喷气燃料防冰剂研究进展

飞机在高空飞行时,燃料中的水在低温下可能析出并结冰,存在安全隐患。国内目前使用的防冰剂T1301会降低喷气燃料的闪点,不适用于高闪点喷气燃料。美国目前使用的防冰剂使油箱内壁涂层溶胀、脱落,污染燃油,也存在安全隐患。国内对喷气燃料防冰剂的研究较少。对防冰剂的研究背景、国内外研究现状、防冰剂作用机理进行了论述,指出了目前常用防冰剂存在的问题,对国内防冰剂研究提出了建议。     

喷气燃料热氧化安定性对发动机燃油系统沉积物生成影响研究

利用JFTOT试验机和HiReTS试验机模拟发动机燃油系统对喷气燃料的热氧化安定性进行考察，并对沉积物形成进行研究。试验结果表明，随着喷气燃料热氧化安定性的提高,试验过程中生成的沉积物量减少；在产生的沉积物量相同的情况下，热氧化安定性高的喷气燃料试验时间更长，说明通过提高喷气燃料的热氧化安定性可以显著减少发动机燃油系统产生沉积物，延长发动机使用寿命。     

三乙二醇单甲醚作为喷气燃料防冰剂研究

喷气燃料中加入防冰剂可以防止燃料中的水在低温下析出结冰。目前使用的二乙二醇单甲醚因蒸汽压较低对环氧树脂涂层有影响,因此存在安全隐患。初步评价了三乙二醇单甲醚作为喷气燃料防冰剂的防冰性能以及对几种涂层的影响。结果表明,三乙二醇单甲醚具有较好的防冰性能,对涂层的影响较小,有可能作为新的防冰剂。     

喷气燃料润滑性影响因素研究

喷气燃料的润滑性直接关系到燃油系统能否正常运行。当喷气燃料的润滑性较差时，会加速燃油泵柱塞球面的磨损，从而导致供油量不足，发动机转速下降，严重时甚至会引起空中停车事故。因此，对喷气燃料润滑性影响因素的考察一直是行业内研究的重点。本文考察了温度、湿度、调油组分、添加剂、调油方案等因素对喷气燃料润滑性的影响，并分析了其影响机理。提醒从业人员要严格按照标准SH/T0687—2000规定的条件进行喷气燃料润滑性分析，并建议调油单位合理判断民用喷气燃料中的抗磨剂添加量，在保证喷气燃料质量合格的前提下，达到降本减费的目的。     

含无灰抗静电剂喷气燃料电导率储存影响的研究

研究了加入抗静电添加剂的喷气燃料的电导率在储存中的衰减趋势和规律,并讨论了电导率衰减的原因及机理.研究结果表明,喷气燃料储存期、储存介质、喷气燃料变色等原因均会对喷气燃料的电导率产生影响.加人无灰型抗静电添加剂的喷气燃料,在长期储存时电导率衰减趋势为缓衰期、稳定期、快衰期;喷气燃料加入T1502抗静电添加剂后,储存在玻璃容器中的电导率比储存在金属容器中的电导率衰减快;另外,发生变色的喷气燃料会造成喷气燃料电导率严重衰减,因此喷气燃料在储存中应防止喷气燃料变色.     

喷气燃料中的过氧化物对丁腈胶圈的影响

通过对某型飞机发动机燃油调节器漏油故障的研究 ,探讨了喷气燃料中的过氧化物对调节器内丁腈密胶圈的侵蚀作用 ,指出某型飞机所使用的有些批次的加氢裂化 RP 3喷气燃料易产生大量过氧化物是导致调节器发生漏油故障的主要原因。     

喷气燃料过滤分离器标准发展历程及建议

去除喷气燃料中的污染水是喷气燃料生产与使用中的重要步骤,介绍了喷气燃料中污染水的主要分离方法、喷气燃料过滤分离器的过滤分离原理与过程。详细梳理了喷气燃料过滤分离器标准的发展历程,阐述了国际最新标准的变化及过滤分离器鉴定的新挑战。对比总结了国内外喷气燃料过滤分离器标准中主要参数的差异,主要表现在燃料分类、试验流量及参考标准等方面。介绍了喷气燃料过滤分离器的应用现状,指出了目前国内喷气燃料过滤分离器标准制定中存在的不足,并提出了相应建议。     

喷气燃料热氧化安定性的研究

我们研究了四种添加剂、橡胶和六种微量金属对三种牌号的喷气燃料热氧化安定性的影响,利用JFTOT仪器模拟实际发动机燃油系统中燃料与润滑油换热后因温度升高而产生的沉淀物堵塞燃料过滤器的程度,以及燃料在高温下金属表面产生沉积物的多少,考察了添加剂及橡胶影响喷气燃料的热氧化安定性的情况,并给出了开始影响该性能的几种微量金属的最高允许含量.     

