肾移植术后股神经病3例临床分析

目的总结肾移植术后股神经病的病因和诊治经验。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2016年10月发生的3例肾移植术后并发股神经病患者的临床资料。结果 3例肾移植患者术后1~4 d发生移植肾同侧股神经病。2例患者保守治疗,2周内恢复;1例患者行股神经探查术、瘢痕切除和神经外膜松解术,术后给予营养神经、针灸理疗等治疗,功能逐渐恢复。结论股神经缺血、牵开器损伤及血肿压迫是肾移植并发股神经病的主要原因,冰屑浸泡是可能原因。及早进行针灸、物理治疗及功能训练有助于恢复,短期疗效不好者应及早进行手术探查。     

二次肾移植术后并发原发性肝癌一例

肾移植术后患者并发肝细胞肝癌（hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）的发生比例为1．4％～4％，高于普通人群．我们检索国内文献散在报道肾移植术后并发HCC共28例，其中仅10例行手术切除.二次肾移植术再并发HCC病例尚未见报道。本文分析我院二次肾移植术后并发HCC并行手术切除1例．     

肾移植术后院内尿路感染的细菌学分析

目的：探讨肾移植术后院内发生尿路感染(UTI)的细菌学分布。方法：将148例肾移植患者分早期组和近期组,分析其UTI的细菌学分布情况。结果：早期组76例中发生UTI30例。分离出真菌16株,肠杆菌科菌14株,粪肠球菌4株,其他菌11株,其中多重耐药菌9株;并发严重毒血症4例。近期组72例中发生UTI16例,分离出真菌4株。肠杆菌科菌9株,粪肠球菌5株,其他菌4株;其中多重耐药菌株共同10株;并发严重毒血症7例。结论：大肠杆菌、粪肠球菌是肾移植术后院内发生UTI的主要病原菌;多重耐药菌株感染、严重毒血症及支原体感染。增加了肾移植的近期风险。     

肾移植术后并发恶性肿瘤10例

我院于1991年至2006年12月共行424例肾移植，其中汉族309例，维吾尔族（维族）57例，哈萨克族（哈族）44例，俄罗斯族5例，回族4例，蒙古族2例，锡伯族2例，朝鲜族1例。424例肾移植术后并发恶性肿瘤10例，其中汉族4例，回族2例，维族2例，哈族2例。患者中女性5例，男性5例，年龄17～61岁，平均47．5岁，均为第1次接受肾移植，供者均为汉族，供、受者血型相符。术后免疫抑制方案为：     

23例儿童肾移植临床分析

目的：探讨儿童肾移植的临床特点，提高肾移植效果。方法：对23例3～17岁的儿童肾移植资料进行回顾性分析。结果：术后随访5d至72个月，平均26．1个月，死亡1例，人、肾1年存活率分别为93．3％和86．6％。术后7例发生急性排斥反应，6例治疗后逆转，1例因并发移植肾静脉栓塞，切除移植肾；2例发生慢性排斥反应，1例移植肾功能丧失，恢复血液透析，另一例仍在随访治疗中；其它并发症有肺部感染4例，心力衰竭2例，肾静脉阻塞2例，肝功能损害2例，急性肾小管坏死1例。结论：儿童肾移植具有一定的特殊性，其血管较细、急性排斥反应发生率较高以及药物代谢快等都是应妥善处理的问题。     

肾移植术后恶性肿瘤4例报告

我院1992-1999年行同种异体肾移植126例，其中4例并发恶性肿瘤，现报告如下。例1男，56岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症并发乙肝表面抗原阳性于1996年行肾移植术，手术后肾功能3 d恢复正常，术后应用环孢素A（CsA)，硫唑嘌呤（Aza)，泼尼松（Pred)三联免疫抑制疗法。3年后突然出现上消化道出血。经胃镜及病理证实为胃印戒细胞癌，予对症治疗，3个月后因晚期胃癌带肾死亡。例2男，37岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症于1995年1月行肾移植术，术后肾功能恢复正常。常规使用CsA、Aza、Pred三联免疫抑制疗法。术后2年出现移植肾肾炎，增加免疫抑制…     

肾移植术后重症肺部感染的观察及护理

肺部感染是肾移植后最主要的感染并发症，亦是造成肾移植受者死亡的主要原因。因此，预防肾移植术后肺部感染和加强对此类患者的护理尤为重要。我院于1999年1月。2001年12月共行肾移植术236例，其中27例并发肺部感染，感染率为11．4％，24例救治成功，现将护理体会报告如下。     

肾移植术后并发淋巴结Kaposi肉瘤一例

肾移植术后并发淋巴结Ｋａｐｏｓｉ肉瘤一例胡仲荣，孔照如患者，男，２２岁。因慢性肾衰尿毒症经３４次血液透析后，于１９９２年６月１３日行尸体肾移植术。术后４２小时肾功能恢复正常。术后免疫抑制剂的应用：术前分２次给唑嘌呤（Ａｚａ）３００ｍｓ，术中及术后２天...     

