脱落酸处理对赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的影响

目的：比较赤霞珠和烟73葡萄果皮花色苷组分的差异,以及脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）处理提高果实\着色前提下,对两个品种果皮花色苷组分的影响。方法：以烟73和赤霞珠为试材,在着色前期用200 mg/L ABA处理果穗,对照用清水代替激素。成熟采收后,提取果皮中花色苷,利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法,对花色苷组分进行定性和定量检测,然后进行比较分析。结果：对照中共检测到16 种花色苷,其中烟73果皮花色苷组分检测到15 种,含量为8 400.9 mg/kg,赤霞珠检测到12 种,含量为1 131.9 mg/kg。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量：烟73提高至10 380.2 mg/kg,赤霞珠提高至1 470.2 mg/kg。花色苷各大类总量也在不同程度得到提高。结论：烟73和赤霞珠两个不同葡萄品种间花色苷种类和含量存在显著差异。ABA处理显著提高了两品种果皮花色苷总量,并且不同种类花色苷含量均在不同程度得到提高,从而促进果实着色。     

海拔对酿酒葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒中多酚物质影响的研究概述

多酚物质的组成和含量对葡萄酒的质量具有重要的作用。多酚作为一类植物次生代谢物质,其在葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒中的存在受葡萄园海拔的影响。该文就海拔对葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒中多酚物质的影响进行了综述。在人们谈论葡萄园海拔时,需要指出是绝对海拔还是相对海拔;随着海拔的上升,葡萄果实和相应葡萄酒中的花色苷、单宁、黄酮醇及白藜芦醇的含量有不同程度的增加,所以高海拔山地葡萄园有助于生产高品质的葡萄酒,但也面临诸多生产技术问题,例如,高海拔山地葡萄园田间管理的难度和成本在增加,时常遭遇极端天气等。     

果实异质性对媚丽葡萄酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

为了探索果实异质性对酿酒葡萄果皮和种子中重要品质因子的影响,本文以媚丽葡萄(Vitis vinifera L.)为材料,测定了果实采收时不同密度浆果的比例,及其果皮和种子中酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性的差异。结果表明:不同密度浆果的粒重、表面积和体积均没有显著性差异(P≤0.05)。高密度浆果(D5=1089 kg/m3)的还原糖含量最高而酸含量最低,分别为182.67 g/L和7.32 g/L。随着果实密度的增加,果皮中的总酚(TPC)、总类黄酮(TFOC)、总黄烷醇(TFAC)和总花色苷(TMAC)含量均显著增加(P≤0.05)。高密度浆果种子中的上述酚类物质含量显著高于中密度(D4=1082 kg/m3)和低密度(D3=1079 kg/m3)葡萄,后两者间差异不显著(P≤0.05)。高密度果实果皮和种子的抗氧化活性均显著高于中低密度浆果(P≤0.05),而中低密度果实间无显著性差异(P≤0.05)。由此表明媚丽葡萄采收时果实异质性普遍存在,以高密度浆果的品质最好。     

酚类物质对葡萄酒品质的影响

葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类,它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物,与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质主要来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶,参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等,对红葡萄酒的风格特征和品质有着非常重要的影响。     

海拔对黄土高原地区赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

以源于黄土高原地区3种海拔条件下的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒为研究对象,通过对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及非花色苷单体酚物质含量进行测定,比较葡萄园海拔对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。研究结果表明:与2种坡地葡萄酒相比,谷地和平地葡萄酒中总酚、总类黄酮和总黄烷醇含量高;随海拔上升,赤霞珠酒中总花色苷含量增加,而品丽珠酒彼此间无显著差异;2种葡萄酒的抗氧化能力随海拔的上升呈下降趋势;海拔对2种葡萄酒中非花色苷单体酚物质的组成无显著影响,而对其含量有不同程度的影响。谷地和平地的葡萄酒中儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量高于2种坡地的30%以上;坡地葡萄酒的黄酮醇含量也高于平地和谷地条件。海拔对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒的品质有一定影响,对不同品质指标间的影响存在差异。在黄土高原地区,低海拔葡萄园的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力均优于高海拔坡地葡萄酒。     

