天津地区含水层类型判别与参数分析

根据含水层数学模型的降深-时间双对数和半对数曲线特征,可以确定含水层类型;依据选定的含水层模型,调整其中水文地质参数以拟合抽水试验中观测井降深-时间实测数据,可以反演水文地质参数。将以上方法应用于天津地区6组工程抽水试验,获得试验含水层类型及其水文地质参数。该方法可用于其他相关工程,天津地区和工程建设有关的50m埋深范围内含水层属性及其水文地质参数取值范围,可参考借鉴本文计算结果。     

鲁29井重锤试验的解释

鲁29井通过重锤试验求出了含水层的导水系数为10.8m~2/d,这比抽水试验给出的小一些,但数量级相同。这可能与试验时水位降深有关,水位降深越小,则得出的含水层的导水系数也越小。 重锤试验法比抽水试验法简单易行和经济迅速,用宋解释地下水微动态更合理,较易推广应用。     

利用数字化水位资料反演山西地区构造应力场变化

选取山西地区观测条件较好的8口承压井水位观测资料及相关的气压数据,利用气压系数及M2波潮汐因子等进行滑动拟合,得到不排水状态下的各井含水层孔隙度、水与固体骨架的体积压缩系数。在水平层状含水层(一维)模式下,运用求得的含水层介质参数、井水位变化量与含水层垂直向应力变化量的关系,定量分析山西地区2008年至2015年构造应力场的变化特征。     

测试水井导水性能的简便试验

这种测试水井含水层导水系数的新方法是利用井口水面空气压力阶变试验,计算出聊城井含水层的导水系数为14.4m2/d,而通过抽水试验得出的导水系数为43.6m2/d,二者有相同的数量级,但新方法比抽水试验简单易行和经济快速,用它来解释地下水微动态更合理,容易推广应用     

一种测求水井含水层导水系数的新方法

本文给出了一种测求水井含水层导水系数的新方法。利用Cooper理论和振动理论,通过简单的试验,可以测求出水井含水层的导水系数。用这种方法计算出珍珠泉井含水层的导水系数为2439m~2/d,用抽水试验法测得该系数为2618m~2/d,两者符合得较好。     

云南曲靖井水位潮汐动态特征分析

以井-含水层系统潮汐理论为基础, 结合云南曲靖井水位观测资料实际情况, 利用Baytap-G提供的潮汐分析方法, 分别计算了曲靖井水位M2、 S2、 O1、 S1K1和M3共5个潮汐分波的振幅比、 相位和计算误差, 分析了井水位观测资料不同潮汐波振幅比和相位的动态变化特征, 认为能反映含水层参数的井水位潮汐振幅比和相位变化与附近的抽水和远距离大震引起的同震响应有关, 具体表现为, 2001年11月和2003年8月的振幅比和相位下降变化可能与抽水有关, 而几次大震后的井水位潮汐振幅比和相位小幅度上升和缓慢恢复过程, 则可能与中远场大震的地震波动力引起的含水层渗透系数增加有关．      

一种煤层顶板富水性快速评价方法

煤层开采深度的增加给矿井防治水工作带来了更大的挑战,快速定量化确定含水层富水性成为一个亟待解决的问题.本文在理论分析和数值模拟的基础上,将瞬变电磁法与抽水试验结合,利用多个钻孔抽水试验所得的煤层顶板单位涌水量值与其所对应钻孔附近瞬变电磁法测量所得的煤层顶板视电阻率值建立回归方程,通过回归方程与其余位置视电阻率值,定量估算出其他位置处的拟单位涌水量q,用q定量估计整个测区含水层富水性.研究结果表明:瞬变电磁响应能很好的反映含水低阻层性质的改变.对于复杂含水区域,拟单位涌水量q能够提供更为精细的含水层富水性定量信息.该方法在内蒙古某煤矿进行了探索性试验,实现了对煤层顶板富水性的快速定量评估.     

