甘草

又名 Alcacua，Alcazuz，Chinese Licorice，Gan Cao，Gan Zao，Glycyrrhiza，Lakritze，LicoriceRoot，Liquiritiaeradix，Liquirizia，Liquorice，Orozuz，Phytoestrogen， Reglisse，Regliz，RussianLicorice，SpanishLicorice，Subholz，Sweet Root。 植物名 Glycyrrhiza glabra；G．glabratypica；G．glabra violacea；G．glabra glandulifera；G．uralensis，Reglisse。     

蛔虫性胆绞痛的药物治疗

随着临床药理学研究的不断发展，近年来人们发现许多药物，如硝苯地平，维拉帕米，过氧化氢溶液，甘露醇，苯巴比妥，硫酸镁，维生素Ｃ维生素Ｋ，尼群地平，可治疗蛔虫性胆绞痛。尤以硝苯地平，苯巴比妥，尼群地平，维生素Ｋ，甘露醇作用较快，方便疗效满意，适合通用，而维修拉帕米，硫酸镁，维生素Ｃ，过氧化氢溶液亦可酌情选用。     

普鲁卡因青霉素G注射剂连续用药过程中致休克2例

林某某，女，42岁，医务工作者，既往无青霉素过敏史，因肛门附近疖肿，预防感染，在门诊注射普鲁卡因青霉素G皮试；20min后观察局部，无红肿，属阴性，40万u／次，1次周，肌注，连续用药3d均无发现异常，无全身反应，d4（连续用同一厂家批号青霉素），在注射时立即发生胸闷，心悸，出冷汗，即停药观察，脉搏细弱，烦躁不安，呻吟，立即嘱病人头低位平卧，给予1：10m肾上腺素0．5ml皮下注射无效，继而出现支气管痉挛，喉头水肿，呼吸困难，听诊双肺学鸣音，心率150次小。in，血压几．O／6．67kPa进行人工呼吸，吸入氧气，立即给地塞米松，…     

马凡综合征2例报告

笔者在北京儿童医院进修期间遇到2例马凡综合征病例，现报告如下： 1病例资料 患者为父子二人，父亲，36岁，身高195厘米，体重55公斤，儿子，10岁，身高170厘米，体重20公斤，父子二人均智力正常，面容憔悴，身材瘦高，头形细长，耳朵大，胸廓呈漏斗胸，脊柱侧弯，四肢明显增长，手指，脚趾细长。Steinberg征阳性，肌张力减弱，肌力正常，神经系统检查未见异常。父亲视力左眼4．0，右眼4．2，儿子视力左眼4．0，右眼4．0，临床诊断为马凡综合征。     

长期服用三黄片引起肠易激综合征2例

1．病例介绍：例1，赖某，男，28岁，干部，1996年2月24口初诊，患习惯性便秘多年，长期服用三黄片以治疗便秘。初诊前4个月开始腹泻，完谷不化，每日3～4次，畏寒，体重减轻，腹痛，肠鸣，矢气。查体：T36．8C，R26次／min，his次／min，腹软，肠呜音亢进，左下腹压痛，左下腹可触及肠型。连续化险大使常规3次，偶见粘液，大使培养未见致病菌，纤维结肠镜检未见明显病理改变。经按肠易激综合征治疗疗效显著。例2，周某，男，34岁，干部，1994年1月3日初诊，因经常便秘而服用三黄片有效。1991年6月始腹痛腹泻，每天4～5次，于餐后有使意，…     

单次静滴埃本膦酸钠注射液耐受性试验(英)

