脊髓损伤皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）术中监护的实验研究

目的：通过开展皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）术中监护脊髓损伤的实验研究，以确定脊髓损伤的临界值并有效的评价预后，为临床应用提供依据。方法：２８只中国家犬随机分成４组，用ＡｌｅｎＷＤ法致脊髓轻度、重度和完全性损伤，术中ＣＳＥＰ动态监测，并观察伤后１～３个月脊髓组织学改变、ＣＳＥＰ和功能恢复情况。结果：脊髓损伤ＣＳＥＰ术中监护临界值为，伤后２分钟Ｐ１潜伏期较术前延长不超过１．５倍，波幅下降不超过５０％；伤后１０分钟Ｐ１潜伏期较术前延长不超过１．８倍，波幅下降不得超过５５％。波幅变化灵敏，其恢复早于形态学及功能变化。结论：ＣＳＥＰ术中监护脊髓损伤较准确可靠，并能评价其预后。     

皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）对静压型脊髓损伤术中监护的实验研究

皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）对静压型脊髓损伤术中监护的实验研究△沈宁江王书成卢传新术中监护脊髓功能预防医源性脊髓损伤，是当前脊柱外科的研究课题之一。１９７８年Ｅｎｇｌｅｒ〔１〕报道体感诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）在脊柱手术中的监护作用，９０年代以来国外应用逐...     

皮层体感诱发电位术中监护脊髓损伤的实验研究与临床应用

为开展皮层体感诱发是民位术中监护脊髓损伤，确定脊髓损伤的临界值及有效的评价预后，采用３０只中国家犬，造成不同程度的脊髓损伤，术中动态监测，并观察伤后１－３个月脊髓功能的恢复情况。临床应用３５例，结果表明ＣＳＥＰ术中监护脊髓损伤准确、可靠。     

脊柱脊髓手术中皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）监护的临床研究

目的：通过开展皮层体感诱发电位（ＣＳＥＰ）术中监护脊髓功能的临床研究，有效的预防医原性脊髓损伤，杜绝截瘫的发生。方法：６０例手术患者按Ｆｒａｎｋｅｌ分级术前属Ｂ级１１例，Ｃ级１９例，Ｄ级１２例，Ｅ级１８例，ＣＳＥＰ术中连续动态监测。作者经实验研究并结合临床提出ＣＳＥＰ术中监护临界值为：Ｄ、Ｅ级患者术中波幅较麻醉后下降不超过５０％，潜伏期延长不超过７０％；Ｂ、Ｃ级患者术中波幅较麻醉后下降不超过４０％，潜伏期延长不超过５０％。结果：４５例未达到监护临界值，术后无脊髓损伤。超过临界值发出警告１５例，其中１３例接受警告术后脊髓功能无损害，２例不顾警告继续手术，术后发生完全性截瘫。结论：ＣＳＥＰ术中监护脊髓损伤准确可靠，值得推广应用。     

颈椎手术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)监护的临床研究

目的：通过开展皮层体感诱发电位（CSEP）术中监护脊髓功能的临床研究，有效的预防医源性脊髓损伤。杜绝截瘫的发生。方法：71例手术患者按Frankel分级术前属B级5例，C级24例，D级27例。E级15例，CSEP术中连续动态监测。作者经实验研究并结合临床提出CSEP术中监护临界值为，D、E级患者术中波幅较麻醉后下降不超过50%；B，C级患者术中波幅较麻醉后下降不超过40%，结果：39例未达到监护临界值，术后无脊髓损伤，超过临界值发出警告32例，其中31例接受警告术后脊髓功能无损害。1例不顾警告继续手术。术后发生完全性截瘫。结论：CSEP术中监护脊髓损伤准确可靠。值得推广应用。     

皮层体感诱发电位在评价脊柱脊髓损伤中的意义

作者对70例脊柱脊髓损伤患者进行了94次皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)检查,根据CSEP各波的潜伏期、波幅及波形变化将结果分为四类,与Frankel分级有良好的相关性,并对脊髓有无损伤及损伤程度作出精确判断,客观定量评价了脊髓功能.此外,作者提出CSEP检查对治疗方案的制定有重要参考价值.     