储存条件对喷气燃料颜色安定性的影响

通过对不同储存条件下喷气燃料的颜色安定性进行考察，探讨了喷气燃料颜色变深的原因及反应途径。试验结果表明，喷气燃料在较低温度、无光储存条件下具有很好的颜色安定性；氧化反应是导致喷气燃料颜色变深的主要反应机理；静态热安定性试验条件下，喷气燃料的颜色随氧化时间呈相对稳定的加深趋势；氧化铝吸附脱除了喷气燃料中的一些原有氧化抑制剂，使喷气燃料在较高温度、有氧条件下易于发生氧化反应；铜在喷气燃料氧化变色反应过程中具有明显的催化作用。     

喷气燃料无灰抗静电剂电导率储存影响研究

研究了T1502抗静电添加剂加入喷气燃料中，电导率在储存中的衰减趋势和规律，并讨论了电导率衰减的原因及机理。提出了避免喷气燃料储存中电导率衰减的一些有效方法，从而抑制喷气燃料在储存中电导率严重衰减现象，确保喷气燃料安全使用。     

FUEL SYSTEM ICING INHIBITORS: THE SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS OF OXAACIDS

Currently ethylene glycol mono methyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol mono methyl ether (DiEGME) are used as fuel system icing inhibitor additives in both military and commercial aircraft. These compounds are toxic at the concentrations that required for effective deicing When fuel systems sumps, filters and storage tanks are drained, they contain EGME/DiEGME and create hazards for personnel. Ethyl esters synthesized from oxaacids have been identified as possible fuel system icing inhibitor additive replacements. These compounds were synthesized from oxaacids and ethanol by an acid catalyzed Fischer esterfication method The products were identified by infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and elemental analysis Physical characterization included boiling point determination and refractive index. The tested oxaesters were found to be fuel stable for at least two years by accelerated storage tests. Octanol-water partition coefficients were determined and indicate the compounds have a higher solubility in fuel than in water. These oxaesters are predicted to be non-toxic.     

FUEL SYSTEM ICING INHIBITORS: THE SYNTHESIS OF ESTERS OF OXAACIDS

ABSTRACT

Currently ethylene glycol mono methyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol mono methyl ether (DiEGME) are used as fuel system icing inhibitor additives in both military and commercial aircraft. These compounds are toxic at the concentrations that required for effective deicing When fuel systems sumps, filters and storage tanks are drained, they contain EGME/DiEGME and create hazards for personnel. Ethyl esters synthesized from oxaacids have been identified as possible fuel system icing inhibitor additive replacements. These compounds were synthesized from oxaacids and ethanol by an acid catalyzed Fischer esterfication method The products were identified by infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, and elemental analysis Physical characterization included boiling point determination and refractive index. The tested oxaesters were found to be fuel stable for at least two years by accelerated storage tests. Octanol-water partition coefficients were determined and indicate the compounds have a higher solubility in fuel than in water. These oxaesters are predicted to be non-toxic.     

喷气燃料中硫酸盐还原菌对金属的腐蚀

硫酸盐还原茵（SRB）广泛存在于石油中,SRB的存在会对石油储藏、运输过程中的管道和油库产生腐蚀。由于无法完全除去喷气燃料中的SRB,所以导致油库、管道和飞机油箱发生腐蚀,更有甚者,腐蚀产物会堵塞飞机发动机,带来灾难性的后果。通过改变喷气燃料中SRB自身浓度、所处环境的温度等条件,分析浸泡在喷气燃料中金属挂片的外观、质量和金相以及喷气燃料溶液pH值、硫含量等数据,来研究不同条件下喷气燃料中SRB对金属挂片的腐蚀情况。通过研究发现,当SRB浓度不超过10^6CFU／mL喷气燃料时,几乎不发生腐蚀,反之,腐蚀非常明显。SRB浓度越大,腐蚀越严重、通过改变温度环境发现,SRB最适宜生长温度为25℃,在此条件下腐蚀最为严重。浸泡在含有SRB的喷气燃料中的腐蚀挂片,其腐蚀程度随时间不断加深,尤其以第一周腐蚀最为明显。     

枝孢霉菌生长规律及对喷气燃料性质的影响

为探讨特征真菌对喷气燃料性质的影响，构建了培养液和喷气燃料培养体系，每4 h检测培养体系水相中枝孢霉菌的发光强度；每24 h检测燃料相中喷气燃料的总酸值、表面张力、水分离等级、银片腐蚀等级以及水相pH等理化指标，分别以时间和发光强度为横、纵坐标绘制生长曲线，测定喷气燃料总酸值、表面张力等指标的变化规律。结果表明：特征真菌的生长繁殖会增大喷气燃料的总酸值，降低喷气燃料表面张力和溶解水的pH，影响喷气燃料的腐蚀性和洁净性；水相发光强度达到400 RLU/mL时，枝孢霉菌开始对数繁殖，喷气燃料下部样品被重度污染。     

