神经纤维脂肪性错构瘤的MRI表现

目的 探讨神经纤维脂肪性错构瘤(FLH)的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月～2021年8月10例FLH的临床及MRI资料.男7例,女3例,年龄1～37岁,中位年龄21.5岁.10例患者均行MRI平扫.结果 9例累及正中神经,MRI表现为正中神经远段及分支增粗,在轴位MRI图像上,增厚的神经外膜包裹多条增粗的神...     

Bifid Median Nerve in Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of the anatomic variation of a bifid median nerve in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and to determine the size criteria for sonography. Methods. On axial sonograms of 320 hands of 170 patients with CTS and 240 hands of 120 unaffected individuals, the median nerve was evaluated morphologically for a bifid median nerve, and the cross‐sectional area was measured at 3 levels (radial‐ulnar junction, pisiform, and hook of the hamate). Electrophysiologic studies were performed in addition to clinical and sonographic evaluations in all patients, controls with a bifid median nerve, and controls with a cross‐sectional area of greater than 0.09 cm². Results. A bifid median nerve was seen in 32 (19%) of 170 patients and 11 (9%) of 120 controls. It occurred relatively frequently in patients with CTS (P < .01). The cross‐sectional area of the bifid median nerve was relatively higher than that of the nonbifid median nerve in controls at 2 of the 3 levels (P < .001; P = .226; P < .01). The cutoff values for the cross‐sectional area at the level of the pisiform were 0.11 cm² (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 99%; P < .001) for patients with a bifid median nerve and 0.10 cm² (sensitivity, 98%; specificity, 81%; P < .001) for patients with a nonbifid median nerve. Conclusions. A bifid median nerve occurs relatively frequently in patients with CTS. It may facilitate compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel because of its relatively higher cross‐sectional area compared with a nonbifid median nerve. The size criterion for CTS in patients with a bifid median nerve is slightly higher than in those with a nonbifid median nerve.     

双侧正中神经、尺神经多节段运动神经传导各参数正常值的建立

目的：建立双侧正中神经、尺神经多节段运动神经传导速度（MCV）、潜伏期(LAT)和波幅(AMP)的正常值。方法：200例健康志愿者,男100例,女100例,分别按年龄分成5组,正中神经记录点在拇短展肌,刺激点分别为掌点、腕点、肘点、腋点、Erb点;尺神经记录点在小指展肌,刺激点分别为腕点、肘下点、肘上点、腋点、Erb点,记录各段MCV、LAT、AMP值。结果：正中神经、尺神经多节段MCV 、LAT、AMP与性别、侧别无相关性;年龄与正中神经各段MCV、LAT、AMP及尺神经AMP有关。 结论：双侧正中神经、尺神经多节段运动神经传导的准确检测对临床疾病诊断有重要价值。     

Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers: sonographic features

We report the case of a 23-year-old male presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome and a swelling over the flexor surface of the wrist. MRI findings were initially suggestive of a median nerve schwannoma but sonography (US) showed a heterogenous mass infiltrating the flexor tendons of the fingers and displacing the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. US findings were confirmed by surgical exploration, which revealed a gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers at the wrist with secondary median nerve displacement and compression.     

糖尿病患者正中神经的超声评估

观察糖尿病患者正中神经高频超声参数特征,以及超声特征与电生理结果的相关性。     

Correlation Between Subclinical Median Neuropathy and the Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve at the Wrist

Although subclinical median neuropathy is not uncommon, its correlation with sonographic changes to the median nerve at the wrist has not been studied. We included 62 subjects (with 107 wrists) who reported experiencing no hand numbness. All subjects underwent nerve conduction studies (NCS) and sonography for median nerve at the pisiform level. The cross-sectional area (CSA), perimeter, long axis and short axis of median nerve were obtained off-line by manual tracing with a mouse and computed by one algorithm written in MatLab. Eighteen wrists met the inclusion criteria of subclinical median neuropathy. The CSA, perimeter and long axis of the median nerve were significantly different between normal and abnormal NCS wrists. Mixed model analysis showed that subclinical neuropathy was associated with enlarged CSA, but the other demographic variables (gender, age and body mass index and occupational categories) were not. Our findings support the use of both patient symptoms and NCS to define normal subjects during further studies. In addition, enlarged CSA within asymptomatic individuals should raise concern for subclinical median neuropathy.     

