P460NL1钢焊接热影响区再热脆化的研究

通过模拟焊接热影响区粗晶区组织,对模拟后的试样进行不同温度下的消除应力退火处理,测得其相应的冲击韧性,确定了P460NL1钢的再热脆化的温度区间,并通过对断口的分析,找出了产生再热脆化的原因,从而确定了最佳的消除应力退火温度。     

热输入对2.25Cr1MoV钢粗晶热影响区再热裂纹敏感性的影响

再热开裂曾多次在2.25Cr1MoV钢反应器的焊接粗晶热影响区(Coarse-grained heat affected zone,CGHAZ)部位发生,却很少在"斜Y型坡口再热裂纹试验"中出现。考虑两者之间的热输入差异,通过Gleeble热模拟试验研究热输入对2.25Cr1MoV钢CGHAZ再热裂纹敏感性的影响,并结合显微组织观察、硬度测定及断口分析,讨论热输入、组织和性能之间的关系。结果表明,在5~100 kJ/cm的热输入范围内,CGHAZ的再热裂纹敏感性随热输入的升高而增大,当热输入为35 k J/cm时,CGHAZ在675℃对再热开裂"高度敏感",限制热输入在25 kJ/cm以内,将有效降低其再热裂纹敏感性。综合分析发现,模拟CGHAZ的高温塑性与其在高温拉伸试验后硬度的变化规律之间存在良好的对应关系。当软化现象发生时,拉伸试样的断裂模式为穿晶与沿晶的混合型断裂,具有较高的断面收缩率(Reduction of area,Ro A),当二次硬化现象发生时,其断裂模式为均一的微孔聚集型沿晶断裂,RoA显著降低。试验结果从二次硬化的角度反映了高热输入条件下CGHAZ的再热脆化机理。     

X70管线钢焊接热影响区的连续冷却转变组织

利用热模拟技术并结合组织分析和硬度测试,测定出X70管线钢焊接热影响区连续冷却转变曲线并研究其组织转变规律.结果表明:当冷却速率大于15℃/s时,焊接热影响区组织由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和少量铁素体组成,细小的马氏体-奥氏体组元呈弥散分布;但随着冷却速率的减小,贝氏体比例逐渐减小,铁素体比例逐渐增大,晶粒明显长大,性能恶化.在实际焊接中将热输入控制在9.3～18.6 kJ/cm(壁厚14.6 mm)可获得强韧性良好的焊接热影响区组织.     

U75V钢的连续冷却相变行为

利用膨胀法结合金相分析在热模拟试验机上测定了U75V钢不同冷却速率下的连续冷却转变膨胀曲线,获得了该钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线);研究了冷却速率对钢组织及硬度的影响.结果表明:当冷速小于10℃·S-1时,转变产物主要以珠光体为主;当冷速增大到10℃·S-1时,得到屈氏体组织和马氏体组织;当冷速增大到10℃·S-1以上时,得到马氏体组织;试验钢的硬度随冷却速率的增加而增大.     

P92钢管道对接焊接残余应力数值模拟

为了能系统全面探究P92钢管焊条在焊接变形状态后焊缝内的焊缝热残余应力变化规律和其分布及规律情况,基于三维有限元分析及模拟分析的实验软件Abaqus建立起了实验数据库P92钢焊接模拟仿真模型的数据,研究的实验分析结果与分析模型表明,在钢管焊接变形的状态情况条件下,焊缝应力分布以及钢管焊缝受热温度影响区环向热应变分布和钢管焊缝内轴向应力变化主要体现呈拉应力,在焊缝热影响区出现了拉残余应力分布的最大值。随着距离焊缝中心距离的进一步的增加,焊接过程中拉残余的残余应力值也就逐渐减小。     

大线能量低焊接裂纹敏感钢的焊接（一）——热影响区强韧性机理研究

利用焊接热模拟技术对一种610MPa级大线能量低焊接裂纹敏感性钢的热影响区（HAZ）强韧化机理进行了研究。结果表明：在大线能量焊接条件下，该钢HAZ的强韧性决定了HAZ组织中针状铁素体的含量和形态，其含量越高，越细小，对HAZ的强韧性越有利；钢中TiN粒子的存在可促进HAZ针状铁素体的形核，且当钢中Ti/N比值接近理想化学配比3.42时，可明显细化针状铁素体，提高HAZ韧性。     

JG590钢模拟热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能

以焊接热循环的计算结果为基础,采用Gleeble-1500型热模拟试验机研究了JG590钢焊接热循环对焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)组织、冲击韧度和硬度的影响规律,获得了模拟焊接热影响区连续冷却组织转变图(SH-CCT图);通过传热计算数据和焊接热模拟测试结果,实现了对JG590钢CGHAZ区组织性能的预测和控制.     

