需求侧管理模式在水资源管理中的应用

随着经济发展及城市化水平的不断提高,社会对水资源的需求量大幅度增加,供需矛盾日益突出。该文通过对需求侧管理（DSM）模式的全面分析,探讨将需求侧管理模式中费用最小和费用最有效原则和综合资源规划（IRP）引入水资源管理,加强水资源需求侧管理,控制需求增长,将有利于水资源需求和供应相适应,实现水资源的可持续利用。     

水资源需求侧管理的组织体系和实施探索

借鉴电力需求侧管理,提出了水资源需求侧管理的组织体系,探讨了各级政府部门在主导水资源需求侧管理中的主要职责,供水公司和用水户的工作重点和应具备的配套措施,认为目前我国实施水资源需求侧管理的主要障碍包括市场障碍、资金障碍和水价障碍,为有效实施水资源需求侧管理,应建立评价体系、激励机制、实施机制,加强基础工作,建立相关技术支持系统。     

浅论水资源需求侧管理

随着社会经济的发展,水资源消耗日益增加,水资源需求和供给之间的矛盾加剧。针对这一情况,介绍了水资源需求侧管理的基本理论,并引入可持续发展的观点,提出了加强水资源需求侧管理的一系列对策和措施。     

对淮河流域水资源需求管理的认识及建议

水资源管理的基本目标是以水资源的可持续利用支撑经济社会可持续发展,这个目标一般通过两方面工作予以实现:一是供给管理,二是需求管理。供给管理是通过对供给侧的管理,增加供水量,以满足经济社会对水资源的需求。需求管理则是加强对需求侧管理,抑制不合理的用水需求,实现供需平衡。水资源需求管理是基于水资源开发利用的资源态势、经济成本     

需求侧管理在贵阳市水资源综合管理中的应用

随着经济社会的快速发展,贵阳市水资源供需矛盾日益加剧。为应对水资源短缺问题,严格落实最严格水资源管理制度,及时转变水资源管理模式,从供给侧管理向需求侧管理转变是贵阳市水资源管理工作的重要任务之一。文章在对贵阳市水资源管理现状及存在的问题进行分析的基础上,阐述了贵阳市实施水资源需求侧管理的必要性,并从法律法规、机制体制、技术措施、宣传教育等方面提出了贵阳市实施水资源需求侧管理的措施与建议。成果可为贵阳市加强水资源统一管理、促进水务一体化改革实施、促进贵阳市水资源可持续利用提供决策参考。     

需求侧管理技术在黄河水资源管理中的应用

为应对黄河水资源日益紧缺的严峻形势，借鉴电力部门用电管理采用的需求侧管理技术，改变传统的资源观念、规划模式，探讨黄河水资源的用水方式，将提高黄河用水效率减少的水量消耗视为一种资源同时参与水资源规划，更加合理地配置和利用水资源，以满足黄河流域经济社会发展的需求，提高黄河水资源的承栽能力。     

从乌海经验看用水预算管理的创新探索

内蒙古自治区乌海市基于自身水资源条件和现实需求,创新探索用水预算管理模式,建立“零基预算”的用水管理规则,明确用水预算管理各项程序,并将用水预算管理与定额管理、计划用水管理有机结合起来,推进全链条节水,构建水资源需求侧管理体系,为提升水资源利用效率提供了制度保障。文章基于对乌海市用水预算管理经验启示的总结,提出对用水预算管理的思考和认识,针对推进全国用水预算管理试点建设提出建议。     

需求侧管理技术在秦皇岛市水资源管理中的应用

从秦皇岛市的水资源现状及目前利用情况入手研究实施需求侧管理(DSM),重点在需方侧即农业、工业、生活、生态绿化等方面采取节水措施,形成高效、合理的节水管理模式,和与市场经济相适应的节水发展机制。全面实施DSM有利于实现秦皇岛市水资源的可持续利用。     

基于水资源需求管理的水利扶贫

水资源需求管理(WRDM)是在水资源综合管理的基础上,强调对需求管理的新策略。通过对需求的统一管理和合理规划,以促进缺水地区有限水资源的公平合理和高效利用、环境的改善,达到间接扶贫的目的。     

