysis. An explicit expression has also been derived of the mean temperature on circles around the heat source. Dimensionless criteria that dictate the process are summarized, and influence of the groundwater advection on the heat transfer is discussed accordingly. Computations show that water advection in the porous medium may alter significantly the conductive temperature distribution, result in lower temperature rises and lead to a steady condition eventually. The hydraulic and thermal properties of soils and rocks influencing the advection heat transfer are briefly summarized. The analytical solution has provided a theoretical basis and practical tool for design and performance simulation of the ground heat exchangers.     

Investigation of dimpled fins for heat transfer enhancement in compact heat exchangers

Direct and Large-Eddy simulations are conducted in a fin bank with dimples and protrusions over a Reynolds number range of Re_H = 200 to 15,000, encompassing laminar, transitional and fully turbulent regimes. Two dimple-protrusion geometries are studied in which the same imprint pattern is investigated for two different channel heights or fin pitches, Case 1 with twice the fin pitch of Case 2. The smaller fin pitch configuration (Case 2) develops flow instabilities at Re_H = 450, whereas Case 1 undergoes transition at Re_H = 900. Case 2, exhibits higher Nusselt numbers and friction coefficients in the low Reynolds number regime before Case 1 transitions to turbulence, after which, the differences between the two decreases considerably in the fully turbulent regime. Vorticity generated within the dimple cavity and at the dimple rim contribute substantially to heat transfer augmentation on the dimple side, whereas flow impingement and acceleration between protrusions contribute substantially on the protrusion side. While friction drag dominates losses in Case 1 at low Reynolds numbers, both form and friction drag contributed equally in Case 2. As the Reynolds number increases to fully turbulent flow, form drag dominates in both cases, contributing about 80% to the total losses. While both geometries are viable and competitive with other augmentation surfaces in the turbulent regime, Case 2 with larger feature sizes with respect to the fin pitch is more appropriate in the low Reynolds number regime Re_H < 2000, which makes up most of the operating range of typical compact heat exchangers.     

Heat transfer enhancement for the power-law fluids through a parallel-plate double-pass heat exchangers with external recycle

The conjugated Graetz problem of the double-pass heat transfer through a parallel-plate device with uniform wall temperature and external recycle in the outlet channel was solved analytically with the use of the orthogonal expansion technique for the power-law fluids. The mathematical formulation of the heat transfer problem was developed for fully developed laminar velocity profiles through the parallel-plate channels by ignoring axial conduction and assuming fluid properties of temperature independence. The constant outer wall temperature and continuous temperature and heat flux between the two subchannels with inserting impermeable sheet were considered for thermal boundary conditions. The analytical results show that the recycle ratio and impermeable sheet position play significant influences on the efficiencies of the heat transfer as compared to that in a single pass (without an impermeable sheet inserted and without recycle). The outlet temperature of the heat exchanger seems to be independent of the power-law index of the fluid, while the average Nusselt number could not be enhanced significantly with the lowering power index. The power consumption increment owing to the cross-sectional area reduction from single-pass to double-pass was also taken into account for comparisons.     

Heat transfer analysis of boreholes in vertical ground heat exchangers

A ground heat exchanger (GHE) is devised for extraction or injection of thermal energy from/into the ground. Bearing strong impact on GHE performance, the borehole thermal resistance is defined by the thermal properties of the construction materials and the arrangement of flow channels of the GHEs. Taking the fluid axial convective heat transfer and thermal “short-circuiting” among U-tube legs into account, a new quasi-three-dimensional model for vertical GHEs is established in this paper, which provides a better understanding of the heat transfer processes in the GHEs. Analytical solutions of the fluid temperature profiles along the borehole depth have been obtained. On this basis analytical expressions of the borehole resistance have been derived for different configurations of single and double U-tube boreholes. Then, different borehole configurations and flow circuit arrangements are assessed in regard to their borehole resistance. Calculations show that the double U-tubes boreholes are superior to those of the single U-tube with reduction in borehole resistance of 30-90%. And double U-tubes in parallel demonstrate better performance than those in series.     