膨大处理对红地球葡萄酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

以红地球葡萄为研究对象,对葡萄进行膨大处理后,定期采样,测定处理组和对照组的总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇以及铜离子还原力、铁氰化钾还原力、DPPH自由基清除率、金属螯合力、羟自由基(·OH)清除率,用DPS软件对处理组和对照组之间的差异及酚类物质与抗氧化活性之间的相关性进行分析。结果表明：膨大处理可增加红地球葡萄酚类物质含量并增强其抗氧化活性;膨大处理对红地球葡萄总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇、铜离子还原力、铁氰化钾还原力的影响较大,对DPPH自由基清除率、金属螯合力、·OH清除率的影响较小。铜离子还原力、铁氰化钾还原力与酚类物质(总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇)含量均呈极显著正相关;金属螯合力、DPPH自由基清除率与酚类物质含量均无显著相关性,·OH清除率与酚类物质含量呈极显著负相关。铜离子还原力与铁氰化钾还原力呈极显著正相关;与DPPH自由基清除率呈显著正相关。铜离子还原力与·OH清除率、铁氰化钾还原力与·OH清除率呈极显著负相关。     

葡萄成熟度对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化能力的影响

以新疆天山北麓石河子产区的4种不同成熟度‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实所酿葡萄酒为样本,对葡萄酒中的酚类物质组成和抗氧化活性进行测定,分析样品的差异性及相关性,探究葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化活性的影响。通过对酚类物质含量、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力的测定,结果表明,葡萄成熟度对葡萄酒酚类物质和抗氧化能力有较大影响。花色苷含量随着葡萄成熟度的上升呈现增高趋势,黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇含量呈现下降趋势。抗氧化能力的不同主要是由酚类物质差异导致。黄酮醇和黄烷-3-醇类物质对DPPH自由基清除率影响较大;花色苷乙酰化物质会使低成熟度的葡萄酒呈现出与高成熟度葡萄酒相似的铁离子还原能力。     

葡萄酒中多酚物质抗氧化活性测定方法的研究

对葡萄酒中酚类物质抗氧化活性检测方法的研究状况进行概述,重点阐述了体外非酶法测定抗氧化活性的几类方法,比较了它们的优缺点;分析了国内外抗氧化测定方法的使用现状,并展望了抗氧化活性的测定方法。     

不同地区酿酒葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力的分析

以源于我国4个地区(宁夏玉泉营、山西乡宁、河北昌黎和沙城地区)赤霞珠和梅鹿辄葡萄果实为研究对象,通过光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化能力及花色苷单体酚含量进行测定和分析。研究结果表明:宁夏玉泉营地区赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实中的总酚、总类黄酮、总黄烷醇和总花色苷均最高,抗氧化能力也最强,河北沙城次之,其他2个地区互有高低;在2个品种中分别检测出22和23种花色苷单体酚物质,其中包括5种基本花色苷和18种花色苷衍生物;生态条件对赤霞珠和梅鹿辄果实花色苷组成的影响主要表现在其衍生物上,对其含量的影响与品种特性有关。产区生态条件对葡萄果实中酚类物质含量及花色苷单体酚的组成造成不同程度的影响。     

灭活酵母对干红葡萄酒酚类物质及其抗氧化活性的影响

以河北省昌黎县华夏长城葡萄园的赤霞珠葡萄所酿干红葡萄酒为研究对象,设计4种不同的试验处理,测定葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性,研究灭活酵母对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的影响。试验结果显示,第5天添加灭活酵母3 g/L(处理1)的葡萄酒中总酚、总花色苷和总单宁的含量最高;单体酚含量测定时,第25天添加灭活酵母3 g/L(处理3)的葡萄酒中咖啡酸、绿原酸、芦丁、(+)-儿茶素、鞣花酸和没食子酸含量最高;不同处理下样品的总还原能力、DPPH·清除率和ABTS~+·清除率都有不同程度的提高。因此,灭活酵母能提高赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量,增强其抗氧化活性。     

Inhibition ofIn VitroHuman LDL Oxidation by Phenolic Antioxidants from Grapes and Wines

