改良经皮扩张气管切开术与常规经皮扩张气管切开术效果对比

目的分析改良经皮扩张气管切开术与常规经皮扩张气管切开术的临床应用效果。方法选取2014-01—2015-12间在急诊科室以及ICU内需要接受气管切开的患者102例,按照手术方法分为2组。改良经皮扩张气管切开术患者设为观察组,常规经皮扩张气管切开术设为对照组。对比2组患者手术情况、手术费用、术中出血及术后并发症等。结果 2组患者的切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后渗血量、切口愈合时间及并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。但观察组的手术费用明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论改良经皮扩张气管切开术在术后并发症、创伤性、操作性上具有与常规经皮扩张气管切开术相同的优势,但是更加安全、经济。     

经皮扩张气管切开术在困难气道处理中的应用

目的 观察经皮扩张气管切开的应用效果.方法 采用经皮扩张气管切开器械,气管内置入导丝,引导扩张器和扩张钳,钝性扩张气管前组织及气管环间膜,对32例困难气道患者进行气管切开.结果 经皮扩张气管切开术手术时间短、术中出血少、均顺利完成.结论 经皮扩张气管切开术具有操作简单、并发症少、切口愈合后疤痕不明显等优点.适用于困难气道需要气管切开的患者.     

经皮旋转扩张气管切开术在重型颅脑损伤中的应用效果观察

目的评价经皮旋转扩张气管切开术(Percutwist,PT)在重型颅脑损伤(Severe traumatic brain injury,sTBI)中的应用效果。方法选择2014年5月至2017年8月本院收治的95例行气管切开sTBI患者,根据手术方式不同分为对照组(48例,行传统开放式气管切开术)和观察组(47例,采用PT),比较两组临床疗效。结果两组均成功完成气管切开术,观察组手术时间、术中出血量、切口长度、切口愈合时间及瘢痕大小均显著低于对照组(P0.05),术中、术后并发症总发生率均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 PT具有床旁操作、时间短、切口小、愈合快、并发症少、美观等优势,在sTBI患者中有较广泛的应用价值。     

急诊急救过程中气管切开术的护理体会

目的总结急诊急救过程中行气管切开术的护理体会。方法对65例急诊急救过程中接受气管切开术的患者,给予心理、体位、呼吸道及并发症护理。结果本组抢救成功率96.92%,1例自杀患者因病情严重死亡、1例咽喉肿瘤术后死亡。其余患者均康复出院。结论对急诊急救过程中接受气管切开术的患者,给予综合护理,可提高患者康复进程,减少不良反应,提高救治成功率。     

α-氰基丙烯酸酯医用胶在腭裂修复术中的应用与分析

目的:介绍α-氰基丙烯酸酯医用胶在腭裂修复术中的使用方法,分析应用效果及注意事项。方法:采用α-氰基丙烯酸酯医用胶对97例两大瓣法腭裂手术创面进行处理。将两大瓣与腭部创面定位粘合。松弛切口创面止血,封闭两大瓣边缘与硬腭缝隙。粘合固定上颌结节后方松弛切口碘仿塞。结果:术后仅4例创面有明显渗血。97例口腔呼吸道通畅,易于护理,无误吸及呼吸道梗阻并发症,两大瓣与硬腭粘合贴附可靠。术后碘仿塞固位好,仅7例提前脱出。术后创面愈合正常,效果满意。结论:α-氰基丙烯酸酯医用胶在腭裂修复术中,可有效粘合腭粘膜瓣,封闭创面减少渗血,固定碘仿塞,有利于术后呼吸道护理及创面愈合,操作方法简便安全。     

