中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

中国花生核心种质的建立

以中国花生种质资源数据库中记录的6390份花生资源为材料,以其基本数据、特征数据和评价数据为信息,采用分层、层内分组聚类以及随机取样与必选资源相结合的方法,构建了由576份资源组成的花生核心种质,占基础收集品的9.01%。对核心种质的植物学类型组成和遗传多样性指数的分析,以及对各性状特征值、符合率和包含的主要抗病资源抗性等级及重要农艺性状资源的检测结果表明,本研究建立的核心种质是有效的。基础收集品中各种性状的遗传变异在核心种质中均存在,所用15个性状的各种特征值符合率均在90%以上,其中绝大部分性状的符合率达96%以上。     

小麦地方品种繁殖更新过程中的遗传多样性变化分析

采用分别保存于长期库及中期库的3个小麦地方品种的6份材料,进行了9项农艺性状及35个与农艺性状相关的微卫星标记检测,每份材料选取30个单株进行遗传多样性与遗传结构分析。结果表明:(1)更新前,3个小麦地方品种均为遗传异质性群体,在SSR位点上的异质度分别为57.14%、48.57%和5.71%。(2)在农艺性状表现上,只有温泉小麦3在株高和穗粒数上更新后比更新前显著增加,其他材料无显著差异。(3)在SSR位点多态性表现上,3个品种在更新后均发生了遗传多样性变化,8个与粒重、产量、生育期性状相关位点存在等位位点丢失现象,其中2个与粒重、生育期相关位点频率变化显著。(4)综合农艺性状调查与SSR分子标记检测结果发现,3个品种更新前后在多样性指数上无显著差异,遗传分化系数Gst分别为0.0269、0.0324和0.0380,即更新前后遗传差异分别为2.69%、3.24%和3.80%。上述结果建议,经繁殖更新的小麦种质资源能够比较完好地保持其遗传多样性和遗传结构。对于遗传异质性小麦地方品种在繁殖更新后存在遗传多样性丢失的危险,为了保证更新前后的遗传完整性,建议在繁殖更新过程中每个品种至少应保持300个单株的群体。     

中国绿豆应用型核心样本农艺性状的分析

为提高种质资源在育种中的利用效率,建立了我国绿豆（Vigna radiata）应用型核心样本。该样本既包括了资源库中具有特异性状的种质和曾经在生产上大面积种植的品种,也包括了在育种中使用频繁的亲本及苗头品系等。农艺性状变异分析表明,该核心样本具有丰富的表型变异,是绿豆种质资源的代表性样本。聚类分析可将核心样本分为4大类,但类别内种质与其地理来源相关性不明显。不同来源表型数据的分析发现,不同性状间的一致性存在差异。但产量相关性状的表现均与当前育种目标相接近,说明该核心样本具有较高的实用性。     

美国花生微核心种质资源纯化系的引进与表型评价

花生种质资源是花生新品种选育和重要农艺性状遗传研究的基础材料。引进国外优异花生种质资源,并对其进行鉴定和评价对发掘优良花生种质、丰富我国花生资源遗传多样性以及合理利用种质资源进行遗传改良具有重要意义。本研究于2014-2015年连续2年在河北保定对104份引进的美国花生微核心种质资源纯化系进行了农艺性状考察和抗病性鉴定。鉴定结果表明,美国微核心种质纯化系多为匍匐型,主茎高变异范围为24.50~89.50 cm,侧枝长为39.37~99.23 cm,单株果数和单株果重分别为8.75~46.33个和8.49~29.54 g,百果重为80.76~216.72 g,单株粒数为18.25~58.00个,单株粒重为9.89~33.36 g,百仁重为25.52~74.18 g,出仁率为52.58%~76.08%。抗病性鉴定表明,部分美国微核心种质资源纯化系高抗褐斑病和网斑病,性状优良。该研究结果为花生新品种选育与遗传研究提供了优异材料和参考信息。     

中国绿豆应用型核心样本农艺性状的分析

为提高种质资源在育种中的利用效率,建立了我国绿豆(Vigna radiata)应用型核心样本。该样本既包括了资源库中具特异性状的种质和曾经在生产上大面积种植的品种,也包括了在育种中使用频繁的亲本及苗头品系等。农艺性状变异分析表明,该核心样本具有丰富的表型变异,是绿豆种质资源的代表性样本。聚类分析可将核心样本分为4大类,但类别内种质与其地理来源相关不明显。不同来源表型数据的分析发现,不同性状间的一致性存在差异。但产量相关性状的表现均与当前育种目标相接近,说明该核心样本具有较高的实用性。     

