YS-3新型清防蜡剂的研制及现场试验

采油三厂原油是高含蜡原油,结蜡问题给采油和运送带来困难。研发了一种减黏型防蜡、清蜡剂,该剂可防止黏稠度高的原油在采油管上结蜡,并兼有清蜡、减黏作用。可代替原PR-PI-C3型液体防蜡剂防蜡率低(≤40%)、溶蜡速率低(g/70min)、凝固点高(-4℃),冬季加药困难,油井防蜡效果差,热洗周期短。自2003年9月起,针对盘古梁油田结蜡严重、热洗频繁的盘58-27和盘59-25两个井组10口井应用YS-3清防蜡剂,试验结果表明,该剂的防蜡率≥40%。可在-20℃低温下使用和存放,现场加剂量100～120 mg/L。防蜡周期可达9个月以上,并且具有流动性好,加药工艺简单,成本低,清、防蜡效果显著的特点。     

强有机溶剂型清防蜡剂SG—3

ＳＧ－３是针对辽河曙光油田曙三区开发的性能优良的强有机溶剂型清防蜡剂。本文介绍了ＳＧ－３的配方组分，探讨了清防蜡作用机理及影响清防蜡效果的因素，报道了在辽河曙光油田２２口井现场应用的效果。     

提升化蜡剂清防蜡效果的方法与实践

为了保证良好的清防蜡效果,以科学的计算分析为依据,用科学的方法制定每口井的加药制定,保证化蜡剂在井筒内有足够的溶蜡时间,当化蜡剂运移到结蜡位置时减缓运移速度或者停止运移,就能保证良好的溶蜡效果,同时大幅降低了油井的维护成本。     

微生物清防蜡采油技术在王541地区的应用

王541断块原油含蜡量高(10％～35％)，油井井筒结蜡严重，热洗作业频繁。将胜利采油院提供的F18菌组用于区块油井清防蜡取得了良好效果。F18菌组由BS6、B10-1、A3-1、TH1-1、B9—3、N5等6种菌组成，以石蜡为碳源生长，降解石蜡，产生物表面活性剂，阻止蜡晶生长。在室内实验中，F18使11口井产出的原油粘度降低16．5％～59．0％，凝固点降低2～7℃。在现场试验中菌液注入油井环空。在3口井上进行间隔15天、为期3个月的定期注菌液清防蜡先导试验，效果良好。在正式试验中将区块33口井分为4大类，第一类5口井只注菌液；第二类5口井注菌液并热水洗井，洗井周期60天；第三类22口井注菌液并热水洗井，洗井周期45天；第四类1口井(对比井)不加剂不热洗；注菌液周期20天，第一次注0．3吨，以后每次注0．2吨。注菌液井产出的原油，①凝固点略有下降；②原油族组成无明显变化；③轻质饱和烃增多而重质饱和烃减少；井下作业时发现8口注菌液井中只有1口轻微结蜡，而对比井生产85天后管杆严重结蜡。此清防蜡技术适用于含水20％～80％的含水油井，在含水10％的油井中效果不好。图3表3参1。     

YS-3清防蜡剂的研制

盘古梁油田原油含蜡量高（12%-20%）,部分油井严重结蜡致使热洗频繁。为此研发了以有机溶剂、表面活性剂和高分子聚合物（蜡晶改进剂）、渗透剂、加重剂等组成的油溶性YS-3清防蜡剂。测定结果表明：该清防蜡剂溶蜡速率为2.3 mg/mL.min（50℃）,加剂量为100 mg/L时防蜡率为58.8%,使原油凝点降低5℃,黏度降低19.7%。自2003年9月起,在盘古梁油田结蜡严重、热洗频繁的盘58-27和盘59-25两个井组10口井应用YS-3清防蜡剂,现场加剂量100-120 mg/L,油井平均热洗周期由145天延长到一年以上,清防蜡效果明显。表3参2。     

化学清防蜡剂在江汉油田的应用和展望

化学清防蜡剂现场操作工艺简单、方便，清防蜡效果好，效益高。根据化学清防蜡剂作用机理及化学清防蜡剂在油田具体应用情况，对今后化学清防蜡剂在油田的应用作了展望。     

化学清防蜡剂的原理及适应性分析

化学清防蜡剂在作用机理上可代替常规热洗中的提温溶蜡过程，起到清蜡作用。采用加药后冲洗管线和不冲洗管线两种方式，共实施管线加药131井次，有效率100%。采用加药后冲洗方式，初期效果明显，后期效果平稳，压力回升平缓。对单管流程井实施井下药剂清蜡350口井，263口井有效，有效率为75.23%。关井时间越长洗井效果越显著，如果条件允许，关井12 h为宜。关井后采用替喷的方法洗井效果会更加显著。     

强有机溶剂型清防蜡剂SG-3

Ｓ Ｇ３ 是针对辽河曙光油田曙三区开发的性能优良的强有机溶剂型清防蜡剂。本文介绍了 Ｓ Ｇ３ 的配方组分,探讨了清防蜡作用机理及影响清防蜡效果的因素,报道了在辽河曙光油田２２ 口井现场应用的效果。     