12Cr1MoVG钢焊接接头粗晶区的再热脆化行为

采用热模拟技术研究了12Cr1MoV钢焊接接头热影响区粗晶区中的再热脆化行为。结果表明:再热温度对热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能有显著影响,随再热温度的升高,组织中的马氏体、贝氏体分解,铁素体条合并,碳化物析出量增多并聚集长大,冲击吸收能先降低后升高,硬度变化则相反;当再热温度为630℃时,热影响区粗晶区的冲击吸收能达最低值,而硬度达最高值,材料发生再热脆化;脆化的主要原因在于晶内碳化物的方向性析出以及在粗晶区晶界处大颗粒碳化物的出现。     

长期高温使用后2.25Cr-1Mo钢焊接接头热影响区的蠕变损伤

对火力发电厂中在571℃使用约26万h后的2.25Cr-1Mo钢管焊接接头不同区域的显微组织进行了观察,重点对热影响区的蠕变损伤程度进行了分析.结果表明:该钢弯管焊接接头腹侧的热影响区主要为细晶组织,接近设计寿命时细晶区内蠕变孔洞面积占比约为0.8%,这可作为同种材料管道焊接接头蠕变失效的判据;细晶区内部还存在大量的M...     

2.25Cr1Mo0.25V钢的再热开裂应变判据

在不同参数下制备了2.25Cr1Mo0.25V钢焊接接头热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的热模拟试样,通过与实焊接头CGHAZ硬度、晶粒度和组织的对比,确定最佳热模拟参数;采用该参数得到模拟CGHAZ试样,研究了其在675℃下的应力松弛行为,分析了再热开裂过程并得到再热开裂应变判据。结果表明:最佳热模拟参数为热输入30kJ·cm-1、预热温度200℃、加热速率1 000℃·s-1、峰值温度1 320℃、峰值温度停留时间1s,所得CGHAZ试样的组织为板条贝氏体,晶粒度级别为4.5级;CGHAZ试样在不同初始应力下的应力松弛行为相似,其临界失效蠕变应变均在0.31%左右;该临界失效蠕变应变可视为再热开裂应变判据,也可作为表征CGHAZ再热裂纹敏感程度的蠕变应变分界点,用于评价该钢的焊后热处理工艺。     

超纯铁素体不锈钢焊接热影响区晶粒生长的模拟

结合焊接工艺试验和热模拟试验，运用蒙特卡罗（MC）技术模拟了超纯铁素体不锈钢EB26-1焊接热影响区（HAZ）晶粒生长过程。首先应用实验和统计学的方法确定了超纯铁素体不锈钢EB26-1晶粒生长的动力学模型，然后计算了焊接热循环，同时基于蒙特卡罗技术编制了模拟程序，最后在不同焊接热输入情况下，模拟了晶粒生长过程。模拟结果与试验结果非常接近，能够动态演示晶粒生长过程，体现了焊接热钉扎效应，为评定焊接工艺和材料可焊性提供了依据。     

Measurement of the heat transfer coefficient in the dimpled channel: effects of dimple arrangement and channel height

Heat transfer coefficients were measured in a channel with one side dimpled surface. The sphere type dimples were fabricated, and the diameter (D) and the depth of dimple was 16 mm and 4 mm, respectively. Two channel heights of about 0.6D and 1.2D, two dimple configurations were tested. The Reynolds number based on the channel hydraulic diameter was varied from 30000 to 50000. The improved hue detection based transient liquid crystal technique was used in the heat transfer measurement. Heat transfer measurement results showed that high heat transfer was induced downstream of the dimples due to flow reattachment. Due to the flow recirculation on the upstream side in the dimple, the heat transfer coefficient was very low. As the Reynolds increased, the overall heat transfer coefficients also increased. With the same dimple arrangement, the heat transfer coefficients and the thermal performance factors were higher for the lower channel height. As the distance between the dimples became smaller, the overall heat transfer coefficient and the thermal performance factors increased. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Yong Tae Kang Jae Su Kwak received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Korea University in 1996 and 1998, respectively. He then received his Ph.D. from Texas A&M University in 2002. Dr. Kwak is currently an Assistant Professor at the School of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at Korea Aerospace University in Goyang-City, Korea. His main research interests include gas turbine heat transfer, compact heat exchanger, and enhancement of heat transfer.     