利用表型数据构建陆地棉核心种质

以5963份陆地棉种质资源为材料,根据品种主要突变性状和品种类型分组成11组群,在分组的基础上利用21个表型性状,用非加权类平均聚类分析法,构建了281份陆地棉核心种质,占全部种质资源总量的4.71%。利用不同性状的均值t测验、方差F测验、变异系数、多样性指数t检验、均值、极差、表型方差、变异系数、均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率、变异系数变化率、主成分分析等参数进行核心种质代表性检验和评价。结果表明,所构建的陆地棉核心种质可以代表全部种质的遗传多样性。     

Methods of developing a core collection of annual Medicago species

A core collection is a subset of a large germplasm collection that contains accessions chosen to represent the genetic variability of the germplasm collection. The purpose of the core collection is to improve management and use of a germplasm collection. Core collections are usually assembled by grouping accessions and selecting from within these groups. The objective of this study was to compare 11 methods of assembling a core collection of the U.S. National collection of annual Medicago species. These methods differed in their use of passport and evaluation data as well as their selection strategy. Another objective was to compare core collections with sample sizes of 5%, 10% and 17% of the germplasm collection. Core collections assembled with evaluation data and cluster analysis better represented the germplasm collection than core collections assembled based solely on passport data and random selection of accessions, The Relative Diversity and the logarithm methods generated better core collections than the proportional method. The 5% and 10% sample size core collection were judged insufficient to represent the germplasm collection.     

基于穗形特征与分子标记进行中国节节麦核心种质的创建

节节麦是普通小麦D基因组供体,遗传多样性丰富,而我国节节麦资源是有别于中东节节麦资源的重要基因源。为了合理高效地管理、评价、保护和利用我国节节麦资源,本研究将野生采集的762份中国节节麦资源作为试验材料,基于SSR标记分组状况,利用小穗长、护颖长、护颖宽、外稃长、外稃宽、内稃长、内稃宽、穗宽、粒长和粒宽等10个穗形性状指标,在欧氏距离、马氏距离和4种取样比例下构建节节麦核心种质候选集。进而采用均值差异百分率、极差符合率、方差差异百分率及变异系数变化率4个指标对不同方法构建的核心种质候选集的可行性和有效性进行评价,并利用原种质和核心种质的主成分分析法进行验证,最终确定基于欧氏距离、10%取样比例下、采用最小距离逐步取样法构建的包含76个样品的节节麦核心种质能够以最小的资源份数、最大限度地代表我国节节麦的遗传多样性。     

贵州核桃核心种质筛选与构建研究北大核心CSCD

为了更好地构建贵州核桃核心种质,该研究以245份贵州核桃种质资源为试材,利用数量性状的遗传变异数据,对其构建方法进行了探索;采用随机取样策略、偏离度取样策略和位点优先取样策略,结合8个取样比例(5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、40%和50%),进行多次聚类构建核心种质;将核心种质与原种质和保留种质进行t检验比较来评价核心种质,并用主成分分析法和表型性状对核心种质进行确认。结果表明:(1)选取偏离度取样策略,总体取样比例为50%,构建出131份贵州核桃核心种质资源。(2)对种质资源核心库13个数量性状进行主成分分析,其累计贡献率达到76.48%,主成分图中核桃核心种质与原种质的分布较为相似,表明核心种质有效地保存了核桃原种质的遗传结构,并有效避免了种质的冗余。(3)在欧氏距离结合组间联接法的聚类条件下,偏离度取样策略是构建贵州核桃核心种质的最佳方法。     