SHJ-10解堵剂的研制及应用

根据陇东油田低渗、低压、油层埋藏浅、地层易发生结蜡、结垢、胶质、沥青质堵等特点，研制了能同时除有机物和无机物堵塞的SHJ－10解堵剂，介绍了该解堵剂室内性能试验及在华152区长3油层10口井中的应用情况。现场应用表明，该解堵剂增产效果非常显著，获得了较高的经济效益，值得推广应用。     

自营刮蜡增效45.7万

西北油田塔河采油三厂近日对S105-1井区安装了固定式清蜡机,不仅提升了工作效率,而且降低了成本,提升了经济效益。该厂采油二队S105-1井区的三口井原油含蜡高、刮蜡频次高,使用的是外部清蜡队伍对结蜡井的机械刮蜡,既不便于管理,又造成运行成本过高,     

粉煤灰代替石灰石矿粉用于石油沥青填充料机理研究

利用表面吸附技术，分析研究用粉煤灰代替石灰石矿粉作为沥青填料，在填料表面发生的吸附吸收过程。研究结果说明粉煤灰和石灰石矿粉在相同颗粒度情况下，比石灰石矿粉具有更大的比表面及吸附孔体积，而且粉煤灰表面吸附孔大部分孔半径为２０×１０－４μｍ，而石灰石矿粉表面孔则集中在孔半径为８×１０－４μｍ，所以，粉煤灰能够选择性的吸收石油沥青中的蜡，从而改善了石油沥青的使用性能。     

百色油田油井结蜡及清防蜡处理

本文了滇黔桂百色油田的严重结蜡情况，清防蜡剂的筛选，使用筛选出的防蜡剂ＪＳ２进行油清防蜡处理的工艺方法和效果。自１９９０年１０月起，在百色油田各区块６２口油井采用不停产加入油套环空，加入后关井或在油套管间循环２－４小时，挤入油层等方法进行的清防蜡作业，除井温过低的一个井外，全部获得成功。     

蒸馏法测定沥青含蜡量准确性的影响因素及对策

通过有关的对比试验及分析，认为裂解蒸馏速度，馏出油取样量、试剂（乙醇）浓度，馏出油总量蒸发损失，砂芯漏斗滤板清洁度及抽滤过程真空度的控制等几个因素对蒸馏法测定蜡含量准确性的影响较大，并提出了相应的处理措施及建议。     

STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE AND ENTHALPY OF WAX CRYSTALLIZATION FROM MIDDLE DISTILLATE BY DSC

ABSTRACT

The temperature and enthalpy of the wax crystallization as well as of melting have been studied in the middle distillate (boiling range: 250–375°C) obtained from the indigenous Bombay-High (Off-Shore) crude oil by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In order to have better understanding of the gel formation processes the broad distillate fraction was fractionated into five narrow fractions of 25°C interval each. From these narrow subfractions the saturates were separated from aromatics by column chromatography, and from saturates the n-paraffins were separated from iso-and cyclo-paraffins by urea adduction, to obtain the n-paraffins concentrates (urea adductables)–-the wax- and the saturated solvent portion–-the UNA. The thermal behaviour of narrow subfractions alongwith their urea adductables and the solvent portions have been studied and the wax appearance temperature (WAT) thus measured has been compared with those obtained by optical microscopy and with the ASTM cloud point, wherever possible. To obtain a clearer picture of the solidification process, further study has been done by preparing synthetic blends of urea adductables in different concentrations in the respective aromatic and iso- and cyclo-paraffinic solvents (UNA) and studying the thermal behaviour of each blend. It is found that the variation in WAT with wax concentration as measured by DSC is identical with that measured by optical microscopy and the ASTM cloud point. However, DSC values are lower than microscopic values and higher than ASTM cloud point. The enthalpy of the blends with the same amount of wax in the aromatic and iso- and cyclo-parffinic solvents indicated that it is higher in the saturated solvent in comparison to aromatic solvent. This confirms the fact that in an aromatic solvent the solubility of the wax is greater, and hence a comparatively lower WAT. The results are further discussed.     

STUDY OF THE TEMPERATURE AND ENTHALPY OF WAX CRYSTALLIZATION FROM MIDDLE DISTILLATE BY DSC

The temperature and enthalpy of the wax crystallization as well as of melting have been studied in the middle distillate (boiling range: 250-375°C) obtained from the indigenous Bombay-High (Off-Shore) crude oil by using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In order to have better understanding of the gel formation processes the broad distillate fraction was fractionated into five narrow fractions of 25°C interval each. From these narrow subfractions the saturates were separated from aromatics by column chromatography, and from saturates the n-paraffins were separated from iso-and cyclo-paraffins by urea adduction, to obtain the n-paraffins concentrates (urea adductables)--the wax- and the saturated solvent portion--the UNA. The thermal behaviour of narrow subfractions alongwith their urea adductables and the solvent portions have been studied and the wax appearance temperature (WAT) thus measured has been compared with those obtained by optical microscopy and with the ASTM cloud point, wherever possible. To obtain a clearer picture of the solidification process, further study has been done by preparing synthetic blends of urea adductables in different concentrations in the respective aromatic and iso- and cyclo-paraffinic solvents (UNA) and studying the thermal behaviour of each blend. It is found that the variation in WAT with wax concentration as measured by DSC is identical with that measured by optical microscopy and the ASTM cloud point. However, DSC values are lower than microscopic values and higher than ASTM cloud point. The enthalpy of the blends with the same amount of wax in the aromatic and iso- and cyclo-parffinic solvents indicated that it is higher in the saturated solvent in comparison to aromatic solvent. This confirms the fact that in an aromatic solvent the solubility of the wax is greater, and hence a comparatively lower WAT. The results are further discussed.     