目的：在中国健康志愿中评价单剂静滴埃本膦酸钠注射液的安全性，耐受性，方法：根据新药临床试验指导原则，经体检及实验室检查，各项指标均在正常范围内的36名18－50岁健康成人，用区组随机化设计方法，按随机表将受试随机分配至1，2，3，4，5和6mg剂量组，每组6名受试，男女各半，观察指标为临床症状，生命体征，心电图，血常规，尿常规，肝功能，肾功能，电解质等。结果：单剂静滴埃本膦酸钠注射液1－6mg，志愿体温，脉搏 ，呼吸频率，血压，心电图，血常规，肝功能，肾功能，电解质等各项指标测定值均在正常范围,内仅见血磷降低，发热，出汗，骨痛，肌痛，血钙降低等与药物可能有关的一过性轻微不良反应，该不良反应于给药后1－2wk内恢复正常，结论：单次静滴埃本膦酸钠注射液最大剂量至6mg比较安全，耐受性较好。     

静滴氨苄青霉素钠致过敏性心肌炎1例

患者男，30岁，咳嗽，咳痰，咽充血、扁桃体无肿大，无发热。双肺胸透肺纹理重，诊断为“支气管炎”。静滴氨苄青霉素钠，日1次静滴5.0g，连续静滴5天后，患者面部、胸部出现瘙痒发红，第6天时，皮肤出现散在红色皮疹，斑状丘疹，大小不等，以面部、颈部、胸部、臀部为主，考虑为迟发性药物过敏，而给予扑尔敏8mg，每日3次口服，赛庚啶4mg，每日3次口服，两天后症状无明显缓解，并且皮疹向周围蔓延，逐渐遍及全身，融合成片，手、脚、掌心均有药疹水肿，患者感觉心慌不适，并有心律不齐，心电提示窦性心动过速，室性早搏，T波改变。患者既…     

丙嗪对肝硬化患者的药动学及其与新型半乳糖单点法的相关性

本文研究了丙嗪对正常人和肝硬化患者的药动学参数及其与半乳糖单点法（GSP）的相关性，以期对肝硬化患者进行剂量调整提供临床指导。选择9名肝硬化患者，6名健康志愿受试者。每人口服丙嗪2片（每片50ms），24OmL水，夜间禁食，随后第15，25，4O，6Omin，1．5，2，3，4，5，6，7，8，IO，12，16，24，36，48，6O，72h抽取7～12mL静脉血样，于涂有肝素的玻璃管中，离心，将血浆和血细胞分开，于一3O”C贮存备用。服药后0，1，2，4，6，8，12，24，4872h收集尿样，于一30C贮存，并记录尿样体积和PH值。各样品用HPLC法分析。，使用双室…     

菠萝过敏抢救体会

例1：患者男，24岁，水果仓库搬运工人。吃生菠萝约1000g，30分钟后出现腹部绞痛，全身皮肤瘙痒发红，腹泻、呕吐各1次。由同伴送来我院，途中出现面色苍白，大汗淋漓，意识丧失。查体：血压测不出，体温不升，心率112次／分，心音弱，呼吸26次／分，面色苍白，汗多，全身皮肤紫绀，瞳孔4mm，双侧等大，光反射迟钝，呼之不应，双肺未闻干湿罗音。立即给予洗胃，     

别让“崩漏”找上你

魏萍，女，30岁，工人。阴道断续出血已有5个多月，每日出血量70-100毫升，伴有身体倦怠，气短懒言，不欲饮食，面色苍白，出血色淡红，加有少量的紫血块，舌质淡，苔薄白，脉细弱。李乐，女，14岁，中学生。月经不调，周期紊乱已1年，常迟来，滴漏10多天、20多天不净，看中医服中药后已准时，但仍量多，一直滴漏不停。上述2人均被诊断为“崩漏”。     

