疏水缔合聚合物/纳米二氧化硅降滤失剂的研制及作用机理

以制备的疏水缔合聚合物聚P(AM-NaAMPS-MA-b-St)为聚合物基体,纳米二氧化硅为填料,研制了一种具有核壳结构的疏水缔合聚合物/纳米二氧化硅微纳米降滤失剂FLR-1。借助FT-IR、SEM、TEM、粒径分布与比表面积测试和GPC实验,表征了FLR-1的分子结构、微观形貌特征和相对分子质量。通过API滤失和HTHP滤失实验测试了FLR-1的降滤失性能,探讨了其在水基钻井液中的降滤失作用机理。结果表明:新研制的疏水缔合聚合物/纳米二氧化硅降滤失剂有优异的降滤失作用,尤其是HTHP降滤失效果显著,200℃/16h的HTHP滤失量仅为20.5mL;此外,FLR-1也可显著改善钻井液体系的流变性能,且具有优良的抗盐能力。在高温高压环境下,具有独特微交联结构的FLR-1分子通过化学吸附作用、水化作用、疏水缔合作用及微纳米粒子自组装作用,能较好地稳定钻井液液相黏度,合理保持钻井液中固相粒子的粒径分布,形成薄而致密的泥饼,从而有效控制钻井液的HTHP滤失量。     

抗高温微交联聚合物降滤失剂的制备与性能评价

为提高聚合物降滤失剂耐温抗盐性和与高密度高固相深井钻井液体系的配伍性,以自制的六烯基单体TDED为交联剂,与丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)和N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)进行自由基共聚反应,制得微交联共聚物降滤失剂PTAPN。通过红外光谱仪表征了产物结构,研究了PTAPN的抗温耐盐性及与不同密度钻井液的配伍性。结果表明,产物分子结构与设计相符。PTAPN在高温、高矿化度环境中具备良好的降滤失性能。加入2%PTAPN后,淡水与复合盐水基浆240℃老化前后的黏度增加,滤失量大幅降低。PTAPN与不同密度水基钻井液的配伍性良好,可有效控制密度为2.30 g/cm3的加重钻井液在高温环境中的流变性与滤失量。当老化温度为240℃时,加重钻井液的API滤失量与高温高压滤失量分别为2.6 mL和12.6 mL,远小于含常规线性聚合物降滤失剂的钻井液。PTAPN适于作为高温高密度钻井液体系的降滤失剂。     

不同油水比油基钻井液滤失性能的影响因素

为了揭示油基钻井液侵入地层后对钻井液滤失性的影响,通过调整油水比来模拟地层水侵入钻井液的体系,研究了有机土、降滤失剂(磺化沥青、氧化沥青、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)聚合物降滤失剂、有机胺改性腐殖酸及其复配)和温度对钻井液体系滤失性的影响,用显微镜观察了加入有机土前后不同油水比钻井液的微观形貌。结果表明,随着油水比的降低,钻井液高温高压滤失量呈降低趋势;有机土和降滤失剂均会降低钻井液的高温高压滤失量,降滤失剂复配后的降滤失效果好于单一降滤失剂,其中聚合物类和沥青类复配降滤失剂的降滤失效果最好;随着温度的升高,钻井液的高温高压滤失量逐渐增大;比较加入有机土前后不同油水比钻井液的微观形貌可见,随着油水比的降低,有机土在油基钻井液体系中作为悬浮剂和增黏剂的降滤失效果愈加明显。通过合理选择降滤失剂及有机土种类和加量可以有效调节油基钻井液的高温高压滤失量。     

水基钻井液用抗高温降滤失剂的合成与性能评价

钻井液用降滤失剂在高温、盐水等复杂环境下失效是深井、超深井钻探开发过程中遇到的突出问题。采用丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮(NVP)和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)为原料,合成了水基钻井液用抗高温降滤失剂JLS200,并对其进行了红外光谱和热重分析,评价了其在钻井液中的性能。结果表明,所合成的抗高温降滤失剂热稳定性好,抗温达200℃,抗盐至饱和;在KCl钻井液中具有良好的配伍性,滤失量低、流变性好,加入1% JLS200后,200℃老化后的API滤失量由12 mL降至3.2 mL,高温高压滤失量由54 mL降至15 mL,高温老化前后钻井液黏度和切力变化不大。该钻井液用降滤失剂具有较好的应用前景。      