应用经皮气管切开术对ICU重症患者建立人工气道的临床价值

目的 ICU重症患者应用经皮气管切开术进行人工气道的建立,对其临床价值进行分析。方法选取2013年1月至2017年6月医院ICU病房收治的患者60例,将其随机分为观察组(n=30)与对照组(n=30),应用传统气管切开术的方法对对照组进行人工气道的建立,应用经皮气管切开术对观察组进行人工气道的建立,对两组的临床疗效及术后并发症发生情况进行观察比较。结果在手术时间、术中出血量、切口大小及切口愈合时间等手术指标方面,观察组与对照组比较均显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组术后并发症发生率30.0%相比,观察组发生率3.3%明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论应用经皮气管切开术对ICU重症患者治疗具有良好的效果,且术后并发症发生率低,临床疗效安全可靠,值得临床进一步应用与推广。     

肝移植手术出血特点及重组活化Ⅶ因子在移植中的应用研究

目的研究肝移植手术中出血特点及观察活化重组凝血因子VH（rFVⅦa）在移植中的应用效果。方法回顾性研究肝移植手术各个时间段出血的特点;前瞻性研究使用rFⅦa,观察术中止血效果,凝血指标变化情况以及并发症发生情况。结果广泛渗血是造成肝移植手术出血的主要原因;病肝切除阶段是主要的出血时间段：rFⅦa可以较好地改善凝血功能指标PT和APTT,并且使血栓弹力图指标r,k,α角度和最大振幅（MA）改善：实验组较对照组术中出血明显减少．手术时间明显缩短;全部实验组6例在观察期间均未发生血栓性并发症。结论肝移植切肝时间的广泛渗血为整个手术过程中的主要出血时间;rFⅦa应用于临床肝移植手术可明显减少术中出血和缩短手术时间。     

气管切开术在严重烧伤患者中的应用体会

目的探讨颜面部烧伤合并吸人性损伤患者行气管切开术的适应证、手术时机和相关注意事项。方法对178例颜面部烧伤患者合并吸人性损伤行气管切开术的患者作回顾性总结。结果178例患者均于伤后0．5—49h内行气管切开术。重度吸人性损伤的病死率（38．2％）明显高于轻（8．3％）、中度（8．0％）组。早期开放气道可预防突发急性喉头水肿窒息,而且有利于气道分泌物的排出。结论对于颜面部烧伤合并吸人性损伤的患者,尽早行气管切开术,可防止呼吸道梗阻,减少并发症,降低死亡率。     

黄油纱对混合痔外切内扎术后伤口渗血的临床观察

目的观察混合痔患者外切内扎术后应用黄油纱外敷的效果。方法应用随机法将120例混合痔外切内扎术后病人,分为对照组与治疗组,分别用凡士林和黄油纱覆盖术后伤口创面。术后观察伤口敷料记录渗血情况,记录渗血量、渗血时间。结果治疗组比对照组术后伤口渗血少,出血时间短。结论与凡士林纱比较,混合痔外切内扎术后应用黄油纱外敷伤口可明显减少伤口的渗血量及缩短渗血时间,从而减轻患者痛苦。     

气道内微泵推注敏感抗生素效果监测及分析

目的：监测气管切开术后痰培养致病菌阳性病人气道内微泵推注敏感抗生素的效果。方法：将60例病人随机分为两组，均用微泵推注湿化液。观察组（30例）气道内微泵推注湿化液为生理盐水加α-糜蛋白酶加敏感抗生素；对照组（30例）气道内湿化液用生理盐水加α-糜蛋白酶，比较两组痰量、分泌物粘稠度、发热天数、痰培养致病菌检出率。结果：两组病人痰量比较，治疗前差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05），用药后第3、7天观察组比对照组明显减少（均P＜0．05）；气道分泌物粘稠度降低病例数比较,观察组明显多于对照组（P＜0．05）；治疗后痰培养致病菌检出率比较，观察组明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）；两组发热天数比较，差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论：气管切开术后在气道湿化液中加用敏感抗生素可使痰量减少，呼吸道分泌物粘稠度降低，痰培养致病菌检出率下降，可有效防治下呼吸道感染。     