短蛸章鱼多糖的提取分离和基本性质分析

目的从短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的胴体和腕部提取多糖,对短蛸不同部位提取的粗多糖的基本理化性质进行分析和比较,并对粗多糖进行分离和纯化。方法依次采用冷水,木瓜蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶联合酶解的方法提取多糖,采用Sevage法和等电点法去除粗多糖中的蛋白。对短蛸不同部位提取粗多糖的总糖、蛋白、糖醛酸、硫酸根含量和重均相对分子质量、单糖组成等性质进行分析和比较,并采用Sephacryl S-300凝胶柱层析和QSepharose4 Fast Flow离子交换层析方法对粗多糖进行分离和纯化。结果从短蛸胴体中提取的粗多糖中总糖和糖醛酸的含量明显高于腕部粗多糖,且蛋白含量较腕部多糖低;水提多糖中总糖和糖醛酸的含量明显低于酶提多糖,且蛋白含量高于酶提多糖;短蛸胴体粗多糖的单糖组成相对简单,主要含有Glc和少量Man、GlcNAc、GlcUA,而腕部粗多糖的单糖组成较为复杂,除主要含有Man、GlcNAc、GlcUA和GlcN外,还含有少量Gal和Fuc等;各多糖的重均相对分子质量在127.9～266.4kD之间;水提多糖和酶提多糖在SephacrylS-300凝胶柱层析上的洗脱曲线也明显不同。结论采用不同方法、从...     

Cloning of a prothrombin activator-like metalloproteinase from the West African saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus.

Systemic envenoming by the saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus, is responsible for more deaths than any other snake in West Africa. Despite its medical importance, there have been few investigations into the toxin composition of the venom of this viper. Here we describe the isolation of E. ocellatus venom gland cDNAs encoding a protein of 514 amino acids that showed 91% sequence similarity to Ecarin, a prothrombin-activating metalloproteinase from the venom of the East African viper, E. pyramidum leakeyi, that induces severe consumption coagulopathy. Structural similarities between the E. ocellatus metalloproteinase and analogues in venoms of related vipers suggest that antibodies raised to phylogenetically conserved E. ocellatus metalloproteinase domains may have potential for cross-specific and cross-generic neutralisation of analogous venom toxins.     

The antisnake venom activities of Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) stem bark extract.

Snake bites in rural Nigeria are commonly treated with plant extracts. We have studied the ability of one such traditionally used plant (Parkia biglobosa; [Jacq.] Benth., Mimosaceae) to reduce the effects of two snake venoms (Naja nigricollis, and Echis ocellatus) in several experimental models. A water-methanol extract of P. biglobosa stem bark significantly (p<0.001) protected the chick biventer cervicis (cbc) muscle preparation from N. nigricollis venom-induced inhibition of neurally evoked twitches when it was added to the bath 3-5 min before or after the venom. The extract also reduced the loss of responses to acetylcholine (Ach), carbachol and KCl, which are normally blocked by N. nigricollis venom, and significantly reduced the contractures of the preparation induced by venom. P. biglobosa extract (75, 150 and 300 microg/ml) significantly (p<0.05) protected C2C12 murine muscle cells in culture against the cytotoxic effects of N. nigricollis and E. ocellatus venoms. The extract protected egg embryos exposed to lethal concentrations of E. ocellatus venom for more than 12 h and completely blocked the haemorrhagic activity of the venom at concentrations of 5 and 10 microg/1.5 microl. P. biglobosa extract (400 mg/kg) did not protect mice injected i.p. with 5 and 2.5 mg/kg of E. ocellatus and N. nigricollis venoms, respectively. It, however, protected 40% of the mice from death caused by E. ocellatus venom after the extract and venom were pre-incubated for 30 min before injecting the mixture.     

Trophic transfer of paralytic shellfish toxins from the cladoceran (Moina mongolica) to larvae of the fish (Sciaenops ocellatus).