Effect of surfactants and their blend with silica nanoparticles on wax deposition in a Malaysian crude oil

The present study investigated the wax deposition tendencies of a light Malaysian crude oil(42.4° API), and the wax inhibiting potential of some surfactants and their blends with nanoparticles. With the knowledge that the majority of the wax inhibition research revolved around polymeric wax inhibitors, which cause environmental issues, we highlighted the potential of surfactants and their blend with SiO_2 nanoparticles as wax deposition inhibitors. Different surfactants including oil-based, silane-based, Gemini and bio-surfactants were considered as primary surfactants. The primary surfactants and their respective blends at a concentration of 400 ppm were screened as wax inhibitor candidates using cold finger apparatus. The screening results showed a significant influence on the paraffin inhibition efficiency on wax deposition by using 400 ppm of silane-based surfactant, which decreased the wax deposition up to 53.9% as compared to that of the untreated crude oil. The inhibition efficiency among the silane-based surfactant(highest) and bio-surfactant(lowest)revealed an appreciable difference up to 36.5%. Furthermore, the wax from the treated sample was found to deposit in a thin gel-like form, which adhered inadequately to the surface of the cold finger. A further investigation by blending the 400 ppm silane-based surfactant with a 400 ppm SiO_2 nanoparticle suspension in a load ratio of 3:1 found that the wax inhibition decreased up to 81% as compared to the scenario when they were not added. However, we have shown that the synergy between the silane-based surfactant and the nanoparticles is influenced by the concentration and load ratio of surfactant and nanoparticles, residence time, differential temperature and rotation rate.     

一起高压双阀联体阀焊缝撕裂未遂事件的分析及防范对策

未遂事件和伤害事故具有相同的机理和诱因,经过对新建220×104 t/a蜡油加氢处理装置开工生产过程中出现的一起高压双阀联体阀焊缝撕裂未遂事件,对诱发原因进行深度剖析,提出相应的对策和建议,从而避免同类事故的发生。     

蜡沉积对凝析气田开发动态和生产的影响

由于蜡的沉积和运移使凝析气-液流动更加复杂化，而相变特性会导致储层内油气饱和度的变化，蜡沉积在多孔介质表面引起孔隙性质改变，气、液、固在储集层中的微观空间分布会影响凝析气的流动特征。在蜡沉积变相态渗流实验和凝析气液渗流理论的研究基础上，引入气液固PVT相态模型、蜡沉积数学模型和考虑蜡沉积对渗透率的影响模型等，建立了相应的多孔介质中气液固变相态多相流-固耦合渗流数学模型，揭示了凝析气液固复杂流动规律和对生产开发动态的影响。     

高效水基乳液型清蜡剂的研制

主乳化剂与具有综合效能的多种表面活性剂复配乒改变乳化方式,可以在减少表面活性剂用量的同时提高所得乳液的稳定、润湿、渗透、分散等性能。确定了多种高效、多功能、低成本的水基乳液型清蜡剂配方。探讨了影响清蜡效果的若干因素和清蜡机理。通过与常用升温破乳型水基乳液清蜡剂的比较,提出了在清蜡条件下呈稳定状态的水基乳液的清蜡作用:乳液润温、渗透、分散以至剥离积蜡,溶剂的溶蜡作用不是主要的清蜡机理。     

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文章针对某高温高压含蜡凝析气井在开采过程中是否存在石蜡沉积展开实验评价研究，利用自行开发的固溶物沉积实验激光测试系统，测试了脱气油在不同压力下的析蜡温度和溶蜡温度。结果表明，脱气油的析蜡温度和溶蜡温度随压力降低基本呈直线下降，析蜡温度比溶蜡温度低10～20 ℃，升温溶蜡曲线滞后于降温析蜡曲线，说明蜡一旦析出，更难溶化。该井压力在0.10～60 MPa，脱气油的析蜡温度在38～49 ℃，溶蜡温度在52～63 ℃，因此在地层中不会出现石蜡沉积，同时，只要井口温度不低于38℃，井筒中也不会出现石蜡沉积。一旦有蜡析出，采用热清蜡技术的加热或热油温度必须高于70～80 ℃。在常压下，粘温曲线法和密度温度曲线法测试的析蜡点与激光法接近。实验还发现，脱气油石蜡结晶在一定温度范围内具有触变性，表观粘度呈现出无规律的变化，这是因为结晶石蜡所形成的网状结构较弱，持续剪切使结晶石蜡网状结构容易被破坏。