涡度收支与潜热释放对西南低涡形成的作用

利用中尺度WRF模式对2008年6月30日—7月1日生成于川东南地区的一个西南低涡的发生发展过程进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果显示低涡首先出现在850 h Pa上,几个小时后700h Pa上才有低涡生成,850 h Pa低涡的形成与西南低空急流有着密切的联系。通过ω方程的诊断分析表明,涡度的水平平流项和辐散项对850 h Pa低涡的形成起主要作用,而潜热释放对850 h Pa低涡的形成作用不大;潜热加热是700 h Pa气流不断辐合从而形成低涡的主要因子。干敏感性试验研究进一步证实了潜热释放对850 h Pa低涡的影响不明显,但是会导致700 h Pa上气旋性的切变加强辐合从而形成低涡。     

一次西南低涡形成过程的数值试验和诊断(一)——地形动力作用和潜热作用对西南低涡影响的数值试验对比分析

本文用中尺度有限区域模式对1981年7月11—14日的一次西南低涡暴雨过程进行数值试验,并讨论了地形动力作用和潜热加热对西南低涡形成的影响。 在基本试验中,较好地模拟了西南低涡的形成,其位置以及引起的降水量与实际情况比较一致。地形试验表明,地形动力作用对高原南侧的西南气流具有明显的阻挡作用,并决定着西南低涡的形成。潜热试验表明,潜热通过加强西南低涡上空高层辐散和低层辐合,使该低涡发展。     

西南低涡形成及其涡源问题

西南低涡是夏半年造成西南地区降水过程的一种天气系统。它的发展东移,对长江中下游、黄淮流域及华北、东北地区都有影响。以前对低涡的形成和发展做了很多研究工作,也取得了不少成果。近年来,随着探测技术的改进,尤其是通过卫星云图的分析,对西南低涡的形成和发展又提供了一些新的看法。 我们普查了1970—1974年4—9月的卫星云图及相应的各层次天     

高原东移对流系统对西南低涡形成的作用

Based on the temperature of the black body (TBB), station observed and NCEP reanalysis data, the impacts of the eastward propagation of convective cloud systems over the Tibetan Plateau on the southwest vortex (SWV) formation that occurred at 1800 UTC on 29 June 2003 are analyzed by using the Zwack-Okossi (Z-O) equation to diagnose the thermal and dynamic processes. It is found that, in summer, severe convective activities often occur over the Tibetan Plateau due to the abundant supply of moisture. The convective cloud near the east edge of the plateau could move eastward with a short-wave trough in the westerly. The divergent center that is induced by latent heat release, which is associated with severe convective activities, moves out with the convective cloud and contributes to the low level decompression which is favorable for the formation of plateau edge cyclogenesis (PEC). The Z-O equation indicates that, in this case, the latent heat release and convergence are the two most important factors for SWV formation, which amounts to about 42% and 15% of the term TOTAL, respectively. It is implied that the thermal process effect was more important than the dynamic process during SWV formation.     

一次高原低涡诱发西南低涡耦合加强的动力诊断分析

利用2013年6月29日—7月2日期间逐6 h的NCEP 0. 5°×0. 5°全球预报场再分析GFS (Global Forecast System)资料,对一次引发特大暴雨的西南低涡和高原低涡耦合贯通加强过程进行动力诊断分析,结果表明:西南低涡和高原低涡耦合区上方在不同阶段均维持正涡度柱,呈现低空辐合和高空辐散的特征,并伴有强烈上升运动。垂直运动在耦合开始阶段最强,正涡度柱在耦合强盛阶段显著增强,高原低涡和西南低涡耦合贯通后,改变了涡度的垂直特征。西南低涡发展维持的涡动动能主要源于水平通量散度项和涡动动能制造项,摩擦耗散项和垂直通量散度项是其主要消耗项。高原低涡发展维持的涡动动能主要源于垂直通量散度项和区域平均动能与涡动动能之间的转换项,涡动动能制造项出现负值是其涡动动能减弱的主要原因。耦合期间强烈垂直运动将西南低涡的涡动动能向高原低涡输送,西南低涡对高原低涡发展维持有重要动力作用。     

青藏高原的动力和热力作用对高原低涡形成的数值试验

本文通过适用于高原地区中尺度系统的6层σ坐标原始方程模式,采用理想初始场,进行高原低涡形成的数值试验。同时还研究了地形作用,感热和潜热等多种物理过程对中尺度高原低涡的贡献。通过敏感性模拟试验,揭示了高原低涡形成的物理机制,以及青藏高原动力和热力作用对高原低涡形成的影响。     