吸入性损伤后预防性气管切开与紧急气管切开的临床研究

目的　探讨预防性气管切开的临床可行性。　方法　对 93例中度或重度吸入性损伤患者均行气管切开。气管切开前出现明显呼吸困难、血氧分压下降、血氧饱和度下降者为紧急气管切开组 (2 1例 ) ;气管切开前未出现明显通气、换气障碍者为预防性气管切开组 (72例 )。预防性气管切开组实施手术时间为伤后 (4 .31± 3.0 4 )h ,紧急气管切开组为伤后 (34.4 7± 2 .79)h。比较两组患者相关生命体征、血氧分压、氧饱和度、呼吸频率及呼吸机使用情况。　结果　紧急气管切开组血氧分压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率等术前均有明显的异常 ,术后得到显著改善 ,而预防性气管切开组相关生命体征较平稳。紧急气管切开组术后 2d内 2 0例使用呼吸机辅助呼吸 (95 .2 4 % )。预防性气管切开组术后 2d内 6 5例使用呼吸机辅助呼吸 (90 .2 8% )。　结论　对疑有中度以上吸入性损伤的患者应及早行预防性气管切开 ,尽量避免紧急气管切开。气管切开后建议早期使用呼吸机辅助呼吸。     

经皮穿刺气管切开术在紧急抢救中的应用价值

目的：比较经皮穿刺气管切开术（PDT）与传统开放式气管切开术（OT）在手术操作和并发症上的差异,探讨其在危重患者紧急抢救中的应用价值.方法：30例急诊拟行气管切开术的患者,随机分为两组.OT组15例行传统气管切开术,PDT组15例行经皮穿刺气管切开术,记录并比较两组患者的手术时间、切口大小、术中出血量及术后并发症、心率、血压和氧饱和度的变化.结果：PDT组手术时间、切口大小、术中出血、术后并发症发生率均明显低于OT组,术后1 h心率和收缩压也明显低于OT组（P均〈0.05）,但两组术后1 h的平均动脉压和血氧饱和度之间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）.结论：与传统气管切开术比较,经皮穿刺气管切开术具有手术时间短、切口小、出血量少、并发症少等优点,适合在紧急抢救中应用.     

重建外侧壁及股骨矩治疗Evans-JensenⅤ型股骨转子间骨折的疗效分析

目的：探讨股骨近端防旋髓内钉（proximal femoral nail anti-rotation,PFNA）及重建钛板重建外侧壁及股骨矩治疗Evans-JensenⅤ型转子间骨折的手术疗效。方法：分析自2013年10月至2016年3月采用手术治疗的股骨转子间Evans-JensenⅤ型骨折患者30例。按手术方式分为两组：16例行闭合复位PFNA内固定（闭合复位组）;14例行小切口切开重建钛板重建股骨矩及外侧壁PFNA内固定（切开复位组）。观察比较两组患者手术中（失血量、手术持续时间）、手术后康复（手术后下床活动时间、骨性愈合时间）、手术相关并发症（内固定断裂、退出、螺旋刀片切出）,术后12个月行髋关节功能Harris评分,观察比较颈干角丢失度数。结果：30例患者均获随访,时间12~18个月。所有患者骨折顺利愈合,切开复位组患者手术失血量、手术持续的时间均明显大于闭合复位组（P<0.05）。切开复位组患者手术后下床活动时间、骨性愈合时间、手术相关并发症情况、术后12个月髋关节功能Harris评分、颈干角丢失度数均优于闭合复位组（P<0.05）。。结论：使用重建钛板对股骨矩及外侧壁进行复位和固定,PFNA髓内固定治疗Evans-JensenⅤ型的转子间骨折,能够恢复股骨矩及外侧壁对股骨头颈的支撑,有利于提高手术以后骨折断端及内固定的稳定性,减少单独采用PFNA治疗以后骨折断端移位、内固定松动、切出甚至断裂等风险。缩短老年患者卧床时间,减少手术相关的并发症,为Evans-JensenⅤ型股骨转子间骨折的治疗提供新的思路和方法。     