对水氡仪器故障及自然因素造成异常的分析

共和2号观测井距共和县恰卜恰镇以南6．7km处的上塔迈村，海拔高程为2678m，成井时间为1975年10月，井深为194．35m，含水层厚度7．90、7．60 8．5m，年正常温度为25℃，涌水量为8．7L／s。由于成孔时间长，特别是近年来共和地区干旱少雨，在该井1km范围内又打了几口抽水机井，在农田灌溉旺季大量抽水，目前实际涌水量仅2．OL／s。该井系裂隙发育(破碎)带构成地下水储存间及运移通道，主要含水层第三系，所以该井具有良好的水地质环境条件，水井周围环境较为安静，加之该井孔封系条件好，含水层埋藏深。     

非自流井水温传感器置深对固体潮体应变响应的影响

水温传感器置深不同,所反映的固体潮效应不同。基于非自流井水温传感器深度,从与井底深度和含水层顶板埋深的相对位置关系,探讨水温传感器不同置深对固体潮体应变响应的影响,明确其最佳观测条件,分析认为:非自流井中水温记录固体潮效应的前提条件依次为:水位能记录到固体潮效应,水温传感器投放在观测含水层上方,传感器投放在地温梯度相对较大位置及井半径较小位置。     

地震前井水位下降型异常成因的LOCF模式

本文综述了国内外对震前地下水位下降型异常现象研究的现状,指出该异常具有规律性和复杂性的双重表现,提出了“震前应力集中区的‘断层裂隙带裂隙开合的渗漏模式”——LOCF模式。LOCF模式的中心思想是求解平面问题中的变强度线汇的降深场,在观测水层是承压水层的情况下,作者从单井定流量抽水降深的泰斯(Theis)公式出发导出平面连续点汇的微分降深表达式,通过对平面连续点汇微分降深场在时、空上的叠加给出了平面连续线汇降深方程的一般表达式。文中还计算了定流量平面连续线汇条件下,由于裂隙开合而得到的水位下降型理论曲线实例,由此分析出,只有通过变流量平面连续线汇的降深方程才能模拟实际观测到的水位下降型异常曲线。文中最后还对某些有关问题进行了讨论。     

Characterization of High-K Pathways by Borehole Flowmeter and Tracer Tests

This paper reviews different borehole flowmeter analysis methods and evaluates their applicability to a test site composed of fluvial deposits. Results from tracer and aquifer tests indicate that the aquifer is highly heterogeneous and that low-K skin effects exist at the wells. Borehole flowmeter tests were performed at 37 wells. An appropriate method for calculating borehole flowmeter K values was developed based on results from multiwell pumping tests, single-well pumping tests, and slug tests. The flowmeter data produced 881 K values. The trends and the magnitude of the K values are consistent with results from geologic investigations, recirculating tracer tests, and large-scale multiwell pumping tests. The field tests illustrate that high-K deposits can significantly affect ground-water flows in some heterogeneous fluvial aquifers.     

Aquifer Properties Determined from Two Analytical Solutions

In the analysis of pumping test data, the quality of the determined aquifer parameters can be greatly improved by using a proper model of the aquifer system. Moench (1995) provided an analytical solution for flow to a well partially penetrating an unconfined aquifer. His solution, in contrast to the Neuman solution (1974), accounts for the noninstantaneous decline of the water table (delayed yield). Consequently, the calculated drawdown in these two solutions is different under certain circumstances, and this difference may therefore affect the computation of aquifer properties from pumping test data. This paper uses an inverse computational method to calculate four aquifer parameters as well as a delayed yield parameter, α₁ from pumping test data using both the Neuman (1974) and Moench (1995) solutions. Time-drawdown data sets from a pumping test in an unconfined alluvial aquifer near Grand Island, Nebraska, were analyzed. In single-well analyses, horizontal hydraulic conductivity values derived from the Moench solution are lower, but vertical hydraulic conductivity values are higher than those calculated from the Neuman solution. However, the hydraulic conductivity values in composite-well analyses from both solutions become very close. Furthermore, the Neuman solution produces similar hydraulic conductivity values in the single-well and composite-well analyses, but the Moench solution does not. While variable α₁, seems to play a role in affecting the computation of aquifer parameters in the single-well analysis, a much smaller effect was observed in the composite-well analysis. In general, specific yield determined using the Moench solution could be slightly higher than the values from the Neuman solution; however, they are still lower than the realistic values for sand and gravel aquifers.     