特征真菌对喷气燃料性质的影响

为探索喷气燃料中微生物污染对喷气燃料性质的影响,构建了以喷气燃料为唯一碳源的混合特征真菌培养体系,系统研究了喷气燃料特征真菌对喷气燃料外观、总酸值、银片腐蚀、水反应试验以及表面张力等指标的影响,结合三磷酸腺苷(ATP)生物荧光检测法,考察了微生物污染总量与喷气燃料质量指标之间的关系。结果表明：特征真菌在生长繁殖过程中会产生酸性物质和表面活性物质,使喷气燃料酸值上升、表面张力下降,引起喷气燃料外观不符合标准要求,在试验周期内对喷气燃料水反应试验、银片腐蚀等指标无显著影响;当喷气燃料中ATP含量大于5 500 RLU/L时,喷气燃料总酸值超标,导致质量不合格。     

SURFACE ACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CLAY TREATED JET FUELS

The effect of water contamination in jet fuels on the adsorbent capacity of Attapulgite clay to adsorb and retain N compounds was studied. The effluent jet fuel showed the presence of N molecules indicating that the clay, contaminated with water, does not retain N compounds. The GC/MS analysis of spent clay indicated that only quinolines were adsorbed and retained on the clay. The interfacial tension (IFT) values measured at the jet fuel/water interface were found to increase with a decrease in basic N content of clay treated jet fuels. Quinolines and pyridines present in jet fuel are surface active and adsorb on the Attapulgite clay, however, in the presence of water some N molecules adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface. Since pyridines were not found on the spent clay, the results indicate that the pyridines adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface. The tendency of pyridines to adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface will lead to their poor retention on the clay. The presence of N compounds and water contamination in jet fuel might lead to inefficient operation of clay treaters. The jet fuels having the IFT value below 40 mN/m were found to contain basic N molecules and have poor stability. The clay treated jet fuels having the IFT values in the range of 42.6-46.2 mN/m were found to have a good stability. The use of IFT measurements at the jet fuel/water interface provides an opportunity to better monitor the efficiency of clay treatment and the quality of jet fuels.     

SURFACE ACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CLAY TREATED JET FUELS

The effect of water contamination in jet fuels on the adsorbent capacity of Attapulgite clay to adsorb and retain N compounds was studied. The effluent jet fuel showed the presence of N molecules indicating that the clay, contaminated with water, does not retain N compounds. The GC/MS analysis of spent clay indicated that only quinolines were adsorbed and retained on the clay. The interfacial tension (IFT) values measured at the jet fuel/water interface were found to increase with a decrease in basic N content of clay treated jet fuels. Quinolines and pyridines present in jet fuel are surface active and adsorb on the Attapulgite clay, however, in the presence of water some N molecules adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface. Since pyridines were not found on the spent clay, the results indicate that the pyridines adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface. The tendency of pyridines to adsorb at the jet fuel/water interface will lead to their poor retention on the clay. The presence of N compounds and water contamination in jet fuel might lead to inefficient operation of clay treaters. The jet fuels having the IFT value below 40 mN/m were found to contain basic N molecules and have poor stability. The clay treated jet fuels having the IFT values in the range of 42.6–46.2 mN/m were found to have a good stability. The use of IFT measurements at the jet fuel/water interface provides an opportunity to better monitor the efficiency of clay treatment and the quality of jet fuels.     

生物质基喷气燃料的生产及应用进展

生物质基喷气燃料是指全部或大部分来源于生物资源的喷气燃料，符合清洁低碳、安全高效的现代能源体系的要求。以生物质基喷气燃料替代传统石油基喷气燃料有助于我国早日实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的远大目标。在阐述生物质基喷气燃料生产工艺的发展历程及生物质基喷气燃料应用现状的基础上，提出高密度的生物质基喷气燃料是未来喷气燃料的发展方向，具有多环结构的生物质是合成高密度生物质基喷气燃料组分的优质原料；同时，总结了高密度生物质基喷气燃料组分生产工艺的研究进展，展望了生物质基喷气燃料未来的发展及挑战。     

喷气燃料中溶解水含量变化规律研究

水含量是喷气燃料质量检测的一项重要性能指标。针对环境温度、湿度、储存时间、防冰剂含量等因素对喷气燃料中溶解水含量的影响,采用微量水分测定仪研究了不同条件下喷气燃料中溶解水含量的变化规律,确立了变化规律模型,建立了溶解水含量数据库,为进一步准确、高效测定喷气燃料中的水含量提供了参考依据。     

THE SYNTHESIS OF ACETALS AND KETALS OF THE REDUCED SUGAR MANNOSE AS FUEL SYSTEM ICING INHIBITORS.

The current fuel system icing inhibitor additives used in both the military and commercial airlines are ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (EGME) and diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (DiEGME)These deicing compounds are toxic at the concentrations that are required for effective deicing. When fuel system sumps, filters and storage tanks are drained, they contain EGME/DiEGME and create a personnel hazard. Acetals and ketals of reduced sugars represent viable alternatives to glycol based additives. They are inexpensive, fuel stable for at least one year and show similar icing inhibitor characteristics. This paper summarizes the synthesis and fuel studies for these compounds.