耐温抗盐降滤失剂P(AA-AMPS-AM)/nano-SiO_2的合成及性能

采用自由基水溶液聚合法,以纳米二氧化硅(nano-SiO2)、丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)等单体为主要原料,合成了四元共聚物降滤失剂P(AA-AMPS-AM)/nano-SiO2;采用FTIR法表征了该降滤失剂的组成,并评价了它的降滤失性效果、抗盐、抗钙和抑制性等性能,同时考察了该降滤失剂与其他处理剂的配伍性。实验结果表明,该降滤失剂具有良好的耐温抗盐降滤失性能,同时具有良好的抑制性能;与常用处理剂配伍性好,可在水基钻井液体系中显著降低其高温高压滤失量,所形成的饱和盐水钻井液体系在密度2.37 g/cm3下的高温高压滤失量仅为20.0 mL,满足高温下控制钻井液性能的需求。     

高温无机/有机复合纳米降滤失剂NFL-1研究

采用细乳化法合成的降滤失剂NFL-1是一种以无机纳米二氧化硅粒子为联接基,以-C-C-键为分子主链的两亲嵌段聚合物无机/聚合物纳米复合材料。-C-C-键分子主链上吸附基团为酰胺基(20%～30%)、主水化基团为磺酸基(40%～50%),次水化基团为羧基(10%～15%)、疏水基团为苯乙烯基(0.5%～5%)。对其在钻井液中的降滤失性能进行了评价,结果表明,NFL-1在钻井液中的黏度效应小,热稳定性好,抗盐抗钙能力强,用该降滤失剂处理的钻井液最高在220℃高温老化后其滤失量仍然较低。讨论了NFL-1的主要高温降滤失机理是纳米SiO2的高温稳定作用和NFL-1成膜阻水作用。     

柿子皮制备环保型水基钻井液处理剂及其作用效能研究

将柿子皮粉末作为水基钻井液添加剂,其性能评价结果表明,柿子皮粉末具有较好的降滤失作用;随着老化温度的升高,柿子皮粉末处理水基钻井液黏度先增大再降低后又增大,柿子皮粉末在水基钻井液中降滤失作用逐渐减弱,大于150℃后失去降滤失作用;线性膨胀率实验和泥球实验表明,柿子皮粉末水提取液对膨润土的水化膨胀有一定的抑制作用,优于4%(w)KCl溶液;配伍性实验结果表明,随着老化处理温度的升高,柿子皮粉末与改性淀粉体系钻井液配伍表现出增黏和较好的降滤失作用,与聚丙烯酰胺体系钻井液配伍效果不佳,尤其在120℃处理后黏度骤降(从30.0mPa·s降到4.0mPa·s),且失去降滤失作用。     

油包水钻井液降滤失规律研究

钻井液滤失性是钻井液的重要性能。通过对加入不同降滤失剂的油包水钻井液体系滤失规律的试验研究,表明油基钻井液体系的滤失性和水基钻井液有着相同的规律,滤失量的大小和时间的平方根呈线性关系,油包水钻井液降滤失剂的评价方法可以采用与水基钻井液相似的方法进行评价,但是需要对破乳电压进行测定。当油基钻井液体系经过高温老化后,油包水钻井液的滤失量会大幅度降低,这使得油基钻井液在高温地层钻井时有很好的优势,能更好地维持钻井液的性能稳定。     

新型高温抗盐降滤失剂RSTF的研究

深井钻井要求钻井液具有抗高温、抗可溶性盐污染的能力。研制了高温抗盐降滤失剂RSTF,该剂是由两种以上的聚合物单体与腐殖酸接枝共聚制成。对RSTF在不同钻井液体系中的HTHP降滤失性能,抗盐、石膏、水泥污染性能及与其它处理剂的配伍性进行了评价。RSTF能显著降低水基钻井液在各种条件下的HTHP滤失量,具有较强的抗盐、钙污染能力,抗温达220℃。     