Assessment of genetic diversity within and between pearl millet landraces

A minimum core subset of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], which comprised 504 landrace accessions, was recently established from the global pearl millet germplasm collection of ICRISAT. The accessions for this core were selected by a random proportional sampling strategy following stratification of the entire landrace collection (about 16,000 accessions) according to their geographic origin and morpho-agronomic traits. In this study RFLP probes were used to quantify the genetic diversity within and between landrace accessions of this minimum core using a subset comprising ten accessions of Indian origin. Twenty five plants per accession were assayed with EcoRI, EcoRV, HindIII and DraI restriction enzymes, and 16 highly polymorphic RFLP probes, nine associated with a quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for downy mildew resistance, and five associated with a QTL for drought tolerance. A total of 51 alleles were detected using 16 different probe-enzyme combinations. The partitioning of variance components based on the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for diversity analysis revealed high within-accession variability (30.9%), but the variability between accessions was significantly higher (69.1%) than that within the accessions. A dendrogram based on the dissimilarity matrix obtained using Ward's algorithm further delineated the 250 plants into ten major clusters, each comprised of plants from a single accession (with the exception of two single plants). A similar result was found in an earlier study using morpho-agronomic traits and geographic origin. This study demonstrated the utility of RFLP markers in detecting polymorphism and estimating genetic diversity in a highly cross-pollinated species such as pearl millet. When less-tedious marker systems are available, this method could be further extended to assess the genetic diversity between and within the remaining accessions in the pearl millet core subset.     

基于农艺性状的榕江茶（Camellia yungkiangensis）核心种质构建

摘 要：为得出较为可靠的榕江茶初级核心种质群体,以加强榕江茶种质选育、开发利用和分子遗传学研究,解决其种质资源保存成本较高问题,促进榕江茶种质资源的鉴定和有效利用。以118份榕江茶种质资源为材料,对19个表型性状和4个基本品质成分共计23个农艺性状进行分析;基于2种遗传距离(标准化欧氏距离、马氏距离）、4种聚类方法（离差平方和法、非加权组平均法、最长距离法、最短距离法）和7种总体取样规模（10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%）构建了56个候选榕江茶核心种质,利用筛选得到的最佳构建方案构建初级核心种质。通过对原种质、保留种质和核心种质的表型遗传多样性和变异程度,以及各种质不同数量性状间的t检验来评价核心种质的代表性,并用主成分分析法对核心种质进行确认。构建榕江茶核心种质时,2种遗传距离中,标准化欧氏距离优于马氏距离;4种聚类方法中,最短距离法优于另外3种;7种总体取样规模中,30%的取样比例较适宜榕江茶核心种质的构建。对构建的38份核心种质进行分析评价,结果表明,核心种质与原种质23个性状的6个特征值一致性较好,并且遗传多样性指数有一定程度的提升;t检验结果表明,核心种质平衡了稀有性状的分布,有效保留了原种质的遗传多样性;主成分分析结果表明,核心种质的主成分累计贡献率高于原种质;对核心种质进一步确认时,发现核心种质均匀分布在原始种质范围内,无重叠现象,有效的避免了核心种质的冗余。所构建的榕江茶核心种质资源可以很好地代表原种质,较好的保留了原种质的性状、遗传多样性和变异。标准化欧氏距离、最短距离法和30%总体取样规模的构建策略,是构建榕江茶核心种质的最佳方法。最终构建了38份榕江茶种质资源的初级核心种质,占原种质32.20%。核心种质评价表明初级核心种质构建有效且质量较高,能够在保证冗余较少的情况下充分代表原种质遗传多样性。     

棉花资源收集、保存、评价与利用现状及未来

截至2010年12月,国家棉花种质中期库共保存棉花种质8868份,保存数量居世界第4位,其中陆地棉7362份、陆地棉野生种系350份、海岛棉633份、亚洲棉433份、草棉18份、野生种32份。共编目8503份,上交数据信息系统7527份,入长期库合格7298份,未能入长期库保存种质2194份。完善了繁殖更新技术,繁殖更新种质6550份,2001-2010年,共向704人次提供11507份棉花种质,年均1150份。2007-2010年对330份优异种质在河南安阳、江苏南京、新疆库车进行了精准鉴定,并进行了优异种质展示。近十年,创造了不同基因源且具有优质、专用、多抗、高产、高效等多个重要性状的优异基因聚合的新种质32份,并分别对12份棉花优异种质,从形态学、系谱和分子标记等方面进行了基因源和利用价值的分析,并定位相关基因。用简单重复序列(SSR)、EST-SSR、AFLP等分子标记,结合一种新方法"十进制数字串条形码",构建了优异种质特有的"分子身份证"。     

