米氮平和氯米帕明维持治疗抑郁症对照观察

目的:比较抑郁症患者用米氮平和氯米帕明维持治疗的疗效.方法:将60例门诊抑郁症患者随机分为服用米氮平组和氯米帕明组,均治疗54周,用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)临床疗效总评量表(CGI)和副反应量表(TESS)在治疗前及治疗12、54周末比较两组的疗效和依从性.结果:治疗12周两组均有非常显著的疗效,两组间比较差异无显著性;治疗54周以米氮平组显著较好.米氮平组不良反应发生率远低于氯米帕明组.结论:抑郁症患者对米氮平依从性高主要是因疗效好,不良反应轻.     

米氮平与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症对照观察

目的:比较米氮平与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症的临床疗效及安全性。方法:对74例抑郁症患者随机分为两组。米氮平组36例,米氮平剂量15~45mg/d;氯米帕明组38例,氯米帕明剂量75~225mg/d。疗程8周。在治疗前后用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、临床疗效总评量表病情严重程度(CGI-SI)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果:米氮平治疗抑郁症的疗效较好,不良反应较轻。结论:米氮平治疗抑郁症安全、有效,不良反应少,依从性好。     

文拉法辛与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症对照观察

目的：比较文拉法辛与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症的疗效及安全性。方法：文拉法辛组及氯米帕明组各50例。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)、副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。疗程6周。结果：两组疗效差异无显著性．文拉法辛组不良反应较小。结论：文拉法辛治疗抑郁症疗效好,起效快,不良反应轻微,     

文拉法辛与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症对照研究

目的比较文拉法辛与氯米帕明治疗抑郁症的疗效和安全性。方法将77例抑郁症患者随机分为文拉法辛组和氯米帕明组。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。疗程6周。结果两组疗效比较差异无显著性,但文拉法辛起效较快,不良反应较少。结论文拉法辛治疗抑郁症疗效好,起效快,不良反应轻微。     

米氮平与氟西汀治疗抑郁症的疗效对比分析

目的　评价米氮平治疗抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法　将符合CCMD - 3抑郁症诊断标准的 6 1例抑郁症患者随机分为米氮平组 (31例 )和氟西汀组 (30例 ) ,治疗 6周。用汉密顿抑郁量表 (HAMD)评定疗效 ,用副反应量表 (TESS)评定副反应。结果　米氮平组和氟西汀组的有效率分别为 78%和 77% ,二者比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但米氮平起效快 ,副反应轻。结论　米氮平是一种安全有效的新一代抗抑郁药。     

文拉法辛和氯米帕明治疗老年抑郁症对照研究

目的:比较文拉法辛和氯米帕明对老年抑郁症的疗效和不良反应。方法:70例老年抑郁症患者随机分为两组,分别用文拉法辛和氯米帕明治疗,疗程6周。采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、临床疗效总评量表(CGI)和副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果:文拉法辛和氯米帕明治疗老年抑郁症疗效相似,但文拉法辛比氯米帕明见效快,不良反应轻,疗效指数好于氯米帕明(P<0.05)。结论:文拉法辛是一种安全有效、见效快、不良反应轻的治疗老年抑郁症的药物。     

氟伏沙明与氯米帕明治疗躯体化障碍的随机对照研究

目的评价氟伏沙明与氯米帕明对躯体化障碍的临床疗效和不良反应。方法采用随机数字表法将符合《中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准(第3版)》(CCMD-3)的92例躯体化障碍患者分为两组,分别给予氟伏沙明与氯米帕明治疗。氟伏沙明剂量(227.3±53.8)mg/d,氯米帕明剂量(205.5±32.7)mg/d。观察期8周。采用汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和不良反应。结果治疗8周后,氟伏沙明组与氯米帕明组总有效率比较差异无统计学意义(73.91%vs.69.57%,P0.05);两组HAMA、HAMD总评分及躯体性焦虑因子评分均较治疗前低(P0.05或0.01)。治疗2周末,氟伏沙明组HAMA评分及躯体性焦虑因子评分均较氯米帕明组低(P0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异有统计学意义(28.26%vs.60.87%,P0.05)。结论氟伏沙明与氯米帕明治疗躯体化障碍疗效相当,氟伏沙明起效更快,不良反应更少。     

米氮平治疗抑郁症的临床疗效

目的　评价米氮平治疗抑郁症的临床疗效和安全性。方法　对符合CCMD 3抑郁症诊断标准的 5 3例抑郁症患者进行米氮平和丙咪嗪的对照研究 ,其中米氮平组 30例 (15～ 4 5mg/d) ,丙咪嗪组 2 3例 (10 0～ 2 0 0mg/d) ,共治疗 6周。采用汉密顿抑郁量表HAMD ,汉密顿焦虑量表HAMA ,临床总体评定量表CGI评定临床疗效 ,副反应量表TESS评定不良反应。结果　经 6w治疗后 ,米氮平组治疗总有效率为 87% ,显效率为 6 9% ,丙咪嗪组分别为 86 %和 6 7% ,两组相比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。米氮平组治疗第 1周就起效。两组的HAMD ,AHMA评分治疗前后相比较差异有高度显著性(P <0 0 1) ;两组之间比较差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。米氮平组的不良反应相对于丙咪嗪组少而轻 ,常见的有头昏、口干、胃肠不适等。结论　米氮平治疗抑郁症疗效好 ,起效快 ,不良反应少而轻 ,适合临床应用。     

阿立哌唑与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的疗效对照分析

目的比较阿立哌唑与氯米帕明治疗强迫症的疗效及不良反应。方法将符合CCMD-3诊断标准的强迫症患者62例，随机分成研究组（阿立哌唑组）29例，对照组（氯米帕明组）33例。分别应用临床疗效评定标准、Yale-Brown强迫症量表（Y—BOCS）和Hamilton抑郁量表（HAMD）、自编不良反应出现频率表，分别评定疗效及不良反应。结果研究结束时，两组自身在治疗前后的临床疗效、Y-BOCS量表及Hamilton量表的减分率均显示有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。阿立哌唑组和氯米帕明组的有效率分别为53％和56％，但是两组之间的疗效则无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。两组不良反应格局略有不同。结论结果显示阿立哌唑在治疗强迫症时，其临床疗效与氯米帕明相当，而不良反应虽有所差异，但不影响治疗。     

米氮平与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症的临床研究

目的 比较米氮平和帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症的临床疗效及不良反应。方法 将78例抑郁症患者按就诊先后顺序随机分成两组，每组39例。两组分别应用米氮平和帕罗西汀治疗6周，采用汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）和抗抑郁药副反应量表（SERS），于用药前及治疗1、2、4、6周评定疗效和不良反应。结果 两组治疗前后疗效均有显著性差异（P〈0．01），两组间的疗效差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。米氮平的主要不良反应是口干、心悸等，帕罗西汀的主要不良反应是性功能障碍及睡眠障碍。结论 米氮平和帕罗西汀均是治疗抑郁症的安全和有效的药物，两药的疗效和不良反应各有其不同的特点。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.