T-1、StE690和Wel-ten80c钢焊接过热区精细结构及对性能的影响

本文对T-1、StE690和Wel-ten80c等3种800MPa级低合金高强度钢的t_((?)/s)(800℃至500℃冷却时间)为5s和65s时焊接过热区的韧性和氢裂敏感性进行了研究并测试了其残余奥氏体含量;应用透射电镜观察比较了两种过热区的精细结构。研究认为,界面碳化物存在特征和岛状组织精细构成是影响全马氏体(M)过热区和全贝氏体(B_1)过热区性能的重要因素;当残余奥氏体呈薄膜状或条状存在时,其量越多,对降低过热区氢裂敏感性越有利。     

Effects of cooling time and alloying elements on the microstructure of the gleeble-simulated heat-affected zone of 22% Cr duplex stainless steels

The effects of austenite stabilizers, such as nitrogen, nickel, and manganese, and cooling time on the microstructure of the Gleeble simulated heat-affected zone (HAZ) of 22% Cr duplex stainless steels were investigated. The submerged are welding was performed for comparison purposes. Optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for microscopic studies. The amount of Cr₂N precipitates in the simulated HAZ was determined using the potentiostatic electrolysis method. The experimental results indicate that an increase in the nitrogen and nickel contents raised the δ to transformation temperature and also markedly increased the amount of austenite in the HAZ. The lengthened cooling time promotes the reformation of austenite. An increase in the austenite content reduces the supersaturation of nitrogen in ferrite matrix as well as the precipitation tendency of Cr₂N. The optimum cooling time from 800 to 500 °C (Δt _8/5) obtained from the Gleeble simulation is between 30 and 60 s, which ensures the austenite content in HAZ not falling below 25% and superior pitting and stress corrosion cracking resistance for the steels. The effect of manganese on the formation of austenite can be negligible.     

Cracking resistance of spheroidal graphite bainitic carbide-free irons

The paper presents the results of studying the structure and cracking resistance of so-called carbide-free nonalloyed and alloyed bainitic spheroidal graphite irons. The effect of retained austenite on the static cracking resistance of the irons is shown. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to elucidate the structural affinity of bainitic ferrite (??_B) and dislocation or lath martensite. A high dislocation density (1.1 × 10¹¹ cm^?2) and a small amount of extremely dispersed carbides in bainitic ferrite are the main cause of the increased strength of the irons. The presence of hardened ferrite, along with the possibility of the plastic deformation of retained austenite, yield a high cracking resistance of the bainitic spheroidal graphite irons. The parameters of isothermal hardening are determined at which the maximum resistance to crack propagation is reached.     

The influence of nickel and copper on the austempering of ductile iron

In the present investigation, the effect of alloying elements on the austempering process, austempered microstructure, and structural parameters of two austempered ductile irons (ADI) containing 0.6% Cu and 0.6% Cu/1.0% Ni as the main alloying elements was investigated. The optical metallography and x-ray diffraction were used to study the changes in the austempered structure. The effect of alloying additions on the austempering kinetics was studied using the Avrami equation. Significantly more upper bainite was observed in the austempered Cu-Ni alloyed ADI than in Cu alloyed ADI. The volume fraction of retained austenite (X _γ), the carbon level in the retained austenite (C _γ), and the product X _γ C _γ in an austempered structure of Cu-alloyed ADI are higher than in Cu-Ni-alloyed ADI. The austempering Kinetics is slowed down by the addition of Ni.     

Q890高强钢焊接淬硬倾向和冷裂纹敏感性

通过焊接热模拟试验、焊接热影响区最高硬度试验以及公式计算,分析了Q890钢的焊接淬硬倾向和冷裂纹敏感性.结果表明,稻垣道夫建立的经验公式比D·Vwer建立的理论经验公式更适用于计算厚板的焊接冷却时间t8/5.Q890钢焊接热影响区的粗晶区具有较强的淬硬倾向,调整焊前预热温度以及焊接热输入,对Q890钢热影响区的淬硬倾向无明显改善,但焊前预热能有效增大冷却时间t100,降低试验钢的焊接冷裂倾向.通过计算机拟合建立了冷却时间ts/5与焊接热影响区过热区硬度的关系式,经过验证该关系式能够对Q890钢最高硬度进行合理的预测.     

Effect of silicon content and annealing temperature on formation of retained austenite and mechanical properties in multi-phase steels

Cold-rolled and annealed ultra-high strength sheet steels with good ductility accompanied by TRIP of retained austenite have received considerable attention in recent years. This paper discusses the effect of silicon content and annealing temperature on the formation of retained austenite and the mechanical properties in Fe-0.34%C-1.7% Mn steels whose structure consists of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite. Silicon inhibited the cementite formation in bainite during isothermal holding and partitioned carbon from bainite to austenite, resulting in an increase in retained austenite content. When the silicon content was increased to 1.0 wt.% or higher, the amount of retained austenite markedly increased leading to good mechanical properties. 0.34%C-1.03%Si-1.7%Mn steel showed a high tensile strength of 1,030 MPa and a total elongation of 34.5% when annealed at 780°C for 5 min followed by isothermal holding at 400°C for 5 min. In this case, the amount of retained austenite was about 25%. The variation in tensile strength-elongation combination had good correlation with that in the amount of retained austenite with both annealing temperature and silicon content. The most retained austenite was obtained in the steel annealed at just above A_C1 temperature. The annealing temperature which gives the most retained austenite was decreased with decreasing the silicon content.     