云南苦荞种质资源主要性状的遗传多样性分析

为了从云南苦荞种质资源中挖掘优异种质资源,拓宽苦荞遗传基础,以48份苦荞种质资源为材料研究了6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的遗传多样性。结果表明,云南的苦荞资源存在着丰富的遗传多样性,6个农艺性状中株粒重的变异系数为34.4%最大,品质性状中总黄酮含量的变异系数为51.72%最大。聚类结果表明,将48份材料聚为3大类,可区分为低产型、矮秆高产型和中秆高产型。6个主要农艺性状和5个品质性状的主成分分析结果表明,前3个累计贡献率分别达84.105%和80.332%,各主成分性状载荷值反映了主要数量性状的育种选择潜力。综合分析种质资源的主要农艺性状,可为云南苦荞种质资源的利用提供有效的科学依据。     

基于农艺性状指标的山西高粱地方品种核心种质构建

利用1285份山西省高粱地方品种18个农艺性状的历史数据,通过比较不同取样方法、取样比例和聚类方法组合的构建方法,确定了"多次聚类偏离度取样法+15％取样比例+欧氏距离+最长距离法"为山西省高粱地方核心种质构建的方法.192份初选核心种质和所有样本的均值差异百分率、方差差异百分率、极差符合率和变异系数变化率分别为0、8...     

中国普通菜豆形态性状分析及分类

对129份中国普通菜豆地方品种的形态性状进行分析,结果表明,8个性状共检测到35个变异类型,平均变异类型为4.375个,平均多态信息含量为0.5638。中国普通菜豆包括安第斯和中美两个基因库种质,中美洲基因库资源在参试资源中比重较大,但安第斯基因库资源遗传多样性水平高于中美基因库材料。由中美基因库向安第斯基因库渗透的天然杂交种质可为普通菜豆高产、优质、抗逆育种提供有价值的桥梁品种。     

Variation in the Agronomic and Morphological Traits of Iranian Chickpea Accessions

Landraces of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran have not been adequately characterized for their agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in the development of improved cultivars, so in this study 362 chickpea accessions, collected from the major chickpea growing areas of Iran, were evaluated to determine their phenotypic diversity. High coefficients of variation (CVs)were recorded in pods/branch, seeds/pod, yield/plant, seeds/plant, pods/plant and branches/plant. Using principal component (PC) analysis, the first four PCs with eigenvalues more than 1 contributed 84.10% of the variability among accessions, whereas PC5 to PC10 were less than unity. PC1 was positively related to days to first maturity, days to 50% flowering and days to 50% maturity. The characters with the greatest weight on PC2 were seeds/plant and yield/plant, whereas PC3 was mainly related to pods/plant, seeds/pod and 100-seed weight, and PC4 was positively related to pods/branch and negatively to branches/plant. The germplasm was grouped into four clusters using cluster analysis. Each cluster had some specific characteristics of its own and the cluster I was clearly separated from clusters Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ. These accessions are an important resource for the establishment of a core collection of chickpeas in the world.     

A core collection and mini core collection of Oryza sativa L. in China

The extent of and accessibility to genetic variation in a large germplasm collection are of interest to biologists and breeders. Construction of core collections (CC) is a favored approach to efficient exploration and conservation of novel variation in genetic resources. Using 4,310 Chinese accessions of Oryza sativa L. and 36 SSR markers, we investigated the genetic variation in different sized sub-populations, the factors that affect CC size and different sampling strategies in establishing CC. Our results indicated that a mathematical model could reliably simulate the relationship between genetic variation and population size and thus predict the variation in large germplasm collections using randomly sampled populations of 700?C1,500 accessions. We recommend two principles in determining the CC size: (1) compromising between genetic variation and genetic redundancy and (2) retaining the main types of alleles. Based on the most effective scheme selected from 229 sampling schemes, we finally developed a hierarchical CC system, in which different population scales and genetic diversities allow a flexible use of genetic resources. The CC, comprising 1.7% (932) of the accessions in the basic collection, retained more than 85% of both the SSR and phenotypic variations. A mini core collection, comprising 0.3% (189) of the accessions in the basic collection, retained 70.65% of the SSR variation and 76.97% of the phenotypic variation, thus providing a rational framework for intensive surveys of natural variation in complex traits in rice genetic resources and hence utilization of variation in rice breeding.