EDM effects on the thermal properties of 36NiCrMo16 steel

In this paper we have studied the effects of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process on the evolution of thermal properties from the surface towards the core of the 36NiCrMo16 steel using the photothermal deflection (PTD) technique. We have shown that the PTD technique is able to detect the depth of the affected zone, which is characterized by a heterogeneous structure, and allows us to deduce that both the thermal conductivity and the diffusivity would increase from the surface to the core of the sample.     

Effect of hole shape on the heat transfer in a rectangular duct with perforated blockage walls

Heat transfer coefficients were measured by the improved hue detection based liquid crystal technique in a turbine blade internal cooling passage model with blockage walls. In the experiments, blockages with 9 holes of circular, wide, narrow shapes were used and for the circular shape, the number of hole of 7, 9, and 11 were tested. For all cases, the perforated area was kept same. Results showed that the staggered impingement jets increased heat transfer coefficient, however, pressure drop also increased greatly. Generally, Nusselt number ratio and the thermal performance factor decreased as Reynolds number increased. For all Reynolds numbers tested, the blockage wall with wide holes gave more uniform heat transfer coefficient and higher thermal performance factor. As the number of hole increased from 7 to 11, the distribution of heat transfer coefficient became uniform and the thermal performance factor increased. This paper was presented at the 9^th Asian International Conference on Fluid Machinery (AICFM9), Jeju, Korea, October 16–19, 2007.     

直缝钢管轧机成形辊的失效分析

介绍对直缝钢管冷轧机的成形辊进行失效分析的过程。针对成形辊的服役环境，这里对成形辊的开裂和磨损原因进行了分析，认为成形辊与管坯相对滑动而引起的摩擦磨损、成形辊表面被反复加热和冷却而引起的热疲劳是引起成形辊磨损的主要原因。认为裂纹是由热应力引起的热疲劳开裂，从理论上推算热应力的大小，并分析其使工件热疲劳破坏的可能性，这里还将在提高成形辊寿命方面作一些探讨     

The study of cooling channel optimization in blast furnace cast steel stave based on heat transfer analysis

The three-dimensional heat transfer and thermal stress of a steel cooling stave in a blast furnace at Maanshan Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. are built. The temperature and thermal stress fields of cooling stave are calculated by using finite element method software ANSYS. The results show the rise in maximum temperature and thermal stress of the stave hot surface is not high when cooling pipe is replaced by cooling elliptical tube. Because of the decrease in the cross-sectional area for cooling elliptical tube, the thickness of the cooling stave is reduced and cooling water flow is saved. As a result, the iron-making cost can be reduced.     

耐候钢形变奥氏体的连续冷却转变行为

采用热膨胀法结合硬度测试得到耐候钢未变形和变形奥氏体的连续冷却转变曲线;用光学显微镜和透射电镜分析了冷却速率、变形条件对显微组织的影响.结果表明:变形奥氏体与未变形的相比,铁素体 珠光体相变区向左上方移动,获得铁素体 珠光体的临界冷速增大;变形奥氏体的位错缠结抑制了贝氏体长大,细化了相变后的显微组织;在冷速大于15℃/s时,获得板条状贝氏体,第二相是渗碳体;在冷速5～10℃/s的范围内获得粒状贝氏体,第二相为基体上分布的马氏体/奥氏体岛.     

Assessment of the sulfide stress corrosion cracking characteristics in the multi-pass weld of the A106 Gr B steel pipe

Sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC) in crude oil field environment containing hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) has been recognized as a material degradation and damage mechanism. Laboratory data and field experience have demonstrated that extremely low concentration of H₂S may be sufficient to lead to SSCC failure of susceptible materials. In some cases, sulfides may act synergistically with chlorides to produce SSCC failures. SSCC mechanism is a form of hydrogen embrittlement that occurs in high strength steels and in localized hard zones in weld of susceptible materials. In the heat-affected zones adjacent to the weld, there are often very narrow hard zones combined with regions of high residual stress that may become embrittled to such an extent by dissolved atomic hydrogen. On the basis of this understanding, SSCC tests were conducted with smooth specimens of the multi-pass welded ASTM A106 Gr B steel pipe used in the oil industries. And SSCC resistance according to the welding processes was evaluated. From the results, the weld by GTAW+FCAW showed the largest resistance against SSCC. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Chongdu Cho Gyuyoung Lee received the M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Sungkyunkwan University in 2003 and 2005, respectively. Currently he is in doctorate course in Sungkyunkwan University. He is currently serving as a Reliability member of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers. Lee’s research interests are in the area of welding design, environmental strength of materials, and life prediction and reliability assessment of the industrial facilities.