中国大陆新生代典型火山区温室气体释放的规模及其成因

火山活动能够将地球深部的碳输送到大气圈,是地质碳排放和深部碳循环的重要形式.火山作用不仅在喷发期能够释放大量温室气体,而且在休眠期也能释放巨量的温室气体.在全球变暖的背景下,定量化地研究火山活动对大气圈温室气体含量增加的贡献具有至关重要的意义.本文利用密闭气室法等该领域国际先进的测试技术,测量并计算了长白山、腾冲、五大连池及青藏高原南部的羊八井等典型火山区的温室气体释放规模.结果显示,我国大陆新生代典型火山区向大气圈输送的温室气体总通量约为8.13×10⁶t·a^-1,接近10⁷t·a^-1级别,相当于全球火山活动导致的温室气体(主要为CO₂)释放总量的6%左右.太平洋构造域火山区的温室气体在释放通量与总量方面均低于特提斯构造域,并且太平洋构造域火山气体的地壳混染程度较低,显示出大洋俯冲带与大陆俯冲带火山区温室气体释放的成因差异.     

中国东北晚中生代-新生代盆山体系构造演化及成因探讨

中国东北盆山体系主要形成和发展于晚侏罗世晚期-新近纪,经历了晚侏罗世晚期-早白垩世小盆山（盆岭）和晚白垩世-新近纪大盆山（盆山）两个阶段的构造发展过程.盆岭阶段起始于东北高原向盆岭体系转换的张家口期,全盛于义县-九佛堂期,萎缩于盆岭向盆山体系构造转换的沙海-阜新期,结束于张老公屯期（东山期）.盆山阶段经历了晚白垩世早期大规模拗陷、晚白垩世晚期拗陷萎缩、古近纪大规模裂谷和新近纪后裂谷拗陷.认为太平洋板块对盆山体系形成和发展有巨大的影响,但无论是板块、地幔柱和超级地幔柱均不太可能形成如此规模,又具北北东向的中-新生代岩浆岩带和盆山体系,更可能是超级地幔热带、地幔柱和东亚多向板块汇聚背景下,西太平洋板块俯冲共同作用的结果.     

中国东北新生代火山活动与地热资源

本文论述了中国东北新生代火山活动的时—空分布规律和温泉及热流高值区的空间分布特征,揭示了热流高值区和温泉分布区与新生代火山活动、裂谷运动和断裂活动的内在联系,特别强调了活动断裂对温泉和地热高异常区形成的控制作用。提出新生代火山活动区、裂谷盆地、断裂强烈活动区和大地震发生区,以及活化的古板块缝合带等地区,是最有利的地热资源勘探靶区。     