Current research suggests that wine contains substances that may reduce the mortality rate from coronary diseases. The oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to be a key step in the development of atherosclerosis. Phenolic fractions of a Petite Syrah wine were evaluated for their antioxidant activity in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro . The more active fractions contained components of the catechin family. The catechin oligomers and the procyanidin dimers (B₂, B₃, B₄, B₆, B₈) and trimers (C₁, C₂) were extracted, isolated and purified from grapes seeds. These compounds were tested for their inhibition of LDL oxidation, along with other monomeric wine phenolics. The procyanidin dimers B₂ and B₈, and trimer C₁, and the monomers catechin, epicatechin and myricetin had the highest antioxidant activity. The procyanidin dimers B₃, B₄ and C₂ and the monomers gallic acid, quercetin, caffeic acid, and rutin, and a group of compounds that included the dimer B₆, ellagic acid, sinapic acid, cyanidin had lower antioxidant activity and α-tocopherol had the least activity. Thus, the numerous phenolic compounds found in wine are potent antioxidants in inhibiting LDL oxidation in vitro .     

采前脱落酸处理对荔枝贮藏的保鲜作用

该试验以“井岗红糯”荔枝为材料,研究采前100 mg/L脱落酸（Abscisic acid,ABA）处理对常温贮藏荔枝采后品质的影响。结果表明：采前ABA处理明显延缓了果实褐变指数、病情指数和腐烂率的升高,保持较好的色度值（L*、a*和b*）,贮藏8 d ABA处理荔枝的褐变指数、病情指数、腐烂率分别为3.38、1.42和37.78%。贮藏8 d时,ABA处理荔枝果皮总酚含量、以及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性分别较对照高3.54%、1.38%、3.22%和18.39%;相对电导率（REC）、丙二醛（MDA）以及过氧化氢（H2O2）含量分别较对照低23.25%、11.85%和18.18%。此外,ABA处理荔枝果肉的可溶性固形物（TSS）、可滴定酸（TA）、维生素C（Vc）含量分别为17.70%、0.12%和30.14 mg/100 g,均高于对照。可见采前ABA处理不仅可以通过维持细胞膜完整性、减少酚类物质氧化、提高相关防御酶活性维持采后荔枝的外观品质,而且可以通过减缓TSS、TA和Vc含量的降低维持采后荔枝的营养品质。     

外源脱落酸对发芽玉米籽粒中类胡萝卜素合成的影响

为研究脱落酸（abscisic acid,ABA）及抑制剂钨酸钠（Na2WoO4）处理对发芽玉米中类胡萝卜素合成的影响,以‘苏玉29’黄色玉米为材料,将其进行不同质量浓度外源ABA浸泡处理后进行发芽,测定发芽玉米中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、VC、总酚、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化能力、类胡萝卜素含量及类胡萝卜素合成基因表达量。结果表明,与对照组相比,ABA处理能提高发芽玉米中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸、脯氨酸、VC、总酚的含量和内源ABA含量;5 mg/L ABA条件下,类胡萝卜素含量达到最高,叶黄素和玉米黄质分别较对照组提高了27.6%和20.1%,而Na2WoO4会抑制内源ABA的合成,同时降低类胡萝卜素含量。实时聚合酶链式反应结果表明,ABA处理能够显著提高发芽玉米类胡萝卜素合成基因的表达量。同时,发芽玉米籽粒中抗氧化酶活性及抗氧化能力明显增强。综上,外源ABA处理能够促进发芽玉米内源ABA合成,提高发芽玉米类胡萝卜素合成基因的表达,促进发芽玉米中类胡萝卜素的合成,增强发芽玉米抗氧化能力,提高发芽玉米籽粒的营养品质。     

Changes in Biogenic Amine Content of Tokaj Grapes, Wines, and Aszu-wines

ABSTRACT: Biogenic amines in grapes, aszu-grapes, wines, and aszu-wines of the Tokaj region of Hungary were separated, identified, and quantified by HPLC. The biogenic amine content of the Tokaj wines was well below the suggested limits for any of the biogenic amines. Histamine contents were especially low in all the samples investigated. The composition and concentration of the biogenic amines (polyamines) in the grape berries were altered remarkably by the Botrytis cinerea, and this resulted in a great change of the amine concentration in the aszu-wines compared to the wines. The composition and concentration of biogenic amines might provide useful information on the vintage and can support the authentication of the Tokaj aszu-wines.     