Recycle effect on heat transfer enhancement in double-pass heat exchangers under asymmetric isotherm conditions

The mathematical formulation of a heat transfer flow problem in the recycling parallel-plate heat exchanger under asymmetric wall temperatures was developed theoretically with ignoring axial conduction, and the analytical solution was obtained using a superposition principle and an orthogonal expansion technique in extended power series. The influences of the design parameters of the impermeable-sheet position (∆), and the operating parameters of the Graetz number (Gz), wall temperature ratio (σ) and recycle ratio (R) are examined. Significant heat transfer improvement is obtainable by employing double-pass devices instead of using single-pass ones for a larger Graetz number system. A technical feasibility of the new double-pass device was investigated in terms of the Nusselt number and device performance improvement under the effect of wall temperature ratios.     

Heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop for fin-and-tube compact heat exchangers with wavy rectangular winglet-type vortex generators

In the current work, heat transfer enhancement and pressure loss penalty for fin-and-tube compact heat exchangers with the wavy-up and wavy-down rectangular winglets as special forms of winglet are numerically investigated in a relatively low Reynolds number flow. The rectangular winglets were used with a particular wavy form for the purpose of enhancement of air side heat transfer performance of fin-and-tube compact heat exchangers. The effect of Reynolds numbers from 400 to 800 and angle of attack of 30° of wavy rectangular winglets are also examined. The effects of using the wavy rectangular winglet, conventional rectangular winglet configuration and without winglet as baseline configuration, on the heat transfer characteristics and flow structure are studied and analyzed in detail for the inline tube arrangements. The results showed that the wavy rectangular winglet can significantly improve the heat transfer performance of the fin-and-tube compact heat exchangers with a moderate pressure loss penalty. In addition, the numerical results have shown that the wavy winglet cases have significant effect on the heat transfer performance and also, this augmentation is more important for the case of the wavy-up rectangular winglet configuration.     

Heat transfer characteristics in double tube helical heat exchangers using nanofluids

In the present work a three-dimensional analysis is used to study the heat transfer characteristics of a double-tube helical heat exchangers using nanofluids under laminar flow conditions. CuO and TiO₂ nanoparticles with diameters of 24 nm dispersed in water with volume concentrations of 0.5–3 vol.% are used as the working fluid. The mass flow rate of the nanofluid from the inner tube was kept and the mass flow rate of the water from the annulus was set at either half, full, or double the value. The variations of the nanofluids and water temperatures, heat transfer rates and heat transfer coefficients along inner and outer tubes are shown in the paper. Effects of nanoparticles concentration level and of the Dean number on the heat transfer rates and heat transfer coefficients are presented. The results show that for 2% CuO nanoparticles in water and same mass flow rate in inner tube and annulus, the heat transfer rate of the nanofluid was approximately 14% greater than of pure water and the heat transfer rate of water from annulus than through the inner tube flowing nanofluids was approximately 19% greater than for the case which through the inner and outer tubes flow water. The results also show that the convective heat transfer coefficients of the nanofluids and water increased with increasing of the mass flow rate and with the Dean number. The results have been validated by comparison of simulations with the data computed by empirical equations.     

Heat transfer enhancement in microchannel heat sinks using nanofluids

Heat transfer enhancement in a 3-D microchannel heat sink (MCHS) using nanofluids is investigated by a numerical study. The addition of nanoparticles to the coolant fluid changes its thermophysical properties in ways that are closely related to the type of nanoparticle, base fluid, particle volume fraction, particle size, and pumping power. The calculations in this work suggest that the best heat transfer enhancement can be obtained by using a system with an Al₂O₃–water nanofluid-cooled MCHS. Moreover, using base fluids with lower dynamic viscosity (such as water) and substrate materials with high thermal conductivity enhance the thermal performance of the MCHS. The results also show that as the particle volume fraction of the nanofluid increases, the thermal resistance first decreases and then increases. The lowest thermal resistance can be obtained by properly adjusting the volume fraction and pumping power under given geometric conditions. For a moderate range of particle sizes, the MCHS yields better performance when nanofluids with smaller nanoparticles are used. Furthermore, the overall thermal resistance of the MCHS is reduced significantly by increasing the pumping power. The heat transfer performance of Al₂O₃–water and diamond–water nanofluids was 21.6% better than that of pure water. The results reported here may facilitate improvements in the thermal performance of MCHSs.     

