基于Copula函数的武澄锡虞区雨潮组合风险分析

沿海城市的洪涝问题除了受降水等因素的影响外,还与潮位变化密切相关。为此,基于武澄锡虞区1951～2019年的日降雨资料和江阴站1951～2019年的逐日潮位资料,采用P-Ⅲ型分布函数作为边缘分布函数,根据K-S检验和Anderson-darling检验对其进行检验,根据离差平方和准则法择优选出Frank-Copula函数构建武澄锡虞区雨潮遭遇联合分布,定量计算了研究区域不同重现期组合的年最大15d降水和相应潮位遭遇的风险率。结果表明,重现期为10年一遇的15d降水遭遇重现期为2年一遇的相应潮位时同现和防涝风险率均很高,且随着设计标准的提高,雨潮遭遇组合的风险率逐步降低。该研究结果为武澄锡虞地区的洪涝灾害防治问题提供了新思路。     

山东省小清河流域暴雨——潮位遭遇组合规律研究

鉴于洪潮遭遇组合分析可为沿海地区洪涝防治规划与设计提供参考,采用Copula函数建立山东省小清河流域面雨量年极值和羊角沟站潮位年极值的联合分布函数,通过优选,最终选用Gumbel Copula函数分析两者组合概率,揭示其遭遇组合规律。结果表明,重现期越小的设计面雨量(潮位)遭遇同量级潮位(面雨量)的概率越大;面雨量和潮位同为10年一遇时,联合重现期约36年;两者同为200年一遇,联合重现期约为947年,小清河流域平均面雨量和羊角沟潮位同频率遭遇是两者概率的1/4左右。     

降雨重现期标准化及其在某滑坡稳定性评价中的应用

鉴于三峡库区降雨标准化、定量化研究对库区降雨型滑坡稳定性评价与预测具有重要意义,采用数学期望公式(Weibull公式)与P-Ⅲ型频率曲线相结合,在海森几率格纸上绘制降雨频率曲线的方法求取不同降雨重现期时万州区4~6月单次最大降雨过程,在此基础上,以万州区某滑坡为例,对稳定性与破坏概率进行计算。结果表明,通过降雨频率曲线,可以找到不同极值降雨过程重现期对应的降雨量;库水位下降期间浸润线逐渐趋于凸型;该滑坡是库水+暴雨复合型滑坡;在20年(及以上)一遇暴雨与库水位联合作用下,滑坡将达到欠稳定状态。     

基于Copula函数的不同历时降雨量组合概率研究

为查清越西县不同历时降雨量组合概率情况,根据越西雨量站1954~2012年降水资料,基于三维不对称Gumbel Copula函数构建了年最大1日降水量(R1d)、年最大3日降水量(R3d)、年最大7日降水量(R7d)的三维联合分布函数,计算了不同历时降水量的组合概率、条件概率和相应的重现期。结果表明,R1d、R3d、R7d三变量发生极端降水事件的联合概率最大,同现概率最小,单变量发生的概率介于二者之间;单变量的重现期(T)介于三变量联合重现期(Ta)与同现重现期(T0)之间;通过组合概率分布图和等值线图可得到给定条件下的两个不同组合事件的条件概率;三维不对称Gumbel Copula函数能够很好地描述不同历时降水变量之间的关系;可为城市防洪排涝及县域水资源开发利用提供参考依据。     

变化环境下黄浦江年最高潮位频率分析

受气候变化及人类活动的影响,近三十多年来黄浦江频繁出现高潮位,以往潮位设计值的可靠性值得商榷。基于吴淞站、黄浦公园站的实测年最高潮位资料,分别选取1912~2010年、1913~2010年的潮位序列,在对潮位资料进行一致性检验、一致性修正的基础上,采用P-Ⅲ和EV-Ⅰ分布进行频率分析。结果表明,仅吴淞站的年最高潮位序列通过一致性检验,而黄浦公园站的潮位序列则需进行一致性修正;两种频率分布曲线对黄浦江年最高潮位设计值的估计相差不大,且千年一遇的设计值均比上海市区目前采用的1985年经水利部批准的千年一遇的设防标准要高,更符合变化环境下实际潮位的上升趋势。研究结果可为上海市防洪规划提供重要依据。     