Color,Phenolics, and Antioxidant Activity of Blackberry (Rubus glaucus Benth.), Blueberry (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.), and Apple Wines from Ecuador

Seventy wines were produced in Ecuador under different processing conditions with local fruits: Andean blackberries (Rubus glaucus Benth.) and blueberries (Vaccinium floribundum Kunth.) and Golden Reinette apples. Wines were evaluated for antioxidant activity (AA) using the radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) method, total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin–Ciocalteu method, total monomeric anthocyanins (TMAs) using the pH differential test, and color parameters using VIS‐spectrophotometry. For blackberry wines, ellagitannins and anthocyanins were also analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection (HPLC‐DAD). Apples wines (n = 40) had the lowest TPC (608 ± 86 mg/L) and AA (2.1 ± 0.3 mM Trolox). Blueberry wines (n = 12) had high TPC (1086 ± 194 mg/L) and moderate AA (5.4 ± 0.8 mM) but very low TMA (8 ± 3 mg/L), with a color evolved toward yellow and blue shades. Blackberry wines (n = 10) had the highest TPC (1265 ± 91 mg/L) and AA (12 ± 1 mM). Ellagitannins were the major phenolics (1172 ± 115 mg/L) and correlated well with AA (r = 0.88). Within anthocyanins (TMA 73 ± 16 mg/L), cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside (62%) and cyanidin‐3‐glucoside (15%) were predominant. Wines obtained by cofermentation of apples and blackberries (n = 8) showed intermediate characteristics (TPC 999 ± 83 mg/L, AA 6.2 ± 0.7 mM, TMA 35 ± 22 mg/L) between the blackberry and blueberry wines. The results suggest that the Andean berries, particularly R. glaucus, are suitable raw materials to produce wines with an in vitro antioxidant capacity that is comparable to red grape wines.     

压榨对酿酒葡萄皮渣酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响

酿酒葡萄皮渣（皮和籽）生物活性物质含量丰富,具有很高的再加工利用价值。对鲜葡萄皮渣进行压榨处理后再干燥,研究压榨对皮渣的酚类物质提取及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明：压榨处理可以快速降低葡萄皮渣水分含量,缩短干燥时间、提高可溶性膳食纤维提取率。压榨葡萄皮总酚、原花青素的提取量均有所增加,其含量分别为19.56 mg/g和22.64 mg/g。压榨葡萄皮的抗氧化能力高于未压榨葡萄皮,其DPPH、ABTS及羟自由基清除率分别为62.90%、70.18%和41.09%,铁氰化钾还原能力及金属离子螯合能力分别为0.23%和21.33%。压榨籽和皮籽混合物的酚类物质和抗氧化活性则明显降低。抗氧化活性与总酚、原花青素存在显著的相关关系（P＜0.01）。     

Phenolics composition and antioxidant activity of wine produced from spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx.) fruits from South China

Wines made from 3 spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) genotypes-Junzi 1# (JZ 1#), Junzi 2# (JZ 2#), and Liantang (LT)-and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx., CR) were evaluated for their phenolics composition and antioxidant activities by several assays, including 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS scavenging capacity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity, and metal-chelating capacity). The results showed that CR wine had higher contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins than the 3 spine grape genotype wines and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) wine. Among the 3 varieties of spine grape wines, JZ 1# had higher contents than the 2 other genotypes. Moreover, the total monomeric anthocyanins in JZ 1# was about 4.5-fold higher than those in CS wine and CR wine. A significance analysis demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity (as measured by the ABTS scavenging capacity and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity) of CR wine was significantly higher than that of the control and spine grape wines. With respect to metal-chelating capacity, the CR wine was the strongest amongst all the wine samples tested, followed by JZ 1#. This indicates that CR and JZ 1# wines can potentially be considered as wild fruit wines with abundant phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spine grape (Vitis davidii Foex) and Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata Michx.) are 2 species of important wild plants in South China. However, they have not yet been effectively developed and utilized. Recently, some researchers attempted to convert their juice to wine. We anticipate that this research will provide sufficient experimental evidence for their good antioxidant activity and potential for further development and utilization.