Persistent median artery in the carpal tunnel: color Doppler ultrasonographic findings.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the ultrasonographic and color Doppler ultrasonographic findings in 2 patients with carpal tunnel syndrome associated with a persistent median artery and to report the frequency of this anatomic variation in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Two patients with the clinical appearance of carpal tunnel syndrome and 100 wrists and distal forearms of 50 asymptomatic volunteers were examined with ultrasonography and color Doppler ultrasonography. The frequency and size of a persistent median artery and its relationship to median nerve anatomy in the carpal tunnel were evaluated. RESULTS: A large persistent median artery of 3 mm in diameter was found in the affected hands in both patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Findings were confirmed at surgery. Among the asymptomatic volunteers, a persistent median artery could be found in 13 (26%, 10 [20%] unilateral and 3 [6%] bilateral), with a mean diameter of 1.1 mm (range, 0.5-1.7 mm). In 10 (63%) of 16 hands, the persistent median artery was associated with high division of the median nerve or a bifid nerve configuration in the carpal tunnel. CONCLUSIONS: A persistent median artery is a common condition in healthy individuals and in most cases is related to median nerve variations such as high division or a bifid nerve. Because a persistent median artery has a superficial course close to the transverse carpal ligament, preoperative diagnosis of this anatomic variation may be of clinical importance.     

2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者上肢神经的超声研究

目的 应用高频超声探讨2型糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者上肢神经多个位点的横截面积的变化及其临床意义。方法 对30例确诊为DPN的患者和30例健康对照者应用高频超声检查上肢正中神经、尺神经和桡神经的多个位点：包括正中神经腕管处、前臂中点、肘窝处及上臂中点的横截面积;尺神经平腕横纹处、前臂中点、肘管处及上臂中点的横截面积;桡神经桡神经沟处、肘窝处的横截面积,对比分析各位点的横截面积及神经的声像图特点并探讨其诊断价值。结果 DPN组正中神经在腕管处、前臂中点、肘窝处和上臂中点处的横截面积,尺神经在腕横纹处、肘管处和上臂中点处的横截面积,桡神经在桡神经沟的横截面积均大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 超声检查可以为DPN的早期发现和评价提供临床依据。     

Reproducibility of sonographic measurements of the median nerve.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of median nerve cross-sectional area (CSA) measurements using the indirect method (ellipsoid formula) and the direct or tracing method. METHODS: The median nerve CSA was measured in 22 wrists of patients with carpal tunnel syndrome by means of high-frequency sonography. Measurements were made at the level of the pisiform bone by a standardized sonographic examination protocol. Two observers with different levels of experience performed the measurements, independently and blinded. An analysis of reliability was carried out, and the concordance between the methods was determined with parametric statistical tests. RESULTS: The results point to good reproducibility of the median nerve CSA measurements obtained by both methods, whether performed by an experienced observer or by an inexperienced observer after a short learning period. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest sonography for median nerve CSA measurements is reproducible by either the direct or indirect method when a standardized sonographic examination protocol is used.     

正常人腕部正中神经剪切波弹性成像的研究

摘要目的本研究探讨正常人腕部正中神经不同位置的剪切波测值差异。方法剪切波弹性成像检查56例健康志愿者的112条腕管处的正中神经,比较近、远端腕骨处正中神经剪切波速度的差异,并分析与年龄、性别和BMI等相关性。结果受试者正中神经近端腕骨水平剪切波速度是（3.80±0.45）m/s,95%置信区间是（3.67,3.93）m/s;远端腕骨水平剪切波速度是（4.63±0.47）m/s,95%置信区间为（4.49,4.76）m/s。正中神经剪切波速度与年龄呈正相关,不同性别、同一水平的正中神经剪切波速度测值差异有统计学意义。结论正中神经在腕部不同区域的剪切波速度是不同的,性别、年龄均是影响剪切波速度测值的重要因素,这些可为进一步的临床研究提供参考。     