两性离子聚合物降滤失剂PADMS的制备与室内性能评价

本文从抗高温抗盐钙钻井液降滤失剂性能要求出发,基于分子结构优化设计,以AM、AMPS、DMDAAC和NVP为反应单体进行四元共聚,合成了两性离子共聚物降滤失剂PADMS。通过FITR分析验证了分子结构设计的可行性,实验证明PADMS具有一定抗高温、抗盐钙降解能力,与黏土颗粒的吸附能力强于现有的磺化酚醛树脂类降滤失剂SMP-II和SMP-III。在淡水基浆中加入2.0% PADMS时,表观黏度和塑性黏度分别由加入前的10.5 mPa·s 和5.0 mPa·s增至35.0 mPa·s和28.0 mPa·s,API滤失量由28.0 mL降至6.0 mL;200℃老化16 h后的表观黏度和塑性黏度分别为17.5 mPa·s和15.0 mPa·s,API滤失量由48.6 mL降为15.6 mL。PADMS加量为2.0%时,复合盐水基浆表观黏度、塑性黏度从加入前的3.0 mPa·s、1.5 mPa·s分别增至的19.5 mPa·s 和15.0 mPa·s。在200℃下老化16 h后,复合盐水基浆黏度亦随PADMS加量的增加而增大,但上升趋势明显不及老化前的基浆。随PADMS加量的增大,API滤失量逐渐减小,当PADMS加量为2%时,老化前的API滤失量由加入前的88.0 mL降至8.2 mL;老化后API滤失量由168.0 mL降至54.6 mL,HTHP滤失量由全滤失降为86.4。     

两性型絮凝剂中不同基团作用的研究

采用反相乳液聚合法合成了一系列不同阳离子和羧基含量的两性型聚(丙烯酰胺-N,N-二甲基-二烯丙基氯化铵-丙烯酸)(P(AM-DMDAAC-AA))絮凝剂。考察了单体配比、单体共聚活性对P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)絮凝剂离子度和特性黏数的影响;研究了不同离子度和特性黏数的P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)絮凝剂的絮凝效果及其在不同pH环境下的絮凝效果。实验结果表明,由于DMDAAC共聚活性低,DMDAAC在P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)中的含量低于理论值,导致P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)絮凝剂的特性黏数降低。所合成的P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)在不同pH环境下都可发挥絮凝效果,与进口聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂相比,P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)絮凝后的泥饼较薄和含水量更低。当AM,DMDAAC,AA的加入量(单体占总单体的摩尔分数)分别为33.3%,41.7%,25.0%时,P(AM-DMDAAC-AA)絮凝剂的絮凝效果最佳。     

不同种类SiO_2对NiMo催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

分别以白炭黑、气凝胶和普通SiO2粉末为硅源,采用混捏与浸渍相结合的方法制备了NiMo/SiO2-γ-Al2O3催化剂;用SEM,TG,XRD,BET,TEM,NH3-TPD,UV-Vis DRS等手段表征了催化剂的结构和物理化学特性;同时对二苯并噻吩(DBT)-正辛烷模拟体系和常压直馏柴油进行了加氢脱硫性能评价。实验结果表明,白炭黑能很好地减弱活性组分与载体之间的相互作用,形成更多的微晶层数为2～6层、长度为8～15 nm的Ⅱ型加氢脱硫活性中心,使催化剂中含有20 nm以上的大孔,同时具有合适的表面酸性。将白炭黑改性催化剂用于初始硫含量为4.00×10-3(w)的DBT-正辛烷模拟体系,在300℃、氢分压2.5 MPa、液态空速3.0 h-1、氢气流量与原料流量的比(简称氢油比)为200的条件下,出口处硫含量降至3.00×10-5(w);对初始硫含量为1.05×10-3(w)的常二线直馏柴油,在350℃、氢分压2.6 MPa、液态空速1.8 h-1、氢油比200的条件下,出口处硫含量为3.48×10-5(w)。     

聚丙烯腈过滤及干燥性能

研究了聚丙烯腈物料的过滤及干燥性能。结果表明聚丙烯腈属于易过滤性物料，其滤饼的可压缩性系数为０．２６４，空隙率等于０．４５；推导了空气穿流通过固定床层时的干燥面积公式，给出了聚丙烯腈物料的干燥速率曲线，讨论了“面条”的堆积密度、空气温度及空气流速对干燥过程的影响。     

Mechanical Properties of Gel Propellants with Nanoparticles

Gel propellants provide rocket propulsion systems of high specific impulse, low sensitivity, and low vulnerability in combination with the capability to control the thrust, that is, variation of thrust and thrust cutoff. The characterization of the mechanical properties is essential for the development of gel propellant formulations and for the design of an applicable propulsion system. In this contribution the mechanical properties of a gel propellant consisting of nitromethane as fuel and nanoparticles of silicon dioxide as gelling agent are examined. The experiments were conducted under steady state shear flow and oscillatory shear. The nitromethane/silicon dioxide gels exhibit non-Newtonian flow behavior over the whole concentration range examined. The viscoelastic properties are typically gel-like in that the storage and the loss moduli are both independent of frequency.     