西南低涡东移对华南暴雨增幅的动力机制分析

对1996年6月13-14日华南大暴雨发生过程的天气形势和物理量场进行分析，并从中尺度能量方面探讨了西南低涡对华南暴雨增幅的动力机制。结果表明：暴雨的发生与西南低涡及850hPa孟湾地区的水汽通量有着密切的联系；而500hPa较强的负螺旋度有利于低层低涡的发展加强;暴雨发生前，华南上空维持一支反气旋性的西南急流，当西南涡东南移时，造成本地重力惯性波能量增加，从而对华南暴雨有正贡献，即对暴雨有一定的增幅作用。     

西南低涡东移对华南暴雨增幅的动力机制分析

对1996年6月13~14日华南大暴雨发生过程的天气形势和物理量场进行分析,并从中尺度能量方面探讨了西南低涡对华南暴雨增幅的动力机制。结果表明:暴雨的发生与西南低涡及850hPa孟湾地区的水汽通量有着密切的联系;而500hPa较强的负螺旋度有利于低层低涡的发展加强;暴雨发生前,华南上空维持一支反气旋性的西南急流,当西南涡东南移时,造成本地重力惯性波能量增加,从而对华南暴雨有正贡献,即对暴雨有一定的增幅作用。     

西南低涡发生发展的一种动力机制

本文应用动力分析方法,研究了无摩擦、绝热条件下,西南低涡的发生、发展问题。结果表明,在潮湿不稳定层大气中,惯性重力内波的不稳定发展是西南低涡发生,发展的一种物理机制。非线性作用对低涡发生、发展有着重要影响,考虑非线性作用所得结果与西南低涡发生、发展的天气事实更接近。     

大地形对夏季北半球副热带高压形成作用的数值试验

本文利用一个σ坐标的三层初始方程热带球圈数值模式,研究大地形对纬向风带的纯动力扰动作用. 结果得到,大地形的直接动力强迫作用,可使纬向均匀的高压带在地形区发生断裂,形成青藏高压、落基山高压和伊朗高压;然后通过大气环流的动力调整,在上述三个高压的上、下游形成北非高压和两个大洋上的高压,两类高压的结构很不相同.大地形的纯动力作用,对于青藏高压和落基山高压这一类“暖性”结构高压的形成,也起了相当的作用.     

The physical effects of topography and heat sources on the formation and maintenance of the summer monsoon over Asia

The physical effects of topography and heat sources on the formation and maintenance of the summer mon-soon over Asia we discussed in this paper by using the transformed Eularian-mean equations and a quasigeostrophic 34-level spherical coordinate model.The computed results of the divergence of the E-P flux, the induced meridional circulation and the pertur-bation geostrophic wind speed induced by the forcing of topography and heat sources show that the diabatic heating effect over the Tibetan Plateau may play an important role for the formation and maintenance of the summer monsoon over Asia, which is much greater than the dynamical effect of topography.The computed results also show that, of the physical effects of topography and heat sources on the formation and maintenance of the summer monsoon over Asia, the effect of forced meridional circulation is larger than that of the divergence of E-P flux of the induced waves.     

The role of topography and diabatic heating in the formation of dipole blocking in the atmosphere

In this paper, the nonlinear stationary waves forced by topography and diabatic heating are investigated. It is pointed out that (1) the nonlinear interaction of different stationary waves forced only by topography might form dipole blocking in the atmosphere, this might explain the dipole blocking appeared in the Pacific and Atlantic regions; (2) the dipole blocking could not be caused by the nonlinear interaction of the different stationary waves forced by the diabatic heating alone; (3) the nonlinear interaction of the diffferent stationary waves forced by both topography and diabatic heating could initiate dipole blocking in the atmosphere. In winter, the dipole blocking mainly occurs in the west regions of the Pacific and the Atlantic, and the heat source over the western part of the two oceans is advantageous to the formation of dipole blocking in the west of two oceans. However, in summer, the dipole blocking could be formed in the east part of the two oceans, and the heat source over the eastern part of two continents is favourable for the formation of dipole blocking in the east regions of two oceans.     

一次初春东北冷涡的结构特征及其降水成因

利用ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料及中国753站逐日降水资料,对2008年3月23—28日的东北冷涡天气过程进行诊断分析,并探讨了冷涡降水的主要影响因子。结果表明：1)与夏季冷涡过程不同,此次初春冷涡过程高层环流场由经向环流向纬向环流转变;冷涡发展初期,经向环流的建立使得冷涡向南移动,而成熟阶段冷涡后部的低槽引导冷空气向冷涡输送,导致了冷涡环流的维持。2)亚欧大陆上空强阻塞形势的发展是初春东北冷涡形成的关键因子;乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压分别受到前期北大西洋和热带太平洋海温异常的调控,为冷涡向南发展维持提供了有利的环流背景,并影响了高低空急流的配置,有利于冷涡降水的形成。3)涡度场和温度场的高低空配置使得东北冷涡发展成深厚的环流系统,干侵入对冷涡的形成和维持同样有重要作用。冷涡环流的发展为东北地区降水提供了有利的水汽和垂直运动条件,冷暖平流交汇引起的锋面过程则促进大范围降水的形成。     