Surgical repair of a 30 mm long human median nerve defect in the distal forearm by implantation of a chitosan-PGA nerve guidance conduit

This paper describes a clinical case study in which a chitosan/polyglycolic acid nerve guidance conduit (chitosan-PGA NGC) was utilized to repair a 30 mm long median nerve defect in the right distal forearm of a 55 year-old male patient. Thirty-six months after the nerve repair, the palm abduction of the thumb and the thumb-index digital opposition recovered, facilitating the patient to accomplish fine activities, such as handling chopsticks. Static two-point discrimination measured 14, 9 and 9 mm in the thumb, index and middle fingers of the right hand. Reproducible compound muscle action potentials were recorded on the right abductor pollicis. The ninhydrin test, a classical method for assessing sympathetic nerve function, showed partial recovery of the perspiration function of the injured thumb, index and middle fingers. This repair case suggested a possible strategy for the clinical reconstruction of extended defects in human peripheral nerve trunks by the implantation of chitosan-PGA NGCs.     

Sonographic diagnosis of neuritis ossificans of the median nerve

We report the sonographic appearance of a rare case of neuritis ossificans of the median nerve at the wrist, which appeared as a hyperechoic lesion around the nerve. Diagnosis was confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).     

Sonographic diagnosis of anatomical variations associated with carpal tunnel syndrome

Bifid median nerve is an anatomic variation that occurs in about 18% of patients with symptoms suggestive of carpal tunnel syndrome and in about 15% of symptom‐free subjects. Reversed palmaris longus is a rare anatomic muscular variation. The simultaneous presence of a bifid median nerve and a reversed palmaris longus has been very rarely described, usually during surgical exploration or in cadavers. We present two cases where ultrasound showed the presence of both abnormalities, allowing a correct diagnosis and influencing the treatment plan. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 42 :371–374, 2014     

尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析1990年以来，我院接受尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位术重建拇指对掌功能的29例腕部正中神经不可逆损伤患者、20例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的随访结果(随访6—12个月)。结果 29例正中神经不可逆损伤患者中，优21例、良8例，优良率100％；20例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者中，优9例、良7例、可4例，优良率80％。结论 对腕部正中神经不可逆损伤，特别是合并尺神经损伤患者，尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位术是一种理想的重建拇指对掌功能的手术方法，且操作简单，效果好。     

Sonographic Evaluation of the Median Nerve in Diabetic Patients

Objective. Diabetes mellitus is becoming a major cause of premature disability in Japan, and peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the results of nerve conduction studies (NCS) and the size of the nerve determined by sonography in diabetic patients. Methods. Twenty diabetic patients (mean age ± SD, 57.1 ± 13.6 years) and 20 healthy volunteers (mean, 61.1 ± 8.9 years) were enrolled in this study. Patients' wrists that had symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome were not included in the study; those that were included had negative Phalen test results. We then divided the patients into 2 groups (patients with and without diabetic symmetric polyneuropathy [DPN]). The cross‐sectional area (CSA) was measured in the carpal tunnel 5 cm proximal to the wrist and elbow joint of the median nerve. Results. There was a significant increase in the CSA in patients with DPN in the carpal tunnel compared with the control participants (P < .01) and patients without DPN (P < .01). The CSA in the carpal tunnel showed a significant correlation with the motor nerve conduction velocity (r = ?0.473). Conclusions. The CSA of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of patients with DPN is greater than that in patients without DPN and healthy individuals and correlates with NCS.     