The dynamic transmission and transformation of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense to the cladoceran Moina mongolica and subsequently to the larvae of the fish Sciaenops ocellatus were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results showed that PSTs could be transferred to S. ocellatus when they preyed on PST-containing M. mongolica. During the experimental period, A. tamarense, M. mongolica and the digestive glands of the fish larvae contained C(1/2) toxins, and the viscera of S. ocellatus contained neoSTX. The proportion of beta toxin (C2) in C(1+2) toxins increased when PSTs were transferred from A. tamarense to M. mongolica, but in the subsequent transfer from M. mongolica to S. ocellatus the proportion of alpha toxin (C1) increased. During depuration, the contents of C1 and C2 toxins in fish larvae decreased with the duration of depuration, but neoSTX remained relatively constant. The present results indicated that, using a cladoceran as the vector, PSTs can be transferred from toxic algae to a high trophic level fish and metabolized in the fish. Future work should address the metabolic characteristics of PSTs in cladocerans and the end result when they are transferred to fishes.     

Toxicities of two freshwater puffers in Taiwan

Forty-two and twelve specimens of puffers Tetraodon ocellatus and T. nigroviridis were, respectively, collected from the aquaria in Taiwan and determined for toxicity by using tetrodotoxin bioassay. It was found that T. ocellatus contained moderate amounts of toxin in skin and viscera, and the highest toxicity scores were 432 MU/g skin and 212 MU/g viscera. The specimens of T. nigroviridus contained weak amounts of toxin in skin, and the highest toxicity score was 124 MU/g. The toxin was partially purified from the toxic specimens of each species by ultrafiltration using a YM-1 membrane, followed by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 column. Analyses by electrophoresis, thin layer chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography showed that the toxin from both species was composed of tetrodotoxin and anhydrotetrodotoxin.     

The anti-snake venom activities of the methanolic extract of the bulb of Crinum jagus (Amaryllidaceae).

The anti-snake venom activities of the methanolic extract of the bulb of Crinum jagus plant (Amaryllidaceae) were investigated in vitro and in vivo against the venoms of three notable snake species: Echis ocellatus, Bitis arietans and Naja nigricollis. The extract was prepared by cold marceration in 50% methanol at 37 degrees C with intermittent shaking for 48 h. An yield of 12.8% w/w dry extract was obtained. Oral administration of C. jagus extract (1000 mg/kg) protected 50% of mice, while injection of a 30 min pre-incubated mixture of the same dose of extract and venom gave 100% protection against the lethal effects of E. ocellatus venom (10 mg/kg, i.m.). The intraperitoneal administration of the extract at 250 mg/kg, 30 min before the injection of E. ocellatus venom (10mg/kg, i.m.), significantly (p<0.05) prolonged the death time of poisoned mice. C. jagus extract (500 mg/kg, per os), gave 50% protection against B. arietans venom (9.5mg/kg, i.m.) in mice while the pre-incubation of a mixture of the same dose of venom and extract (500 mg/kg), prior to injection (i.p.) of the mixture, gave only 33.3% protection. The pre-incubation of 500 mg/kg of C. jagus extract with N. nigricollis venom (6 mg/kg) prior to i.p. injection of the mixture protected 50% of the treated mice. There were generally no significant differences in the death times of mice that were given the same dose of the extract orally 30 min before injection of the venoms and those administered with the pre-incubated mixtures of venom and extract. The pre-incubation of the extract and E. ocellatus venom (5mg/kg) for 30 min, before the i.m. injection of the mixture, significantly reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells to the site of injection 4h post treatment. The concentrations of plasma creatine kinase in poisoned mice were significantly (p<0.01 or p<0.05) reduced after the injection (i.p.) of C. jagus extract (1000 mg/kg) pre-incubated with E. ocellatus (5mg/kg) or B. arietans (7 mg/kg) venom, respectively. The bulb extract of C. jagus blocked the haemorrhagic activity of a standard haemorrhagic dose (2.8 mg/ml) of E. ocellatus venom at various concentrations (1.7, 3.3 and 6.7 mg/ml). The methanolic bulb extract of C. jagus was therefore able to significantly protect mice from death, myonecrosis and haemorrhage induced by the lethal effects of venoms of notable snake species in Nigeria.     