秦淮河流域不同频率降雨联合概率分析

秦淮河流域汛期雨量丰沛,洪水的特性受一日降雨量和多日降雨量影响,单考虑某一时段的降雨量不能全面反映流域洪灾的风险。选取P-Ⅲ型分布分别作为最大1日面雨量的边际分布,两参数对数正态分布作为最大3日面雨量、最大7日面雨量边际分布。在此基础上利用Gumbel Copula函数建立秦淮河流域最大1日面雨量、最大3日面雨量联合分布模型,利用Clayton Copula函数建立最大1日面雨量、最大7日面雨量联合分布模型,并计算了二维联合分布下的暴雨设计值和重现期。结果表明,两变量联合重现期小于同现重现期,基于二维Copula函数联合分布计算的暴雨设计值大于单变量分布计算的暴雨设计值,为秦淮河流域的防洪防涝提供了参考。     

基于Copula函数的甬江流域雨潮遭遇组合分析

雨潮遭遇组合分析和组合方式的选取是沿海地区防洪治涝规划的重要内容之一。以甬江流域为例,在考虑尾部相关性的基础上,采用Gumbel Copula函数构建流域暴雨和河口潮位的联合概率分布,分析不同暴雨潮位组合下的同现风险率、条件风险率和组合风险率,并基于条件最可能组合原理,计算给定设计暴雨条件下潮位的条件最可能值和置信区间。结果表明,当甬江流域发生10、20、50、100年一遇暴雨时,相应镇海站最可能发生4、8、21、43年一遇潮位。     

基于Kendall重现期的降雨潮位风险分析

短时强降雨和外江潮水位顶托是诱发城市内涝的两个重要因素,分析雨潮风险对于减少内涝灾害,确保居民人身财产安全具有重要意义。重现期与设计值的定义和计算是风险分析中的重难点,通过构造年最大1h降雨量与相应潮位的联合分布,介绍了Kendall重现期的定义和计算方法,指出了Kendall重现期与传统重现期在危险区域识别上的差异性,并通过实例分析,验证了Kendall重现期法的合理性。研究结论可为城市内涝防治提供依据。     

考虑降雨重现期的尾矿坝渗流稳定性分析

降雨为影响尾矿坝渗流的一个重要因素,根据多年降雨资料,利用P-Ⅲ型分布描述降雨重现期,模拟得到坝坡的浸润线分布,结合改进Green-Ampt入渗模型得到坝坡湿润锋的发展过程,并以集安某尾矿坝为例,探讨了降雨重现期对尾矿坝坡顶、坡脚处孔压分布、浸润线变化及坝体稳定性的影响。结果表明,坝体孔压变幅与降雨重现期呈正相关;在堆积坝顶部浸润线先上升后下降,而在坡脚处浸润线不断上升;降雨重现期越长,坝体安全系数越小,降雨结束后安全系数的回升速率远小于暴雨期间的下降速率;坝体可靠度指标随降雨不断减小,停雨后有明显的回升,与安全系数的变化规律不一致。     

米市渡站最低潮位的非一致性频率分析

基于Lee-Heghinian法、有序聚类检验等5种突变检验方法和线性趋势相关系数法、Spearman秩次相关检验和Kendall秩次相关检验3种趋势检验方法对黄浦江上游米市渡站47年(1969~2015年)年最低潮位序列进行变异诊断,运用水文序列分解合成方法对序列进行去趋势处理,在混合分布思想的基础上利用模拟退火法对处理后新序列进行频率分析,并对比修正前后序列不同重现期潮位设计值。结果表明,米市渡站年最低潮位不仅有显著的抬升趋势,还在1999年发生突变。相比于不考虑变异情况的潮位设计值,考虑变异情况的混合分布频率曲线和经验点据的拟合更优,且相同频率下的潮位设计值均小于前者,从而为黄浦江沿岸水利工程设计和运行管理提供了参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.