Application of an integrated surface water‐groundwater model to multi‐aquifers modeling in Choushui River alluvial fan,Taiwan

This research proposes a combination of SWAT and MODFLOW, MD‐SWAT‐MODFLOW, to address the multi‐aquifers condition in Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan. The natural recharge and unidentified pumping/recharge are separately estimated. The model identifies the monthly pumping/recharge rates in multi‐aquifers so that the daily streamflow can be simulated correctly. A multi‐aquifers condition means a subsurface formation composed of at least the unconfined aquifer, the confined aquifer, and an in‐between aquitard. In such a case, the variation of groundwater level is related to pumping/recharge activities in vertically adjacent aquifer and the river‐aquifer interaction. Both factors in turn affect the streamflow performance. Results show that MD‐SWAT‐MODFLOW performs better than SWAT alone in terms of simulated streamflow, especially during low flow period, when pumping/recharge rates are properly estimated. A sensitivity analysis of individual parameter suggests that the vertical leakance may be the most sensitive among all investigated MODFLOW parameters in terms of the estimated pumping/recharge among aquifers, and the Latin‐Hypercube‐One‐factor‐At‐a‐Time sensitivity analysis indicates that the hydraulic conductivity of channel is the most sensitive to the model performance. It also points out the necessity to simultaneously estimate pumping/recharge rates in multi‐aquifers. The estimated net pumping rate can be treated as a lower bound of the actual local pumping rate. As a whole, the model provides the spatio‐temporal groundwater use, which gives the authorities insights to manage groundwater resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Method to Determine the Formation Constants of Leaky Aquifers, and Its Application to Pumping Test Data

Abstract. A method to calculate aquifer transmissivity, storage coefficient, and the leakage coefficient from pumping test data for a leaky aquifer is presented. The method is carried out by a computer program and is based on a minimization of the sum of squares of differences between drawdown in the observation well and the theoretical values from the Hantush and Jacob formula. No user defined starting points are necessary. Random error estimates for the parameters are given. Applications of the method are illustrated using data from pumping tests performed in leaky aquifers at the Cauca River Valley, Colombia.     

Boundary depletion rate and drawdown in leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers

This study presents analytical solutions of the three‐dimensional groundwater flow to a well in leaky confined and leaky water table wedge‐shaped aquifers. Leaky wedge‐shaped aquifers with and without storage in the aquitard are considered, and both transient and steady‐state drawdown solutions are derived. Unlike the previous solutions of the wedge‐shaped aquifers, the leakages from aquitard are considered in these solutions and unlike similar previous work for leaky aquifers, leakage from aquitards and from the water table are treated as the lower and upper boundary conditions. A special form of finite Fourier transforms is used to transform the z‐coordinate in deriving the solutions. The leakage induced by a partially penetrating pumping well in a wedge‐shaped aquifer depends on aquitard hydraulic parameters, the wedge‐shaped aquifer parameters, as well as the pumping well parameters. We calculate lateral boundary dimensionless flux at a representative line and investigate its sensitivity to the aquitard hydraulic parameters. We also investigate the effects of wedge angle, partial penetration, screen location and piezometer location on the steady‐state dimensionless drawdown for different leakage parameters. Results of our study are presented in the form of dimensionless flux‐dimensionless time and dimensionless drawdown‐leakage parameter type curves. The results are useful for evaluating the relative role of lateral wedge boundaries and leakage source on flow in wedge‐shaped aquifers. This is very useful for water management problems and for assessing groundwater pollution. The presented analytical solutions can also be used in parameter identification and in calculating stream depletion rate and volume. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discussion about the validity of sharp‐interface models to deal with seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers

Analytical models have been exhaustively used to study simple seawater intrusion problems and the sustainable management of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers because of its simplicity, easy implementation, and low computational cost. Most of these models are based on the sharp‐interface approximation and the Ghyben–Herzberg relation, and their governing equations are expressed in terms of a single potential theory to calculate critical pumping rates in a coastal pumping scenario. The Ghyben–Herzberg approach neglects mixing of fresh water and seawater and implicitly assumes that salt water remains static. Therefore, the results of the analytical solutions may be inaccurate and unacceptable for some real‐complex case studies. This paper provides insight into the validity of sharp‐interface models to deal with seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, i.e. when they can be applied to obtain accurate enough results. For that purpose, this work compares sharp‐interface solutions, based on the Ghyben–Herzberg approach, with numerical three‐dimensional variable‐density flow simulations for a set of heterogeneous groundwater flow and mass transport parameters, and different scenarios of spatially distributed recharge values and spatial wells placement. The numerical experiment has been carried out in a 3D unconfined synthetic aquifer using the finite difference numerical code SEAWAT for solving the coupled partial differential equations of flow and density‐dependent transport. This paper finds under which situations the sharp‐interface solution gives good predictions in terms of seawater penetration, transition zone width and critical pumping rates. Additionally, the simulation runs indicate to which parameters and scenarios the results are more sensitive. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydraulic parameters of a multilayered aquifer system in Kuwait City

