签名中嵌入用户身份信息的公平合同签署协议

通过在Schnorr签名中嵌入用户的身份信息设计了一个公平的合同签署协议。与已有的没有嵌入用户身份信息的合同签署协议相比,该协议具有更好的公平性。另外本协议还引入了n个离线的半可信第三方,分析表明这不仅实现了签名者隐私的保护,还有效地降低了签名者中的一方与离线半可信第三方合谋来获取另一方签名的概率,它的理论基础是公开可验证秘密分享。     

签名中嵌入用户身份信息的公平合同签署协议

通过在Schnorr签名中嵌入用户的身份信息设计了一个公平的合同签署协议。与已有的没有嵌入用户身份信息的合同签署协议相比,该协议具有更好的公平性。另外本协议还引入了n个离线的半可信第三方,分析表明这不仅实现了签名者隐私的保护,还有效地降低了签名者中的一方与离线半可信第三方合谋来获取另一方签名的概率,它的理论基础是公开可验证秘密分享。     

基于公开可验证秘密分享的公平合同签署协议

通过引入n个离线半可信第三方提出一种新的公平合同签署协议.该协议利用公开可验证秘密分享(PVSS)原理,不仅实现了签名者隐私的保护,还有效地降低了签名者中的一方与离线半可信第三方合谋来获取另一方签名的概率,从而使得合同签署协议具有更好的公平性.另外,本协议还通过利用多重签名技术,使签名者最终获得同时包含双方签名的合同,这是传统纸质合同的显著特点,因此提出的协议具有一定的实用性.     

基于区块链的数据安全管理系统

数据作为21世纪最重要的资源财富,能为人们创造巨大的商业价值,而数据共享能使收益最大化.针对数据共享存在的隐私泄露、第三方信任危机、数据确权等问题,提出一种基于区块链场景的数据安全管理系统.利用区块链共识协议实现去中心化的数据共享,隐私安全是数据共享的关键,采用签密和基于LWE的BGN加密方案解决隐私泄露问题,采用区块...     

基于区块链的公平合同签署协议

一个公平的合同签署协议需要使签名者在协议结束的时候能够同时获取有效的合同、或者无法获取任何有用的信息。大部分的合同签署协议需要一个可信赖的第三方来确保公平性。区块链技术给我们提供了全球账本和计时器。这个计时器在一个新区块出现的时候更新,每一个区块都可以通过块头中的哈希值标识。如果我们假定这个哈希值是均匀分布的,就可以使用Rabin签名信标来实现一个公平合同签署协议。这些协议不需要改变底层区块链技术的任何操作,并且不需要提交任何矿工费就可以完成合同签署。     

基于区块链的可搜索加密人才履历共享方案

随着社会的发展,人才履历真实与否在企业招聘环节至关重要,传统基于第三方机构的履历存证存在数据管理中心化、履历造假等问题难以解决.针对上述问题,提出一种基于区块链的可搜索加密人才履历共享方案.首先,利用区块链不可篡改的特性结合链上链下协同存储机制保证了履历数据的真实性;其次,在履历数据共享过程中,利用区块链去中心化的特性取代传统第三方机构,并结合可搜索加密技术实现了参与方之间的公平性与数据存储、更新时的隐私保护;最后从安全性和正确性角度对方案进行分析,证明了本方案能解决上述难题.     

具有多个仲裁者的可验证加密签名方案及应用

可验证加密签名方案常用于构建公平交换协议,公平交换协议中的可信第三方往往会成为瓶颈。该文将Boneh等提出的单仲裁者可验证加密签名方案扩展为具有多个仲裁者的方案,方案应用无可信中心的可验证秘密共享技术实现了仲裁权力的分散。基于所构建的方案设计了一个公平合同签署协议,协议的可信第三方由多个仲裁者来构成,降低了第三方与其中一方合谋欺骗的风险。除此之外,协议具有不可伪造性、非透明性、公平性和机密性。由于该方案的设计是基于短签名方案和聚集签名方案,因此具有更高的通信效率。     

基于区块链的云数据审计方案

云存储凭借高扩展性、高可靠性、低成本的数据管理优点得到用户青睐。然而,如何确保云数据完整性成为亟待解决的安全挑战。目前的云数据完整性审计方案,绝大部分是基于半可信第三方来提供公共审计服务,它们存在单点失效、性能瓶颈以及泄露用户隐私等问题。针对这些缺点提出了基于区块链的审计模型。该模型采用分布式网络、共识算法建立一个去中心化、易扩展的网络解决单点失效问题和计算力瓶颈,利用区块链技术和共识算法加密用户数据保证数据不可窜改和伪造,确保了用户数据的隐私。实验结果表明,与基于半可信第三方云数据审计方案相比,该模型能够保护用户隐私,显著提高了审计效率,减少通信开销。     

区块链中可监管的身份隐私保护方案

在账本公开、多方共识情况下确保交易身份的隐私保护是区块链技术面临的主要挑战之一.目前公有链中基于匿名认证和交易混淆的身份隐私保护方案由于缺乏监管又难于在行业应用中推广.借鉴门罗币中的身份隐私保护方案,引入监管方的角色,基于一次性地址加密和零知识证明设计了可监管的交易接收方身份隐私保护方案;结合可链接环签名和可撤销环签名设计了可链接可撤销环签名方案,以实现基于自主混淆的可监管交易发送方身份隐私保护方案.基于上述方案,系统在保护交易方身份隐私的同时,还支持监管方可离线恢复交易参与方的真实身份,从而达到“可控匿名”的监管目的.分析和测试结果表明,方案设计的算法运算时间均为毫秒级,可满足区块链非高频交易场景下的性能需求.     

多元合同签署协议

利用Cha-Cheon的基于身份的签名方案提出了一个可证安全的基于身份的可验证加密签名(verifiably encrypted signature,简称 VES)方案,并利用该方案和基于身份的代理可验证加密签名(proxy verifiably encrypted signature,简称 PVES)方案提出了一个新颖的多元合同签署协议.信息交换过程中,原始签名者或代理签名者分别利用VES或PVES实现承诺消息的交换与认证,并未使用复杂的零知识证明系统,从而有效避免了大量运算.当争议发生时,可信第三方从VES或PVES中恢复出有效的合同签名,以保证签署者的公平性.安全性分析结果表明,协议满足不可否认性、时效性以及公平性.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).