东非裂谷系统(EARS)地幔柱成因的新生代火山作用地球化学标志

本文应用岩浆岩地球化学图解对东非裂谷系统(EARS)火山岩的岩石地球化学数据进行处理,重点回顾和讨论埃塞俄比亚大裂谷(MER)、阿法(Afar)盆地及肯尼亚裂谷火山作用的构造环境和地幔柱成因.MER火山岩的岩石类型具双峰式火山岩套特征,以高Ti的大陆溢流玄武岩(CFB)-大陆洋岛玄武岩(OIB)-流纹岩系列为主,缺少中性岩,是来自地幔柱岩浆分异的结果,与板块俯冲作用无关.阿法(Afar)盆地和红海为CFB-MORB系列.肯尼亚裂谷(KR)及埃塞俄比亚大裂谷最南端图尔卡纳盆地只见以大陆OIB,缺乏流纹岩.EARS是一个主动型地幔柱,由地幔上涌冲击地壳底部而成,其火山岩以富集常量元素Ti、Fe和Mg,富集高场强元素Nb、Ta和相容元素V、Cr、Co和Ni为特征.绝大多数EARS火山岩的Nb/Zr>0.04和Ta/Hf比值>0.1,在地球化学-构造环境判别图上落在板内火山岩的范围内(大洋板内和地幔柱),集中在Nb/Zr>0.15和Ta/Hf比值>0.3范围内的火山岩样品可能为主动地幔柱成因.根据La/Nb、Ce/Pb和Ba/La比值,地幔柱成因的MER火山岩可分为受地壳混染地幔和未受地壳混染的原始地幔两种类型.La/Nb(≤1)、Ce/Pb(30~50)、Ba/Nb比值(>10)和La/Yb≤12是来源于未受地壳混染原始地幔的重要判别标志.地球化学证据(微量元素,Sr-Nd-Pb-He同位素)表明,MER-阿拉伯-也门地幔柱起源于深部核-幔边界的HIMU.MER-Afar的前裂谷和同裂谷火山岩(50-12 Ma)具有高的3He同位素标志(R/Ra比值>16.4)说明其非洲板块之下存在一个深藏的地幔岩浆源深度大于670 km,位于石榴子石-尖晶石橄榄岩过渡带(图6b、c、d).MER-Afar大火山岩省及其最南端图尔卡纳湖和肯尼亚地体(克拉通,改造的克拉通边缘和活动带)深部地壳底部之下的HIMU地幔可能是导致裂谷型的OIB和CFB异常发育的岩浆源区,而Afar洼地(吉布提)、红海和亚丁湾形成于后裂谷期(5~0 Ma)的MORB和亏损LREE玄武岩则归因于HIMU、富集地幔(EM1-EM2)与DM混合地幔源的熔融,其岩浆源区位地壳拉张减薄带之下的尖晶石橄榄岩区.     

青藏高原南部及邻区深部碳释放规模与成因

不同构造背景下的深部碳释放通量与机制研究对于深刻理解长时间尺度的气候变化具有重要意义,以往的相关研究多集中在洋中脊、大洋俯冲带和大陆裂谷等地质单元,缺少对大陆碰撞带深部碳释放规模与机理的关注,从而制约了对大陆碰撞带深部碳循环过程及其气候环境效应的进一步认识。青藏高原起源于印度和欧亚大陆的碰撞,是研究大陆碰撞带深部碳循环的理想地区。为此,在近年来青藏高原温室气体释放野外观测与研究的基础上,本文估算了高原南部及邻区火山-地热区的CO₂释放规模并探讨了其释放模式。气体He-C同位素地球化学与温泉水热活动特征等显示,青藏高原南部及邻区的深部碳释放主要受深部岩浆房、断裂和浅部水热系统等因素的控制。依据深部流体源区和上升运移控制因素的差异,可以将青藏高原南部及邻区的深部碳释放划分为三大类:(1)以壳内水热系统脱碳为主的藏南地区;(2)深大断裂控制的以水热系统脱碳为主的川西地区;(3)深部岩浆房和浅部水热系统共同控制的滇西南地区。青藏高原南部土壤微渗漏CO₂释放通量介于18.7~52.3Mt/yr之间,温泉溶解无机碳释放通量约为0.13Mt/yr;高原邻区的川西、滇东南断裂带温泉CO₂释放规模为0.1Mt/yr;腾冲火山区CO₂释放通量介于4.5~7.1Mt/yr之间。本研究认为,青藏高原南部及邻区每年向大气圈释放CO₂的规模为23.4~59.6Mt,这一规模与全球其他构造背景(如洋中脊、大洋俯冲带、大陆裂谷等)火山区深部碳释放规模相当,表明以青藏高原为代表的大陆碰撞带是地质源CO₂释放的重要场所。     

安徽庐枞盆地中巴家滩岩体的岩石地球化学特征及成因

巴家滩岩体位于长江中下游庐枞中生代火山岩盆地的中心地带,出露面积约4km2.岩性主要为辉石二长岩和含英辉石二长岩,发育黄铁矿化和黄铜矿化.野外及室内证据表明该岩体可分为两期,第一期表现为闪长质岩石包体;第二期主要为旱阶段的辉石二长岩和晚阶段的含石英辉石二长岩.巴家滩岩体随着由早到晚的演化,其SiO2含量、总碱含量(Na2O K2O)和岩石的氧化度不断增高.稀土配分整体呈右倾趋势,轻稀土富集,重稀土分馏不明显.岩石学、稀土和微量元素地球化学特征表明巴家滩岩体成岩物质来源于富含金云母的富集地幔Ⅱ.巴家滩岩体属于橄榄玄粗岩系,形成于伸展构造环境.巴家滩岩体具有高Al2O2、Sr、St/Y、La/Yb,低Y、Yb、Sr正异常,Eu弱负异常,与沙溪岩体的特征相似,早期包体的Cu含量高达0.8402,推断在其深部可能有可能有类似沙溪岩体的矿化岩浆存在.     