皮层体感诱发电位在胸椎手术中监护价值的评价

我科自2000年4月～2003年11月对97例胸椎手术常规行术中皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)监护,有效减少了手术并发症。报告如下。     

正常家犬皮层体感诱发电位的实验研究

作者对28只正常家犬进行了皮层体感诱发电位(CSEP)测定,其正常值为:P_1潜伏期12.0±1.7ms,N_1潜伏期20.7±1.4ms,P_2潜伏期33.8±3.4ms,P_1—N_1波幅1573.85±735.61nV。比较两侧肢体诸波潜伏期及P_1N_1波幅无显著性差异(P>0.9)。为脊髓损伤实验中CSEP检测提供正常数据。     

皮层体感诱发电位对脊髓型颈椎病中脊髓功能的评价

[目的]研究皮层体感诱发电位（cortical somatosensory evoked potential．CSEP）在脊髓型颈椎病（cervical spondylitic myelopathy，CSM）中脊髓功能的评价作用。[方法]采用Dantec公司Keypoint型肌电图诱发电位仪对46例患者行术前正中神经及胫后神经的CSEP检查，记录P1潜伏期，P1-N1峰间波幅值，根据JOA评分将病人分为轻重A、B两组，分析两组CSEE值的变化及相关性，判定CSEP变化与神经功能之间的关系。[结果]38例（82．6％）患者CSEP异常；A组21例，B组25例，两组病人在潜伏期和波幅上无显著性差异。[结论]CSM患者的CSEP大多数出现异常，但与JOA评分无较好的相关性，提示尚不能仅根据CSEP值来评价CSM患者脊髓功能受损的严重程度。     

皮层诱发电位(CSEP)在脊柱手术监护中的应用

目的：通过术中皮层诱发电位监护减少术中脊髓损伤。方法：用体感诱发电位仪对68例脊柱手术行CSEP监护。结果：68例中，56例术中即出现波形改善；11例术中监护及术后波形无改变；仅1例术中监护未见异常，而术后出现不全瘫，16h后恢复。结论：术中皮层诱发电位监护可有效降低脊柱手术后四肢瘫的发生并可预测患者术恢复程度。     

TMS—MEP监测脊髓缺血性损伤的实验研究

为观察经颅磁刺激的不同刺激量和脊髓缺血性损伤对运动诱发电位的影响，采用兔脊髓可逆性缺血损伤模型进行磁刺激运动诱发电位（ＴＭＳ－ＭＥＰ）监测。发现在４０％～８０％的刺激量时，ＭＥＰ相对稳定。脊髓缺血损伤后ＭＥＰ潜伏期延长或消失，恢复血供后ＭＥＰ先于后肢运动功能恢复，至４～６小时完全恢复正常，当脊髓缺血后２４小时出现继发性损伤时，ＭＥＰ再次出现异常，ＭＥＰ的表现和后肢运动功能变化及病理改变相一致。证实ＴＭＳ－ＭＥＰ可敏感而准确的反映脊髓缺血后改变，可用于监测脊髓的缺血性损伤。     

Serum Leptin Levels Following Acute Experimental Spinal Cord Injury

Background/Objective:

Spinal cord injury influences many hormones that are known to be involved in the modulation of neurotrophic, neurogenic, and neuroprotective events. Recent studies showed that leptin could be neuroprotective, enhancing neuronal survival in vitro and in vivo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of the serum leptin levels in rats during acute traumatic SCI.

Methods:

Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into 4 groups. In the control group, neither laminectomy nor SCI was performed; only laminectomy was performed without SCI in the sham group. In the cervical and thoracic spinal trauma groups, laminectomies were performed following the same trauma procedure. Blood samples were drawn 2, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the procedures and assayed immediately.

Results:

In the first 2 hours, levels of leptin were similar in control and sham-operated groups and higher in neurotrauma groups (P < 0.05). At the sixth hour, leptin levels increased in the sham-operated group, decreased in the neurotrauma groups (P < 0.05), and did not change in the control group (P > 0.05). At the 12th hour, the levels of leptin increased in all groups (P > 0.05). At the 24th hour, they decreased in the control, sham-operated, and cervical groups (P < 0.05); levels did not change in the thoracic group (P > 0.05). The decrease was higher in the control group than in the other groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Activation of endogenous leptin secretion started immediately after the SCI. The level of neurologic lesion (either cervical or thoracic regions) affected the levels of serum leptin differently, but with the exception of the first 12-hour period, this difference did not reach a statistically significant level.     

脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织的病理形态学观察

目的：研究脊髓损伤（SCI）用高压氧（HBO）处理后脊髓的病理学变化。方法：用SD大鼠复制SCI模型，0．1MPa和0．25MPaHBO处理后，取损伤脊髓作HE染色。结果：正常对照组脊髓结构完整，细胞形态正常，分布均匀，胞膜，胞核正常，组织间隙正常，单纯损伤组示组织出血，疏松水肿，细胞空泡变性，神经纤维溶解，消失；处理后，0．25MPaHBO组及0．25MPaHBO＋激素（L，M）组脊髓恢复最明显，组织水肿，细胞空泡变性减轻，细胞形态恢复，结构排列完整，结论：HBO治疗可明显阻止或减轻脊髓损伤的病理变化，有利于脊髓功能的恢复。     

Spinal Myoclonus After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

Background/Objective: In the course of examining spinal motor function in many hundreds of people with traumatic spinal cord injury, we encountered 6 individuals who developed involuntary and rhythmic contractions in muscles of their legs. Although there are many reports of unusual muscle activation patterns associated with different forms of myoclonus, we believe that certain aspects of the patterns seen with these 6 subjects have not been previously reported. These patterns share many features with those associated with a spinal central pattern generator for walking.

Methods: Subjects in this case series had a history of chronic injury to the cervical spinal cord, resulting in either complete (ASIA A; n = 4) or incomplete (ASIA D; n = 2) quadriplegia. We used multi-channel electromyography recordings of trunk and leg muscles of each subject to document muscle activation patterns associated with different postures and as influenced by a variety of sensory stimuli.

Results: Involuntary contractions spanned multiple leg muscles bilaterally, sometimes including weak abdominal contractions. Contractions were smooth and graded and were highly reproducible in rate for a given subject (contraction rates were 0.3-0.5 Hz). These movements did not resemble the brief rapid contractions (ie, "jerks") ascribed to some forms of spinal myoclonus. For all subjects, the onset of involuntary muscle contraction was dependent upon hip angle; contractions did not occur unless the hips (and knees) were extended (ie, subjects were supine). In the 4 ASIA A subjects, contractions occurred simultaneously in all muscles (agonists and antagonists) bilaterally. In sharp contrast, contractions in the 2 ASIA D subjects were reciprocal between agonists and antagonists within a limb and alternated between limbs, such that movements in these 2 subjects looked just like repetitive stepping. Finally, each of the 6 subjects had a distinct pathology of their spinal cord, nerve roots, distal trunk, or thigh; in 4 of these subjects, treatment of the pathology eliminated the involuntary movements.

Conclusion: The timing, distribution, and reliance upon hip angle suggest that these movement patterns reflect some elements of a central pattern generator for stepping. Emergence of these movements in persons with chronic spinal cord injury is extremely rare and appears to depend upon a combination of the more rostrally placed injury and a pathologic process leading to a further enhancement of excitability in the caudal spinal cord.     

颈椎病与急性颈脊髓损伤

从1980年10月到1994年1月我们收治41例无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈脊髓损伤,同时在X线、CT及MRI皆有颈椎病的改变.分两组治疗方法比较,手术组皆在颅骨牵引下进行颈椎前路减压、钩椎关节增生部刮除、取自体髂骨或异体骨作椎间植骨融合术.非手术组行颅骨牵引、脱水、皮质激素、神经营养药物、中药及激光血疗,以及早期康复脊髓功能.随访1～9年4个月,平均5年1个月.手术组优14例、显效4例、差3例.非手术组优5例、显效7例、差8例.治愈显效率:前者为85.5%,后者为60%.手术组优于非手术组,P<0.05,有显著意义.治愈显效者皆在不同时间内恢复原来工作,无任何并发症.治疗的关键是选择适当的病例及严格的手术指征,熟练手术方法的技巧及术前术后的精心护理.本文对发病机理、诊治及命名亦进行了初步探讨.