第十三讲:基于需水管理的水权制度与水价机制

<正>水资源需求管理(Water Demand Management简称WDM)是近年国际上正逐渐兴起的一种先进的水资源管理理念和模式。水资源需求管理一般来说可以理解为:为了抑制由于水资源需求增长所造成的用水矛盾加剧、生态系统破坏和水环境容量衰减,促进水资源的公平合理配置与     

南水北调中线需求侧供水负荷管理调度初探

需求侧供水负荷的管理调度(DSM)技术对供水负荷调峰、减少供需差和有效利用水资源方面具有重要意义。结合南水北调中线调度运行初步研究,提出供水负荷的定义,通过供水负荷的调查分析,提出各种负荷的分类原则和标准。在分析南水北调中线调度运行特点的基础上,提出了基于中线相关调度准则下负荷管理的调度模型理论和多目标分层最优化的计算方法。     

青海省水中长期供需平衡模型建立与应用

依据水资源系统分析原理,建立了一个多层次、多水源、多用户的水资源长系列供需平衡动态调算模型。模型主要由数据管理、供需平衡计算、规划调整、结果统计分析四部分组成。模型主要控制方程包括水量平衡方程、行业水供需平衡方程、边界条件类方程、初始条件以及特殊类方程。模型的调度规则包括了供水调度规则和用水调度规则。与传统供需分析模型相比,该模型具有针对缺水区域进行新增工程能力布设的规划能力。该模型应用于青海省水中长期供求规划中。应用结果表明,该模型实现了青海省水资源供需平衡分析中可供水量、供水保证率、水资源开发程度、供水能力、余缺水量以及新增工程能力规划等一系列指标的计算,为水资源管理部门提供了一个科学的、有效的决策工具。     

Using Information-Gap Decision Theory for Water Resources Planning Under Severe Uncertainty

Water resource managers are required to develop comprehensive water resources plans based on severely uncertain information of the effects of climate change on local hydrology and future socio-economic changes on localised demand. In England and Wales, current water resources planning methodologies include a headroom estimation process separate from water resource simulation modelling. This process quantifies uncertainty based on only one point of an assumed range of deviations from the expected climate and projected demand 25 years into the future. This paper utilises an integrated method based on Information-Gap decision theory to quantitatively assess the robustness of various supply side and demand side management options over a broad range of plausible futures. Findings show that beyond the uncertainty range explored with the headroom method, a preference reversal can occur, i.e. some management options that underperform at lower uncertainties, outperform at higher levels of uncertainty. This study also shows that when 50 % or more of the population adopts demand side management, efficiency related measures and innovative options such as rainwater collection can perform equally well or better than some supply side options The additional use of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis shifts the focus away from reservoir expansion options, that perform best in regards to water availability, to combined strategies that include innovative demand side management actions of rainwater collection and greywater reuse as well efficiency measures and additional regional transfers. This paper illustrates how an Information-Gap based approach can offer a comprehensive picture of potential supply/demand futures and a rich variety of information to support adaptive management of water systems under severe uncertainty.     

城市需水预测模型研究

需水量预测是供水决策,水利投资数额的重要参考指数,在水资源规划与管理中起着重要的作用。针对现有需水量预测方法存在局限性等问题,结合经济社会发展状况和水资源的特点,建立了城市需水预测模型。该模型能够较好地体现出社会经济、生态、环境和水资源各个系统之间的复杂关系。     

Sustainable Water Supply and Demand Management in Semi-arid Regions: Optimizing Water Resources Allocation Based on RCPs Scenarios