台风中涡旋波1波扰动的形成机制及其变化特征

通常将台风中的螺旋云带看成是一种称为涡旋罗斯贝波的波动,双臂对应的切向波数为2,单臂对应的切向波数为1,目前这种波动发生发展的物理机制仍不很清楚,值得进一步研究.利用柱坐标下的正压流体涡度方程,研究了台风中涡旋罗斯贝波1波扰动的正压不稳定性及发展变化问题.结果表明,当基本流径向涡度梯度小于0时,由于涡度扰动的速度场对于基本涡度场的平流效应,1波(m=1)扰动可从基本流吸取能量而出现不稳定快速增长.但由于扰动旋臂的缠卷作用,径向速度将很快变小,因此,不稳定增长将受到一定的时间限制;波动的发展速度与半径有关,中心附近的波动先发展且向外传播,距中心较远的波动稍后发展.整体上看,波动由中心向外扩展,大尺度台风的螺旋云带比小尺度台风的螺旋云带发展更快.     

A fluid experiment of large-scale topography effect on baroclinic wave flows

The effects of topography on baroclinic wave flows are studied experimentally in a thermally driven rotating annulus of fluid.Fourier analysis and complex principal component (CPC) analysis of the experimental data show that, due to topographic forcing, the flow is bimodal rather than a single mode. Under suitable imposed experimental parameters, near thermal Rossby number ROT = 0.1 and Taylor number Ta = 2.2 × 107, the large-scale topography produces low-frequency oscillation in the flow and rather long-lived flow pattern resembling blocking in the atmospheric cir-culation. The ‘blocking’ phenomenon is caused by the resonance of travelling waves and the quasi-stationary waves forced by topography.The large-scale topography transforms wavenumber-homogeneous flows into wavenumber-dispersed flows, and the dispersed flows possess lower wavenumbers.     

两次高原低涡东移特征及发展机制动力诊断

应用NCEP再分析资料,进行物理量计算,并结合地面和探空气象资料以及卫星探测资料,从动力学角度分析2008年7月19-22日和2007年7月29日-8月1日两次高原低涡东移特征及演变机制,获得低涡东移发展或减弱的一些特征和机理认识.研究结果表明,低涡东移过程中,正涡度东传特征明显.低涡东移过高原后呈维持加强趋势,表现为低涡过高原前,深厚的正涡度层配合深厚的上升运动,以及对流层中低层较强的辐合;低涡过高原后,正涡度强度增加,对流层中低层的辐合、上升运动增大,对流层中高层的辐散增加.而低涡东移后呈减弱趋势,表现为正涡度强度、垂直上升速度较东移发展低涡要弱;低涡过高原后,正涡度强度减弱,整层的辐合上升运动减弱明显.低涡东移过高原,与低涡发展密切相关的正涡度带的维持、发展或减弱的动力机制主要受控于总涡源的发生、发展与减弱.辐合辐散流场维持发展,对总涡源有较大影响,对低涡维持发展有重要作用;地形的动力作用使其大地形后的背风坡更易低涡发展;涡区附近及以北盛行偏北气流有利于低涡发展;垂直涡度输送不利于对流层中低层低涡加强.分析还表明,冷空气触发大气不稳定能量释放,是低涡发展的重要机制;冷暖卒气交汇导致辐合流场的维持和加强,是低涡得以维持和加强的重要因素.     

The dynamic mechanism of the formation of the low level jet

The ordinary multidimensional reductive perturbation method is generalized so as to apply to the general case including the dissipative factor. With this the corresponding Cubic-Schrödinger equation is deduced, and by the preliminary study of its solution, it shows that it is more admissible to consider atmospheric meso-scale systems as the nonlinear Cubic-Schrödinger waves. With suitable boundary and initial conditions, the Cubic-Schrödinger equation is numerically integrated so as to investigate the possible dynamic mechanism as well as the impacts of the nonlinear action, turbulent friction and topogrphy to the formation of the LLJ. The results indicate that the downward transfer of the momentum and the effect of the surface friction are responsible for the concentration of the momentum in the layer between 850 and 700 hPa. The location of the horizontal concentration of momentum depends on the propagation of momentum, in the process the inertia-gravity internal wave is very important, whereas turbulent friction is unfavourable for or delays the formation of the low level jet.