巨大甲状腺肿所致气管软化的诊断及治疗

目的探讨巨大甲状腺肿所致气管软化的诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾分析1999—2007年本院收治的16例巨大甲状腺肿所致气管软化患者的临床资料。术前常规行Valsalva—Mueller test，甲状腺疾病经病理检查确诊；处理方法包括病变甲状腺组织切除手术和各种气道重建术。结果16例巨大甲状腺肿合并气管软化患者均获得临床治愈。结论巨大甲状腺肿患者术前应行Valsalva-Muellertest判断有无气管软化．并在术中认真探查。气管悬吊术和气管切开术是治疗巨大甲状腺肿所致气管软化的有效方法。     

前臂及手部毁损性骨折治疗体会

【】目的:探讨前臂及手部毁损性骨折的早期修复及功能重建的手术方法及疗效。方法:对2010-2014年收治36例前臂及手部毁损性骨折进行急性修复及功能重建,根据毁损性骨折的分型₁,其中a2型12例,b2型10例,c2 型14例,所有创面采用脉冲冲洗器冲洗,骨折采用外固定支架、克氏针固定,一期修复神经、肌腱、血管,创面以VSD封闭。结果:术后随访10个月-24月,患肢功能都有不同程度的恢复,明显优于假肢,其中5例去除负压后创面直接缝合,伴骨骼、肌腱、神经外露者以皮瓣覆盖后治愈,浅表感染20例,经清创、换药、植皮后治愈,骨髓炎7例,经过去除死骨,换药及多次负压引流后治愈,骨折一期愈合18例,延迟愈合6例,骨缺损不愈合12例,经植骨内固定后愈合。结论：外固定支架、克氏针、脉冲冲洗器、VSD联合治疗开放性前臂及手部毁损性骨折,具有创伤小、清创彻底、减轻创伤后肿胀、降低感染率等优点,为功能恢复、骨折愈合及二期处理提供有利条件。     

Percutaneous tracheostomy after trauma and critical illness.

A method of percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) using a tracheostome, which permits insertion of a full-sized cuffed tracheostomy tube, was evaluated in 61 critically ill or injured patients (89% had trauma). Of the 54 trauma patients, 65% had brain injuries, 14% had injuries to the cervical spinal cord, 33% had face or jaw injuries, and 15% had lung injuries. The indications for PT were coma (46%), acute airway obstruction (5%), face or jaw injury (20%), pneumonitis (39%), adult respiratory distress syndrome (12%), and sepsis (21%). Tracheostomy was done in 51% of all cases specifically for managing pulmonary secretions, in 37% for prolonged intubation, and in 25% for neurologic lesions. The tracheostomy was done as an emergency in 5%, as urgent in 28%, and electively in 77%. Percutaneous tracheostomy was successful in 90% of the cases, and in 8% it was converted to a surgical tracheostomy after an initial percutaneous attempt. In 46% it was performed at the bedside, in 46% in the operating room, and in 7% in the emergency suite. A full-sized tracheostomy tube (#6 to #8) was used in all cases and was considered optimal or larger than needed in 87% of cases. With three exceptions the complications of PT were minor, but 30% of the patients died of their primary disease. In one case death occurred because of bronchospasm and cardiac arrest during the PT, but appeared to be independent of the type of tracheostomy. Healing after in-hospital removal (37%) was excellent in 95% of cases and 97% of physicians indicated that they would use the device again.     

How COVID-19 Patients Were Moved to Speak: A Rehabilitation Interdisciplinary Case Series

Background

Up to 36% of patients admitted to the ICU for COVID-19 require tracheostomy. While the literature recommends the use of multidisciplinary teams in the management of patients with tracheostomy for other diseases, little is known on the collaborative administration of physical therapy and speech language pathology services in the COVID-19 population.