The influence of aging treatments on sulfide stress corrosion cracking of PH 13-8 Mo steel welds

Slow displacement rate tensile tests were carried out to study sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) of PH 13-8 Mo stainless steel welds in a saturated H₂S solution. The welds aged in the temperature range of 482-593 °C were susceptible to SSCC; the fracture surfaces revealed mainly quasi-cleavage fractures after notched tensile tests. However, the SSCC susceptibility in terms of the percentage loss of the notched tensile strength (NTS) of the welds was dependent on the aging treatment. The SSCC resistance and the austenite content of the welds increased with the aging temperatures. The presence of greater amounts of austenite, mainly reverted austenite, in the W1100 specimen (the weld aged at 1100 °F or 593 °C) than that in other aged specimens could account for its lower hardness and better SSCC resistance. On the other hand, the AW (as-welded) specimen containing a small amount of retained austenite films in a soft matrix exhibited a slightly improved SSCC resistance than that in the W1100 specimen. The lower hardness of the AW specimen was owing to the absence of fine coherent precipitates, leading to a reduced local stress and an enlarged plastic zone located in front of the notch in the test. With lower hardness, the local stress would also be lower and less likely to exceed some critical stress for failure in the saturated H₂S solution. For the aged specimens, the hardness/strength level and the amount of reverted austenite were the important factors that affect SSCC susceptibility.     

Effect of austenitization on austempering of copper alloyed ductile iron

A ductile iron containing 0.6% copper as the main alloying element was austempered at a fixed austempering temperature of 330 °C for a fixed austempering time of 60 min after austenitization at 850 °C for different austenitization periods of 60, 90, and 120 min. The austempering process was repeated after changing austenitization temperature to 900 °C. The effect of austenitization temperature and time was studied on the carbon content and its distribution in the austenite after austenitization. The effect of austenitization parameters was also studied on austempered microstructure, structural parameters like volume fraction of austenite, X _γ , carbon content C _γ , and X _γ C _γ , and bainitic ferrite needle size, d _α after austempering. The average carbon content of austenite increases linearly with austenitization time and reaches a saturation level. Higher austenitization temperature results in higher carbon content of austenite. As regards the austempered structure, the lowering austenitization temperature causes significant refinement and more uniform distribution of austempered structure, and a decrease in the volume fraction of retained austenite.     

On the role of martensitic transformation on damage and cracking resistance in TRIP-assisted multiphase steels

The damage resistance, fracture toughness and austenite transformation rate in transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP)-assisted multiphase steel sheets were comparatively characterised on two steel grades differing by the volume fractions of the phases (i.e. ferrite, bainite, retained austenite) and by the mechanical stability of retained austenite. The influence of stress triaxiality on austenite transformation kinetics and the coupling between martensitic transformation and damage were investigated using double edge notched (or cracked) plate specimens tested in tension. The map of the distribution of transformation rates measured locally around the notch (or the crack) was compared with the map of the effective plastic strains and stress triaxialities computed by finite element simulations of the tests. The mechanically-activated martensitic transformation was found to progress continuously with plastic straining and to be strongly influenced by stress triaxiality. Fracture resistance was characterised by means of J_R curves and CTOD measurements using DENT specimens. The fracture toughness at cracking initiation was found to be lower for the steel with higher tensile strength and ductility. The contrasted influence of the TRIP effect, which improves formability by delaying plastic localisation but reduces fracture toughness at cracking initiation, is shown to result from parameters such as the volume fraction of non-intercritical ferrite phases or the mechanical properties of martensite.     

Susceptibility of magnesium alloys to solidification cracking

Solidification cracking of Mg welds has been reported frequently, but the crack susceptibility itself has not been studied much. In the present investigation the widely used Mg alloys AZ31, AZ61, AZ91 and ZK61 were selected for the study. The crack susceptibility was predicted based on the maximum │dT/d(f_S)^1/2│ up to (f_S)^1/2?=?0.99 as the crack susceptibility index (T: temperature; f_S: fraction of solid). The predicted crack susceptibility decreased in the order of ZK61?>?AZ31?>?AZ61?>?AZ91. Since no reported data were available for comparison with the prediction, the transverse motion weldability (TMW) test was conducted. The tested crack susceptibility decreased in the order of ZK61?>?AZ31?>?AZ61?>?AZ91, thus verifying the prediction based on the index │dT/d(f_S)^1/2│. The present study demonstrated that the crack susceptibility index and the TMW test can be useful tools for studying solidification cracking of Mg welds.