Neutralization of the haemorrhagic activities of viperine snake venoms and venom metalloproteinases using synthetic peptide inhibitors and chelators.

Envenoming by the West African saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus resembles that of most vipers, in that it results in local blistering, necrosis and sometimes life-threatening systemic haemorrhage. While effective against systemic envenoming, current antivenoms have little or no effect against local tissue damage. The major mediators of local venom pathology are the zinc-dependant snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs). The high degree of structural and functional homology between SVMPs and their mammalian relatives the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) suggests that substrate/inhibitor interactions between these subfamilies are likely to be analogous. In this study, four recently developed MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) (Marimastat, AG-3340, CGS-270 23A and Bay-12 9566) are evaluated in addition to three metal ion chelators (EDTA, TPEN and BAPTA) for their ability to inhibit the haemorrhagic activities of the medically important E. ocellatus venom and one of its haemorrhagic SVMPs, EoVMP2. As expected, the metal ion chelators significantly inhibited the haemorrhagic activities of both whole E. ocellatus venom and EoVMP2, while the synthetic MMPIs show more variation in their efficacies. These variations suggest that individual MMPIs show specificity towards SVMPs and that their application to the neutralization of local haemorrhage may require a synthetic MMPI mixture, ensuring that a close structural component for each SVMP is represented.     

In vivo antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus.

lambda-Carrageenan is a sulfated galactan isolated from some red algae and have been reported to have many kinds of biological activities. lambda-Carrageenan from Chondrus ocellatus, an important economic alga in China and many other parts of the world, was degraded by microwave, and obtained five products that have different molecular weight: 650, 240, 140, 15, 9.3 kDa. Analytical results confirmed that microwave degradation might not change the chemical components and structure of polysaccharides under certain condition. In this study, tumor-inhibiting activities, weight of immune organ, nature killer cells activity, lymphocyte proliferation ratio and pathological slice of spleen and tumor cells from the control group and lambda-carrageenan-treated mice of transplanted S180 and H22 tumor were investigated. The results indicated that the five lambda-carrageenan samples all showed antitumor and immunomodulation activities in different degree. Molecular weight of polysaccharides had notable effect on the activities. In addition, their antitumor and immunomodulation have some relevance and the five lambda-carrageenans probably inhibited tumor by means of activating the immunocompetence of the body. Among all the experiment results, samples with the highest activities are PC4 and PC5 whose molecular weight are 15 and 9.3 kDa.     

五种海洋生物抗衰老相关活性的实验研究

本文对海马、海地瓜等５种海洋生物进行微量元素分析，控索对抗应激、抗自由基、动物学习记忆能力、单胺氧化酶Ｂ活性和血流流变学的影响。结果除少数外，大部分都有显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０５或Ｐ〈０．０１），提示５种海洋生物对老年性疾病防治和老年保健具有一定意义。     

Antigenic relationships and relative immunogenicities of isolated metalloproteinases from Echis ocellatus venom.

The antigenic relationship between snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) was analysed using rabbit antisera raised against the native forms of two SVMPs purified from Echis ocellatus venom. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blotting and two-dimensional SDS-PAGE, our findings show that antibodies raised against EoVMP1, a non-haemorrhagic class P-I 24kDa SVMP, and EoVMP2, a haemorrhagic class P-III 56kDa SVMP, demonstrate cross-reactivities which relate to the domain hierarchy observed in class P-I to P-III/IV SVMPs. A third 65kDa P-III metalloproteinase (designated EoVMP3) was also isolated from E. ocellatus venom using hydrophobic interaction, size exclusion and anion exchange chromatography. In comparative immunoassays, EoVMP2 and EoVMP3 bound strongly to the commercial monovalent ovine Fab fragment antivenom EchiTAbtrade mark (raised against the same venom), but EoVMP1 showed no cross-reactivity. This could indicate that antivenoms may lack antibodies to potentially important venom components.