肾移植术后并发结核感染的诊断及治疗经验

为了探讨肾移植术后并发结核感染的发生原因，诊断及治疗经验，观察了１１例肾移植术后并发结核感染的患者，结果为治愈６例，摘除移植肾４例，死亡１例。认为：（１）肾移植术后患者由于细胞免疫功能低下及接受抗排斥的免疫抑制剂，结核感染的发生率是一般人群的５０倍。（２）肾移植术后高热应用抗生素效果不佳者即使化验结果阴性也不能排除结核菌感染。（３）一旦确立诊断早期使用抗结核药物，同时将激素减为最低量。（４）对药物     

肾移植术后并发奴卡氏菌感染三例

３例患者肾移植术后并发奴卡氏菌感染。一例发生于移植术后半个月，另一例发生在急性排斥时，还有一例发生在慢性排斥移植肾失功后。３例患者均死亡。经病理解剖评实，１例为肺部奴卡氏菌感染，２例为全身播散性奴卡氏菌感染。认为肾移植术后并发奴卡氏菌感染的病例虽少，但其预后不佳，值得重视。     

Post-renal transplantation hypophosphatemia: a review and novel insights

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review intends to elucidate the pathophysiologic mechanism of renal phosphorus loss in the post-renal transplantation population. This review will provide new insight in to the pathophysiologic mechanism(s) responsible for the development of this phenomenon and will also explore the pathogenetic role of persistent phosphorus wasting in the development of post-renal transplantation osteodystrophy. RECENT FINDINGS: Recently, the phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor-23, has been ascertain to be increased in the sera of patients with chronic kidney and end-stage renal disease. There is new evidence that a non-PTH humoral factor is persistently present in post-renal transplantation patients that is likely responsible for the observed persistent renal phosphorus loss. We offer that fibroblast growth factor-23 (and/or other phosphatonins) is the culprit factor responsible for the phenomenon of persistent hypophosphatemia in post-renal transplantation patients. Moreover, we believe that the phenomenon of persistent renal phosphorus wasting is an important but overlooked cause of osteodystrophy and increased fracture risk in this patient population. SUMMARY: The pathophysiology of post-renal transplantation phosphorus wasting is complex and to date is still not fully recognized. Further studies of the regulatory mechanism of fibroblast growth factor-23 and its metabolism may offer additional insights into phosphorus homeostasis and its clinical application in the post-renal transplantation population.     

Rapamycin in lung transplantation: preliminary results

INTRODUCTION: Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressive agent with a different mechanism of action and different adverse effects from those of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs). OBJECTIVE: To analyze our experience with rapamycin in patients undergoing lung transplantation and heart-lung transplantation in our center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were treated with rapamycin when showing chronic rejection and/or toxicity associated with the CNI after lung transplantation or heartlung transplantation. Patients with chronic rejection were administered rapamycin in combination with CNIs, whereas the CNIs were eliminated in patients with toxicity. RESULTS: Since October 2001, 7 patients (4 women), of mean age 45+/-15 years, received treatment with rapamycin (heart-lung transplantation, 2 cases; lung transplantation, 5 cases). The indications were chronic rejection in 4 patients and CMIs toxicity in 3 patients (kidney failure in 2 cases and optic neuropathy in 1 case). Pulmonary function stabilization was observed in 3 of 4 patients receiving rapamycin for chronic rejection. In the 3 patients with CNIs toxicity elimination of these drugs did not result in pulmonary functional deterioration. Patients with kidney failure showed an improvement in creatinine levels; visual acuity improved in the patient with optic neuropathy. We observed 2 infectious complications (pneumococcal pneumonia and pulmonary aspergillosis), which resolved with treatment. CONCLUSION: Rapamycin is an alternative for lung-transplant recipients who develop chronic rejection and/or CNIs toxicity.     