腾冲新生代火山区CO2气体释放通量及其成因

许多研究结果表明,休眠期火山主要通过喷气孔、温泉以及土壤微渗漏三种方式向大气圈释放温室气体。腾冲是我国重要的新生代火山区之一,同时也是主要的水热活动区,但是关于温室气体释放通量的研究却鲜有报道。本文首次估算了该地区土壤微渗漏和温泉水的CO2释放通量,并根据气体成分的分析结果探讨了这些温室气体的来源。2012~2013年连续两年使用密闭气室法现场测量了土壤微渗漏CO2通量,结果表明,马站、热海-黄瓜箐和五合-蒲川-团田三个地区通量较高,其中,热海-黄瓜箐地区平均通量最高,马站次之,五合-蒲川-团田地区最低。较高的土壤微渗漏CO2释放地区同前人推断的岩浆囊的分布在空间上具有较好的一致性;三个地区气体的3He/4He比值较高,三端元模拟结果表明,它们均有较高含量的幔源He释放;根据气体CO2/3He与δ13CCO,CO2模拟计算,CO2主要来源于碳酸盐矿物的脱碳作用和岩浆脱气。由此推断2的释放同深部的岩浆囊具有重要的成因联系,它为碳酸盐矿物的脱碳作用提供了主要的热源,同时也是重要的物质来源。根据土壤微渗漏CO2平均通量及火山、地热异常区的分布面积估算出三个地区土壤微渗漏CO2的释放通量分别为1.8×106t/a(马站),3.2×106t/a(热海-黄瓜箐)和2.0×106t/a(五合-蒲川-团田)。腾冲新生代火山区每年通过土壤微渗漏向大气圈释放CO2的量至少可达7.0×106t,为意大利Etna火山区释放CO2通量(1.4×107t/a)的二分之一。通过水岩相互作用计算温泉水中CO2气体的释放通量为4.9×104t/a。腾冲温泉气泡及温泉水向大气圈释放CO2气体的总通量为5.3×104t/a,远高于意大利Vulcano火山区温泉释放的CO2总通量(3.7×103t/a)。     

中国东北软流圈地幔中的原始橄榄岩质地幔:来自大兴安岭地区新生代玄武岩的地球化学证据

为了进一步了解中国东北新生代玄武岩地幔源区的物质属性,报道了大兴安岭哈拉哈河-柴河地区新生代玄武岩的全岩主量、微量元素和Sr、Nd、Pb、Hf同位素组成.哈拉哈河-柴河玄武岩属钠质碱性系列,具有与洋岛玄武岩相似的微量元素特征,如富集大离子亲石元素（LILEs）、明显的Nb、Ta正异常等.它们具有中等亏损的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成（87Sr/86Sr=0.703 5~0.703 9、ε_Nd=5.21~6.55、ε_Hf=10.00~11.25）,接近中国东部新生代玄武岩的亏损端元.这些玄武岩具有中等的放射成因Pb同位素组成（206Pb/204Pb=18.37~18.57、207Pb/204Pb=15.52~15.54和208Pb/204Pb=38.24~38.43）,在206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb相关图上位于4.42~4.45 Ga的地球等时线之间.它们在Sr-Nd-Pb同位素相关图中均落入地幔柱来源的、高3He/4He比（>30R_a）的洋岛玄武岩范围内,暗示其源区可能存在来自深部地幔的古老原始地幔物质.此外,这些玄武岩具有高MgO（8.49%~11.58%）、高Ni（174×10-6~362×10-6）和高Mg#（59.1~66.9）的特征,表明它们接近于原始岩浆的成分.反演的哈拉哈河-柴河玄武岩的原始岩浆组成具有中等的SiO₂、低Al₂O₃以及高CaO/Al₂O₃比的特征,与石榴子石橄榄岩高压（>2.5 GPa）实验熔体的成分相当,暗示玄武岩的源区岩性最可能为橄榄岩.对以原始地幔（而不是亏损地幔）的微量元素为初始成分的饱满石榴子石二辉橄榄岩进行低程度（1%~2%）部分熔融的模拟计算,产生的熔体与哈拉哈河-柴河玄武岩具有一致的微量元素特征,这进一步支持了上述推断.综上所述,认为大兴安岭地区哈拉哈河-柴河玄武岩的源区含有来自深部地幔的古老的橄榄岩质原始地幔组分.      