Long-term Aging Properties of Bitumen With Expanded Vermiculite and Different Inorganic Nanoparticles

The authors evaluate a novel bitumen modification by using the expanded vermiculite (EVMt) and three inorganic nanoparticles. The effect of EVMt and inorganic nanoparticles on physical and long-term aging properties of bitumen was investigated. The results show that the physical properties of bitumen are slightly influenced by with the introduction of nanomaterials. As a result of pressurized aging vessel, ultraviolet (UV) radiation aging, the viscosity aging index of bitumen is decreased obviously by adding the nanomaterials. It indicates that nanomaterials can improve the thermal and UV aging resistance of bitumen simultaneously. Furthermore, this improvement depends on the inorganic nanoparticle types. Compared with nano-silica and nano-titanium dioxide modified bitumens, bitumen with 1% EVMt and 3% nano-zinc oxide shows the lower viscosity aging index values, indicating its good long-term aging resistance.     

An Experimental Investigation of Silica Nanoparticles Effect on the Rheological Behavior of Polyacrylamide Solution to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery

The use of polymer flooding as one of enhanced oil recovery methods has recently increased. The occurrence of high shear rates in reservoir and near well bore through perforation nozzles during polymer flooding cause shear degradation of polymers and therefore polymer viscosity has decreased. Rheological behavior of polymer solution in different conditions of oil reservoir is one of the key factors to develop use of polymer solutions. A few researches are available regarding improving rheological behavior of polymeric solution. In this study, to investigate the effect of nanoparticles on rheological behavior of polymer solutions two samples were prepared: polyacrylamide solution in water and suspension of silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide solution. The sample viscosities in different shear rates were measured. The best rheology models were developed to state rheological behavior of prepared samples and the measured data were compared to power law model. An increase in the viscosity of the suspension solution with respect to polymer solution in different shear rates was observed. Rheological analysis showed that power law model is a good rheology model to demonstrate rheological behavior of suspension in low and medium shear rates and is an acceptable model for polymer solution in low shear rates. Two types of flooding test were performed in a glass micromodel: flooding by polyacrylamide solution and suspension of silica nanoparticles in polyacrylamide solution. The results of flooding test showed a 10% increase in oil recovery for nanosuspension solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Stabilization of Magnetite Nanoparticles by Encapsulation into the Silica Matrix

Different methods have been investigated for the synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles. Control of the particle size, dispersion, purity and stability have been always regarded an issue. In this study magnetite （Fe304） superparamagnetic nanoparticles with a size range about 20 nm have been successfully synthesized using chemical co-precipitation method from the solution of ferrous/ferric mixed salt-solution in alkaline media in oxygen-free environment. The sol-gel method has been chose to encapsulate magnetic nanoparticles into silica matrix. The phase structures, morphologies, surface area, functional classes and magnetic properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM and AFM, BET, FT-IR and VSM. The results showed that the resultant films, consisting of encapsulated magnetite have crack free and smooth surface with a roughness value 1.5 rim.     

两亲物官能团极性对沥青质缔结状态及草桥稠油流动性能的影响

笔者以十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)、十二胺(DDA)、月桂酸(LA)及草桥稠油为研究对象,通过实验测试体系离心稳定性、体系导电性及流动性,分析沥青质与分散介质间的溶剂化作用强度,沥青质自身的缔合程度,进而讨论烷基链长度相同情况下,官能团极性对沥青质稠环芳烃片层缔合状态及胶束溶剂化程度的影响。结果表明,针对草桥稠油,DBSA会增大沥青质缔合体的离心稳定性,提高体系电导率,增大稠油黏度;DDA会破坏沥青质缔合体的离心稳定性,降低体系电导率,降低稠油黏度。压缩沥青质缔合体结构,削弱沥青质溶剂化作用,可以降低稠油黏度。     

Simulation of Filtration Fields with Different Completion Methods in Carbonate Gas Reservoirs

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils - The Longwangmiao Fm gas reservoirs in the Moxi tectonic structure in Sichuan Basin are characterized by deep burial, high temperature, high pressure,...