Recycle effect on heat transfer enhancement in double-pass parallel-plate heat exchangers under asymmetric wall fluxes

A new design of conjugated heat transfer in double-pass parallel-plate laminar countercurrent operations subjected to asymmetric wall heat fluxes has been investigated theoretically, and the analytical results obtained with superposition model which introduces the an eigenfunction expansion in terms of power series for the homogeneous part and an asymptotic solution for the inhomogeneous part. The influences of the design parameters, the impermeable-sheet position (Δ), and the operating parameters, the mass-transfer Graetz number (Gz), wall heat flux ratio (Q_r) and recycle ratio (R), are examined. The results are represented graphically and compared with those in a single-pass parallel-plate heat exchanger (without inserting an impermeable sheet). Considerable improvement in heat transfer is obtainable by employing such a recyclic double-pass device, instead of using the single-pass one. A technical feasibility of the new double-pass device was investigated in terms of the Nusselt number and device performance improvement under the effect of variable ratio of heat fluxes on both sides. It concluded that a substantial heat-transfer efficiency improvement is achieved by employing such a recyclic device with suitable elections of impermeable-sheet position and recycle ratio.     

Wall-particles heat transfer in rotating heat exchangers

The wall-particles heat transfer coefficient has been measured in small-scale rotary drum heat exchangers. Experiments have been conducted with nine granular materials of different nature, with particle diameters ranging from 194 μm to 4mm. The effects of rotational speed (1–40 rev min⁻¹), filling degree (4–17%) and drum diameter (0.25 and 0.485 m) have been investigated. The experimental data have been correlated by a semi-empirical relationship, that includes a contact resistance at the wall, the heat capacity of the particles immediately adjacent to the wall and the heat penetration resistance of the bulk of the particle bed. The contact resistance is shown to be due to the roughness of the particles. A mean roughness height of 12 μm provides a good fit to the measured coefficients.     

Heat transfer analysis of pile geothermal heat exchangers with spiral coils

This paper investigates the transient heat conduction around the buried spiral coils which could be applied in the ground-coupled heat pump systems with the pile foundation as a geothermal heat exchanger. A transient ring-coil heat source model is developed, and the explicit analytical solutions for the temperature response are derived by means of the Green’s function theory and the image method. The influences of the coil pitch and locations are evaluated and discussed according to the solutions. In addition, comparisons between the ring-coil and cylindrical source models give that the improved finite ring-coil source model can accurately describe the heat transfer process of the pile geothermal heat exchanger (PGHE). The analytical solutions may provide a desirable and better tool for the PGHE simulation/design.     

Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of peripheral-finned tube heat exchangers

The peripheral-finned tube is a new geometry aimed at avoiding moisture-condensate blockage hindering of the air-side heat transfer, by allowing for robust air flow pathways. It consists of a porous structure formed by periodic, radial-hexagonal fin arrangements of different radial extents mounted with a 30° offset from its neighboring level. Here, the air-side pressure drop and the heat transfer characteristics of five different heat exchanger prototypes with different geometric characteristics, such as the radial fin length, fin distribution, and heat exchanger length, were evaluated experimentally in an open-loop wind-tunnel calorimeter. The results demonstrate the effective performance, i.e., the pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics, of this new heat exchanger. A one-dimensional theoretical model based on the porous media treatment was also developed to predict the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the heat exchanger. The model incorporates the actual fin geometry into the calculation of the air-side porosity. The air-side permeability is calculated according to the Kozeny–Carman model and the particle-diameter based analysis. The model predicts the experimental data within a few percent RMS, depending on the correlations used for the friction coefficient and interstitial Nusselt number.     

强化凝结与液膜传热过程的板壳式换热器波纹方案

板壳式换热器敝开的板外侧通道可以实现多种板式换热器所不能实现的传热过程，特别是液膜传热伟质过程。针对不同过程的特点设计波纹的波型是板壳式换热器推广应用的关键，文章介绍了适合于凝结过程的同向双尺度波纹板片和适合于吸收，蒸发等液膜传热传质过程的交叉双尺度波纹板片方案。