用遥感图像分析中国东北新生代地壳水平运动

从遥感地质角度，结合地质、地貌来研究东北地区新生代地壳水平运动特征、规律。东北新生代地壳水平运动表现为水系变形、山体错移、新构造被错断、地质体错移变形等。呈现出其运动的广泛性、协调性、多期性、继承性和持续性。该区的应力场在新生代期间多次改变，并控制了主要断裂的活动方式。     

中国东北鸡西新生代玄武岩源区岩性制约

新生代火山岩在中国东北地区广泛出露,主要集中于松辽盆地周缘。其中盆地东部多沿抚顺—密山、依兰—伊通断裂带分布,尤其集中于长白山地区,以钠质玄武岩为主。前人研究表明,东北地区的地幔源区存在显著的化学不均一性,暗示这些玄武岩复杂的成因。为进一步查明它们的地幔源区岩性,揭示其岩石成因,文章选择抚顺—密山断裂带北部鸡西地区的玄武岩开展研究工作。研究区玄武岩岩性变化较大,其SiO₂含量为44.2～49.6 wt%,MgO含量为6.7～10.6 wt%,在TAS分类图上可进一步细分为碧玄岩、粗面玄武岩及玄武岩三个类别。微量元素上,研究样品呈现不相容元素相对富集的特征,具Nb、Ta的正异常和Pb、Ti的负异常,与洋岛玄武岩的微量元素组成相类似。通过计算研究样品的原生岩浆组成,发现其具有富MgO、贫SiO₂和CaO的特征,在透辉石向CATS-橄榄石-石英的投影图上落在贫硅辉石岩的区域内;同时结合玄武岩较高的FC3MS(FeO^T/CaO-3×MgO/SiO₂)值,认为其源区确实存在辉石岩组分的贡献。为进一步证实上述岩...     

Extreme source heterogeneity and complex contamination patterns along the Cameroon Volcanic Line: New geochemical data from the Bamoun plateau

We investigated mafic and felsic volcanic rocks from the Bamoun plateau, a magmatic province located north of Mount Cameroon, in the continental part of the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Basalts and dacites were probably emplaced more than 40 Ma ago, while basanites represent very young volcanic eruptions. Among the basalts, some of them have suffered crustal contamination during their uprise through the continental crust, and their primary trace element and isotopic compositions have been slightly modified. The formation of the dacites was also accompanied by some crustal contamination. Non-contaminated rocks show that the oldest magmas are transitional basalts formed by relatively high degrees of partial melting of a moderately enriched mantle source, probably containing pyroxenites. Recent basanites were produced by very low partial melting degrees of an enriched mantle source with HIMU composition, but different from the source of the nearby Mount Cameroon lavas. The mantle beneath the CVL is thus very heterogeneous, and the tendency towards more alkaline mafic-ultramafic compositions in the youngest volcanic manifestations along the CVL seems to be a general feature of all CVL.     