Climate as one of the key factors in water resources management affects the amount of water in the hydrological cycle, which subsequently impacts the level of water availability. Considering the challenges that the South Alborz Region, Iran is currently facing in supplying water for various consumers; in this study, the climate change adaptation scenarios are investigated for sustainable water supply and demand. This study uses a procedure in which five different adaptation approaches, under RCPs scenarios, were established using the WEAP model to assess the impacts of various adaptation strategies on increasing the balance between water supply and demand over current and 2020s accounts. The findings suggest an imbalance between supply and demand in the current situation with the greatest imbalance in domestic use while the minimum in the industrial sector. The results of assessing adaptive scenarios show that various scenarios have different effects on balancing the water supply and demand by different consumers; on the other hand, the scenarios that directly affect domestic water demand have the greatest effect on minimizing the gap between supply and demand in the region; therefore, the options for decreasing the population demand along with diminishing the losses in the domestic water distribution network are the most effective alternatives for balancing supply and demand under all of the climate scenarios. The findings of this research indicate that adaptive management with the focus on restricting demand helps actively management of water resources in the regions with scarce water resources.

     

Multi-criteria Decision Making for Integrated Urban Water Management

The city of Zahedan, in South-eastern Iran, has high population growth, limited local freshwater resources and inadequate water distribution system resulting in water supply failures in recent years. This paper will investigate integration of several demand management measures such as leakage detection on water distribution network, water metering and low volume water fixtures as well as the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources of this city. For integration of water management criteria, compromise programming will be used as a multi-objective decision making method. The criteria include minimizing the cost, maximizing water supply and minimizing the social hazards due to the water supply operations. This model will derive optimum long-term plans for implementation of water resources. The results will show that demand management can delay a water transfer project for Zahedan city up to 10 years. Compromise programming is as an efficient tool for integrated water resources management in urban areas and the method is capable to being used by decision-makers in other cases.     

An Optimization Approach for Multi-Sectoral Water Supply Management in the Greater Beirut Area

This paper presents a model that was developed and applied to serve as a water supply multi-sectoral decision support system for water resources management taking economic and socio-environmental factors into consideration. The applicability of the model was tested in the Greater Beirut Area by examining future supply-demand management alternatives and quantifying the cost-benefit of viable policies. The effect of eliminating a particular source to account for resources depletion and public acceptability, as well as increased returns from water use were proven to affect greatly the water allocation scheme. The model can also be a useful tool to assess the effect of decreasing unit costs from water supply options (desalination) and the resulting breakeven point, and the effect of increased water demand due to unplanned growth (tourism).     

旱涝交替下驮英灌区年内水资源优化调控研究

针对旱涝频发下区域水资源分配不均问题,基于某时段可供水量是否满足用户层理想需水量,提出旱涝交替下年内水资源优化调控方法。以驮英灌区为研究对象,建立水资源优化调控模型,通过2030规划水平年驮英灌区供水侧供水能力分析及需水侧水资源需求预测,分析远期水资源供需平衡情况,研究年内尺度的水资源优化调控方案。结果表明,规划水平年总缺水1 692万m³,年缺水率较调控前降低37.7%,生活用水得到充分保证,有效缓解了水资源短缺和分配不均局面。研究成果可为驮英灌区旱涝交替水资源优化调控提供决策方案,且该方法可供旱涝频发区域水资源优化调控参考。     

基于Logistic回归模型的张掖市水资源供需风险研究

为缓解张掖市水资源供需矛盾,并为水资源科学管理提供决策依据,收集张掖市2006—2015年水资源相关数据,并选取张掖市供水量、需水量和缺水量3个变量,运用Logistic回归模型,得出张掖市水资源供需风险率及其影响程度;使用谱系聚类法评价其风险率并确定风险等级,最后得出张掖市在2种水平年可能存在的供需风险程度。结果表明:近10 a来,张掖市水资源均存在供需不平衡、供需矛盾的问题;张掖市未来经济发展与当地水资源供需状况有关,而供需风险的高低与供水保证率有直接关系。建议张掖市政府实行多措并举来保证水资源供应量充足,使得供需风险处于低风险。     

对水权立法的思考

水权以水资源为规范对象。水权不能简单等同于民法中的物权或行政法中的行政权．它是一个历史范畴，具有文化意义和技术背景，同时还承载着制度变迁的价值和理念。水权立法体系应由调整水资源供应面的公法规范和调整水资源需求面的私法规范两部分构成．分配正义和矫正正义分别是水权在水资源供应面和需求面立法的理念定位。