The Kuwait Group consists mainly of clastic sediments overlying unconformably the Dammam Formation of Tertiary age. The Kuwait Group is generally divided into three main hydrostratigraphic units: the upper and lower aquifers separated by an aquitard. The upper aquifer is further divided into the water table aquifer, an aquitard and a semiconfined aquifer. This semiconfined unit was pumped and the drawdowns were observed in piezometers screened in various subunits of the Kuwait Group. Some pumping tests of short duration were carried out in the top water table aquifer as well. These tests showed that the subunits of the Kuwait Group are hydraulically interconnected to a varying degree.

The pumping test data were analysed using conventional analytical solutions. The semiconfined pumping test was also simulated by a quasi-three-dimensional model using a leaky multiaquifer modelling technique. The initial hydraulic parameters were improved manually in the model till best fit drawdowns were obtained.

The final parameters obtained by simulation of the pumping tests were used in designing a pilot drainage system for the control of a rising groundwater table in parts of Kuwait City.     

Assessing radial transmissivity variation in heterogeneous aquifers using analytical techniques

Pumping tests are one of the most commonly used in situ testing techniques for assessing aquifer hydraulic properties. Numerous researches have been conducted to predict the effects of aquifer heterogeneity on the groundwater levels during pumping tests. The objectives of the present work were as follows: (1) to predict drawdown conditions and to estimate aquifer properties during pumping tests undertaken in radially symmetric heterogeneous aquifers, and (2) to identify a method for assessing the transmissivity field along the radial coordinate in radially symmetric and fully heterogeneous transmissivity fields. The first objective was achieved by expanding an existing analytical drawdown formulation that was valid for a radially symmetric confined aquifer with two concentric zones around the pumping well to an N concentric zone confined aquifer having a constant transmissivity value within each zone. The formulation was evaluated for aquifers with three and four concentric zones to assess the effects of the transmissivity field on the drawdown conditions. The specific conditions under which aquifer properties could be identified using traditional methods of analysis were also evaluated. The second objective was achieved by implementing the inverse solution algorithm (ISA), which was developed for petroleum reservoirs to groundwater aquifer settings. The results showed that the drawdown values are influenced by a volumetric integral of a weighting function and the transmissivity field within the cone of depression. The weighting function migrates in tandem with the expanding cone of depression. The ability of the ISA to predict radially symmetric and log‐normally distributed transmissivity fields was assessed against analytical and numerical benchmarks. The results of this investigation indicated that the ISA method is a viable technique for evaluating the radial transmissivity variations of heterogeneous aquifer settings. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow to a well in a five-layer system with application to the Oxnard Basin

Nearly 40 years ago, Neuman (1968) developed an analytical solution for drawdown in a system of three aquifers separated by two aquitards when one of the aquifers is pumped at a constant rate. Whereas the simpler case of two aquifers separated by one aquitard has been presented by Neuman and Witherspoon (1969a), the full five-layer solution has not been previously evaluated. We do so here using numerical inversion of its Laplace-transformed version and present selected results graphically in dimensionless form. The solution demonstrates that the effect of pumping propagates across all five layers, adding emphasis to a question previously raised by Neuman and Witherspoon about the validity of leaky aquifer theories that disregard drawdowns in unpumped aquifers. A large-scale, long-term pumping test spanning three aquifers separated by two aquitards near Oxnard, California, has been conducted and analyzed by Neuman and Witherspoon (1972). They evaluated the vertical hydraulic diffusivities of the aquitards using the Neuman-Witherspoon ratio method and their specific storage values on the basis of laboratory consolidation tests. We reinterpret the Oxnard pumping test by coupling the five-layer analytical solution of Neuman (1968) with the parameter estimation code PEST (Doherty 2002) and validate our results against drawdowns from a subsequent pumping test at the site. Our parameter estimates compare favorably with those of Neuman and Witherspoon (1972).