经皮正中神经电刺激对轻中度抑郁患者的疗效研究

目的：观察经皮正中神经电刺激（MNES）对轻中度抑郁患者的临床疗效。方法：选取60例抑郁患者，按照随机数字表法分为对照组和MNES组，每组30例。2组患者均接受抗抑郁常规治疗，MNES组在此基础上行右MNES治疗，一只电极置于右侧腕关节掌面腕横纹上2cm正中神经点,另一只置于右侧大鱼际肌；单个刺激持续时间40s，间歇时间20s，30min/次/d，5次/周，共治疗6周。分别于治疗前及治疗后3周、6周对两组患者进行汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD-24）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）及匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)评定和比较，评价患者的抑郁、焦虑及睡眠情况。结果：治疗3周后，2组患者的HAMD-24及SDS评分均较治疗前降低（P<0.05），但2组间差异无统计学意义；治疗3周后，对照组患者的PSQI虽有降低趋势，但无统计学差异；治疗3周后，与治疗前比较，MNES组PSQI分降低明显（P<0.05），但与对照组比较无统计学差异。治疗6周后，2患者的HAMD-24、SDS及PSQI评分均较组内治疗前显著降低（均P<0.05），且MNES组的评分明显优于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：MNES治疗对抑郁患者存在一定的治疗效果，可改善其抑郁水平和睡眠质量，建议推广。     

Ultrasound-based measures in carpal tunnel syndrome: What to measure?

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral entrapment neuropathy and is caused by compression of the median nerve (MN) at the level of transverse carpal ligament of the volar wrist. Radiomics is an advanced semi-automated image analysis method that is utilized to identify characteristics in the MN that can detect CTS with considerable reproducibility.     

Sonographic Evaluation of the Peripheral Nerve in Diabetic Patients

Objective. Early detection of nerve dysfunction is important to provide appropriate care for patients with diabetic polyneuropathy. The aim of this study was to assess the echo intensity of the peripheral nerve and to evaluate the relationship between nerve conduction study results and sonographic findings in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods. Thirty patients with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SD, 59.8 ± 10.2 years) and 32 healthy volunteers (mean, 53.7 ± 13.9 years) were enrolled in this study. The cross‐sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity of the peripheral nerve were evaluated at the carpal tunnel and proximal to the wrist (wrist) of the median nerve and in the tibial nerve at the ankle. Results. There was a significant increase in the CSA and hypoechoic area of the nerve in diabetic patients compared with controls (wrist, 7.1 ± 2.0 mm², 62.3% ± 3.0%; ankle, 8.9 ± 2.8 mm², 57.6% ± 3.9%; and wrist, 9.8 ± 3.7 mm², 72.3% ± 6.6%; ankle, 15.0 ± 6.1 mm², 61.4% ± 5.3% in controls and diabetic patients, respectively; P < .05). Cross‐sectional areas were negatively correlated with reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and delayed latency. Conclusions. These results suggest that sonographic examinations are useful for the diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy.     

Ultrasound Findings in Less Frequent Causes of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The most common etiology of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is idiopathic. However, secondary causes of CTS should be considered when symptoms are unilateral, or electrodiagnostic studies are discrepant with the clinical presentation. Imaging of the carpal tunnel should be performed when secondary causes of CTS are suspected. An ultrasound evaluation of the carpal tunnel can assess for pathologic changes of the median nerve, detect secondary causes of CTS, and aid in surgical planning.     

不同参数的正中神经电刺激对意识障碍患者促醒的影响

目的:研究不同参数的正中神经电刺激(MNES)对意识障碍患者促醒的影响。方法:选取160例格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)≤8分的意识障碍患者,随机分为对照组(n=40)、试验1组(n=40)、试验2组(n=40)和试验3组(n=40)。对照组使用常规促醒方案治疗;试验组在此基础上联合MNES。试验1组电刺激脉宽参数为50μs,试验2组为200μs,试验3组为300μs。治疗时间为3个月。治疗前后分别采用GCS评分、改良国际昏迷恢复量表(CRS-R)和诱发电位检查评估患者意识状态水平。结果:治疗结束后,各组GCS评分、CRS-R评分、N20潜伏期、V波潜伏期均较治疗前显著性改善(P<0.05);试验各组优于对照组(P<0.05),试验3组优于试验1组和试验2组(P<0.05),试验1组和试验2组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:正中神经电刺激脉宽参数为300μs时,能更好地促进意识障碍患者苏醒。