肾移植术后急性及重症胰腺炎的治疗

目的:探讨肾移植术后急性及重症胰腺炎的治疗方法。方法:采用保守治疗方法治疗肾移植术后急性及重症胰腺炎6例,其中4例为急性胰腺炎,2例为重症胰腺炎。结果:4例急性胰腺炎患者全部治愈,2例重症胰腺炎患者均死亡。结论:对肾移植术后重症胰腺炎的治疗应因人而异,保守治疗对重症胰腺炎也有较好的效果;对急性胰腺炎以保守治疗为主。     

肾移植术中移植肾缺血的处理(附4例报告)

目的：探讨肾移植术中移植肾缺血的原因、预防措施及再灌注处理方法。方法：对移植术中移植肾缺血4例，分别采用离断肾动、静脉，离体灌注或切开肾静脉，离断肾动脉，原位灌注和肾动脉再与髂内动脉吻合方法处理。结果：4例患者术后移植肾功能恢复良好。随访3～15个月，每天尿量1500～3000ml，血肌酐均在正常范围，高血压均有不同程度缓解。结论：移植术中移植肾缺血在排除超急排斥原因后，原因未明或不能迅速纠正，应果断重新吻合血管，行移植肾再灌注。为防止髂外动脉成角导致移植肾缺血，髂外动脉不宜游离过长，以4cm左右为宜。     

移植肾周围包裹性积液

移植肾周围包裹性积液是肾移植术后较常见的外科并发症。我院自1986年7月至1996年6月,共进行同种异体肾脏移植手术1175例次,发现移植肾周围包裹性积液12例,患病率为1.02％,男性8例,女性4例,年龄27～52岁。其中淋巴性囊肿2例,腹水性囊肿4例,因组织渗出而形成囊肿6例。根据囊肿大小及性质不同,分别采用穿刺抽液法、切开引流法及注射无水酒精等,总有效率为100％。     

肾移植术后肺部感染患者免疫抑制剂的应用

目的:探讨肾移植术后肺部感染患者救治过程中免疫抑制剂的应用方案.方法:报告22例肺部感染的肾移植患者的临床资料.重症肺部感染13例,肺部感染早期或症状较轻的9例.前者立即停用所有免疫抑制剂,给予甲基泼尼松龙;后者减少或调整免疫移植剂用药方案等.13例检出病原菌,其中混合感染10例.结果:18例治愈,移植肾功能正常;死亡2例,放弃治疗2例.结论:对肾移植术后肺部感染及时停用或调整免疫抑制剂用量和组合方案,保护移植.肾的功能和及早确定病原菌等,均有利于提高其治愈率,减少死亡率.     

Femoral neuropathy following renal transplantation

Femoral neuropathy is an uncommon complication that can occur subsequent to a number of abdominal and/or pelvic procedures. The neuropathy is usually evident immediately after the operation, but there may be some delay in diagnosis of the clinical problem. The neuropathy generally resolves completely after a period of time, but in some instances there may be a residual deficit. Four cases of femoral neuropathy are described which developed after operation for renal transplantation.     

A case of an accelerated uremic neuropathy

We present a 62-year-old man, with a prior history of diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic heart disease, and chronic renal failure requiring peritoneal dialysis, who developed accelerated uremic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Our patient significantly improved after effective hemodialysis. Although renal transplantation is a curable therapy for uremic neuropathy, effective dialysis is still an important treatment for the group of patients who cannot undergo renal transplantation.     

Familial hypomagnesaemia — hypercalciuria leading to end-stage renal failure

Several disorders of hypomagnesaemia of hetary renal origin are now recognised. The cases of two sisters from a consanguineous marriage with the syndrome of renal magnesium wasting, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis are presented. Pathological examination of the heterozygous parental kidneys revealed mild focal interstitial fibrosis. This condition is a previously unreported cause of end-stage renal failure in chilhhood, and this report suggests that transplantation from heterozygous parental donors can be successfully undertaken without recurrence currence of the syndrome.     

Signs of autonomic neuropathy in childhood uremia

To evaluate the presence of autonomic neuropathy in childhood uremia, cardiovascular autonomic reflexes were examined in children with chronic renal failure. Cardiovascular autonomic reflexes of 10 uremic patients on chronic dialysis and 10 transplanted patients were compared to assess the effect of transplantation on autonomic neuropathy. Resting heart rate, heart rate changes induced by deep breathing, by Valsalva maneuver, and following standing up, and blood pressure change induced by handgrip test were examined. Of the 10 uremic children, 4 showed early involvement and 2 had definite involvement of autonomic neuropathy. Only 1 of the 10 transplanted patients showed early signs of autonomic neuropathy. Autonomic tests demonstrated predominantly parasympathetic dysfunction. In conclusion, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy is not rare in children and adolescents and young adults with chronic renal failure. In contrast, the prevalence is very low in transplanted patients with similar uremic precedents. Efforts should be made to prevent or delay this uremia- related complication. Received: 12 May 2000 / Revised: 9 August 2000 / Accepted: 15 August 2000