Purpose

We sought to determine the outcomes of a collaboration between physical therapy (PT) and speech language pathology (SLP) in the treatment of patients who underwent tracheostomy placement as part of their treatment for COVID-19 at our facility.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case series on patients with COVID-19 who had a tracheostomy. We included patients who had undergone mechanical ventilation for 14 days or longer, had a surgical tracheostomy, been discharged from intensive care to a medical unit, and received PT and SLP referrals. We compiled retrospective data from electronic medical records, analyzing days from tracheostomy to achievement of PT and SLP functional milestones, including mobility, communication, and swallowing. Of six critically ill patients with COVID-19 who had tracheostomy placement at our facility, three met inclusion criteria: patient 1, a 33-year-old woman; patient 2, an 84-year-old man; and patient 3, an 81-year-old man. For all patients, PT interventions focused on breathing mechanics, secretion clearance, posture, sitting balance, and upper and lower extremity strengthening. SLP interventions focused on cognitive reorganization, verbal and nonverbal communication, secretion management, and swallowing function. Intensity and duration of the sessions were adapted according to patient response and level of fatigue.

Results

We found that time to tracheostomy from intubation for the three patients was 23 days, 20 days, and 24 days, respectively. Time from tracheostomy insertion to weaning from ventilator was 9 days for patient 1, and 5 days for patient 2 and patient 3. Regarding time to achieve functional PT and SLP milestones, all patients achieved upright sitting with PT prior to achieving initial SLP milestone of voicing with finger occlusion. Variations in progression to swallowing trials were patient specific and due to respiratory instability, cognitive deficits, and limitations in production of an effortful swallow. Patient participation in therapy sessions improved following establishment of oral verbal communication.

Conclusion

Interdisciplinary cooperation and synchronized implementation of PT and SLP interventions in three COVID-19 patients following prolonged intubation facilitated participation in treatment and achievement of functional milestones. Further study is warranted.

     

Percutaneous tracheostomy: one center's experience with a new modality

BACKGROUND: A retrospective review of our experience with percutaneous tracheostomy was performed to determine our complication rate and pattern of use since this modality was introduced at our institution. METHODS: A retrospective chart review captured all patients in whom tracheostomy was performed or supervised by a trauma/critical care faculty member. Dates of hospital admission, ICU admission, intubation, discontinuation of mechanical ventilation, type and location of procedure, procedural complications, Injury Severity Score, charges, and patient demographics were collected. Percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) and open tracheostomy (OT) experiences were compared. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty-eight tracheostomies were performed (190 OT and 178 PT). The average time to tracheostomy (TTT) for PT patients decreased from 12.7 to 7.4 days. The average TTT for OT patients remained stable at 14.0 days. The complication rate was 3.5%, with 4 complications (1.5%) associated with OT and 9 complications (5.1%) associated with PT. All complications in the PT group occurred before using a single dilator system. The 9 complications in the PT group occurred among 5 surgeons, all before their 11th attempt. PT saves 444 dollars in charges per procedure. CONCLUSION: OT continues to be a safe method of performing tracheostomies. PT has a steep learning curve but can be mastered quickly. Benefits include a shorter time to tracheostomy, elimination of patient transport, and saving in charges. Initial PT attempts should be supervised by an experienced surgeon.     

Tension pneumothorax associated with re-intubation through percutaneous tracheostoma site

Percutaneous tracheostomy (PT) has become popular recently, but occasionally cannula exchange can be difficult and hazardous. A 55-year-old woman with pontine hemorrhage was admitted to our ICU after oral intubation. On the 3 rd day, PT was performed with no complication to prepare for prolonged airway management. On the 14 th day, surgical removal of the pontine hematoma was scheduled. Since our neurosurgeon requested a prone position with maximal neck anteflexion, she was re-intubated orally and the tracheostomy cannula was removed during the operation. At the end of the operation, the tracheostoma had already been narrowed and re-insertion of a narrower tracheostomy cannula was unsuccessful even with bronchoscopic guidance. Following several attempts, her Spo2 gradually decreased and her blood pressure dropped. A chest X-ray showed right pneumothorax and a chest drainage tube was inserted. Posterior tracheal wall injury was suspected, though the exact injury site was not identified bronchoscopically. She was treated conservatively because no air leak was observed after advancing the oral tube. Three weeks later, surgical tracheostomy was performed without major abnormal findings. A small tracheostoma characteristic of PT might be associated with an increased risk of delayed airway complication. Cannula exchange should be performed more carefully after PT compared with surgical tracheostomy.