大陆亚碱性火山岩的成因多样性：以敦化—密山和东宁火山岩带为例

对东北牡丹江海浪、鸡西鸡林、东宁老黑山三处亚碱性玄武岩类进行了柏A卜”Ar定年和元素与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究,结果显示,始新世海浪（玄武）安山岩属钙碱性系列,相对富硅碱,贫铁钙,高度富集Rb、Ba、Sr,亏损Th、U、Nb、Ta,富集LREE及极低的HREE含量,与五大连池钾质火山岩相近的同位素组成（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．56～16．66,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．44—15．47,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．80—36．95;ISr=0．704882～0．705564;εNd=-4．05～2．29）,表明来源于较厚的、受交代作用影响的含石榴石富集（LoMu）岩石圈地幔;中中新世鸡林拉斑玄武岩分布极为局限,辉石斑晶发育骸晶结构,富铁、钙、钛,不亏损Nb、Ta,富集Ba、Sr,REE相对平坦,HREE高于OIB,Sr、Nd同位素组成相似于Samoa岛玄武岩,显示源区除软流圈成分外,还有EMII富集组分的加入;晚中新世老黑山拉斑玄武岩,低碱低钾,LREE轻度富集,Nb、Ta不明显亏损,同位素比值与镜泊湖一带中新世碱性玄武岩范围一致,主要来源于软流圈并与富集岩石圈（EMI）发生过相互作用。地幔源区经历了古近纪富集地幔源到中新世软流圈组分增多的演化。东北新生代拉斑玄武岩不同的地球化学特征为认识大陆拉斑玄武岩成因的多样性提供了有益启示。     

Helium and carbon isotope variations in Liaodong Peninsula,NE China

Chemical and C–He isotopic compositions have been measured for N₂-rich hydrothermal gases from the Liaodong (abbreviation of East Liaoning Province) Peninsula from which the oldest crustal rocks in China with ⩾3.8 Ga outcrop. With the exception of one sample containing tritogenic ³He and atmospheric ⁴He in Liaoyang, the observed ³He/⁴He ratios from 0.1 Ra to 0.7 Ra indicate 1–8% helium from mantle, 92–98% from crust and 0.1–0.8% from atmosphere. Despite the lack of Quaternary volcanism, such ³He/⁴He ratios suggest, together with geophysical evidences, the existence of intrusive magmas that contain mantle helium and heat within the Liaodong middle-lower crust. The ³He/⁴He ratios are high along the NE-trending Jinzhou faults and gradually decrease with the increase of distance from the faults. Such a spatial distribution suggests that the mantle helium exsolves from magmatic reservoir in the middle-lower crust, becomes focused into the root zones of Jinzhou faults, and subsequently traverses the crust via permeable fault zones. When transversely migrated by groundwater circulation in near surface, mantle helium with high ³He/⁴He ratio may have been further diluted to the observed values by addition of radiogenic helium produced in the crust. This pattern shows strong evidence that the major faults played an important role on mantle-derived components transport from mantle upwards.     

长白山火山区温泉温室气体排放通量研究

温泉是深部岩浆活动在地表的直接表现,并且向大气圈排放大量的温室气体.然而,国内尚无火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量研究报道.我国长白山火山区水热活动强烈,主要有湖滨温泉带、聚龙温泉群、锦江温泉以及火山口外围的十八道沟温泉.本文利用数字皂膜流量计测量温泉气体排放通量,并结合前人对长白山火山区温泉气体成分的研究成果,估算了研究区温泉所排放的温室气体通量.结果表明,长白山火山区温泉排放的CO2通量为6.9×104t·a-1,CH4排放通量为428.44t·a-1,与意大利Pantelleria Island火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量规模相当.本文的测试结果表明:数字皂膜流量计在火山区温室气体排放通量估算研究中的应用是可行的.     

Crustal structure of the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin

The 1000-km-long Darlag–Lanzhou–Jingbian seismic refraction profile is located in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau. This profile crosses the northern Songpan-Ganzi terrane, the Qinling-Qilian fold system, the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, and the stable Ordos basin. The P-wave and S-wave velocity structure and Poisson's ratios reveal many significant characteristics in the profile. The crustal thickness increases from northeast to southwest. The average crustal thickness observed increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane. The crust becomes obviously thicker south of the Haiyuan fault and beneath the West-Qinlin Shan. The crustal velocities have significant variations along the profile. The average P-wave velocities for the crystalline crust vary between 6.3 and 6.4 km/s. Beneath the Songpan-Ganzi terrane, West-Qinling Shan, and Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region P-wave velocities of 6.3 km/s are 0.15 km/s lower than the worldwide average of 6.45 km/s. North of the Kunlun fault, with exclusion of the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region, the average P-wave velocity is 6.4 km/s and only 0.5 km/s lower than the worldwide average. A combination of the P-wave velocity and Poisson's ratio suggests that the crust is dominantly felsic in composition with an intermediate composition at the base. A mafic lower crust is absent in the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau from the Songpan-Ganzi terrane to the Ordos basin. There are low velocity zones in the West-Qinling Shan and the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region. The low velocity zones have low S-wave velocities and high Poisson's ratios, so it is possible these zones are due to partial melting. The crust is divided into two layers, the upper and the lower crust, with crustal thickening mainly in the lower crust as the NE Tibetan plateau is approached. The results in the study show that the thickness of the lower crust increases from 22 to 38 km as the crustal thickness increases from 42 km in the Ordos basin to 63 km in the Songpan-Ganzi terrane south of the Kunlun fault. Both the Conrad discontinuity and Moho in the West-Qinling Shan and in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are laminated interfaces, implying intense tectonic activity. The arcuate faults and large earthquakes in the Haiyuan arcuate tectonic region are the result of interaction between the Tibetan plateau and the Sino–Korean and Gobi Ala Shan platforms.     

Crustal structure of mainland China from deep seismic sounding data

Since 1958, about ninety seismic refraction/wide angle reflection profiles, with a cumulative length of more than sixty thousand kilometers, have been completed in mainland China. We summarize the results in the form of (1) a new contour map of crustal thickness, (2) fourteen representative crustal seismic velocity–depth columns for various tectonic units, and, (3) a Pn velocity map. We found a north–south-trending belt with a strong lateral gradient in crustal thickness in central China. This belt divides China into an eastern region, with a crustal thickness of 30–45 km, and a western region, with a thickness of 45–75 km. The crust in these two regions has experienced different evolutionary processes, and currently lies within distinct tectonic stress fields. Our compilation finds that there is a high-velocity (7.1–7.4 km/s) layer in the lower crust of the stable Tarim basin and Ordos plateau. However, in young orogenic belts, including parts of eastern China, the Tianshan and the Tibetan plateau, this layer is often absent. One exception is southern Tibet, where the presence of a high-velocity layer is related to the northward injection of the cold Indian plate. This high-velocity layer is absent in northern Tibet. In orogenic belts, there usually is a low-velocity layer (LVL) in the crust, but in stable regions this layer seldom exists. The Pn velocities in eastern China generally range from 7.9 to 8.1 km/s and tend to be isotropic. Pn velocities in western China are more variable, ranging from 7.7 to 8.2 km/s, and may display azimuthal anisotropy.     

东北地区中生代岩石圈减薄时间上限的厘定:来自松辽盆地营城组火山岩年代学约束

松辽盆地是我国东北地区一个大型的晚中生代含油气沉积盆地。在盆地发育早期阶段受强烈伸展作用影响形成了大规模的断陷和大量的火山活动。本文以松辽盆地北部徐家围子断陷区火山岩的年代学研究为切入点,通过对徐家围子断陷升深更2井和徐深9-2井营城组(K_1y)火山岩的岩芯样品进行SHRIMP U-Pb定年,获得了营城组火山岩年龄为114～112 Ma,并认为该年龄结果代表了松辽盆地区域晚中生代岩浆作用的上限时间。通过对松辽盆地及邻区的火山年代学的对比发现:中国东北地区晚中生代曾发生过多期的岩浆事件,时间分别为:166～150 Ma;140～130 Ma;130～120 Ma;114～109 Ma。松辽盆地内早白垩世营城组火山岩年龄与我国东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆作用时间一致,指示了东北地区中生代最后一期岩浆事件年龄。松辽盆地营城组火山岩年龄的厘定将为本区中生代岩石圈减薄的上限时间提供进一步可靠的年代学约束。