2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧化物自由基选择性氧化反应用于羟丙基化半乳甘露聚糖C-6位取代度的表征研究

TEMPO (2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氧化物自由基)-NaClO-NaBr是一种对伯羟基具有很高选择性的氧化反应体系, 系统研究了该体系对半乳甘露聚糖及其衍生物的氧化反应过程, 通过对氧化反应中NaOH消耗量的适时跟踪测定, 确定了氧化反应进程以及氧化反应终点, 利用FTIR和13C NMR对氧化产物的结构进行了表征, 进一步确证了TEMPO氧化体系可高选择性地将C-6位伯羟基完全氧化为羧酸. 首次将TEMPO氧化法用于羟丙基化半乳甘露聚糖C-6位取代度的测定, 利用氧化反应NaOH的消耗量计算出不同摩尔取代度的羟丙基半乳甘露聚糖C-6位伯羟基的取代度. 以此为依据, 对半乳甘露聚糖的羟丙基化反应机理进行了初步探讨, 从实验上进一步验证了半乳甘露聚糖羟丙基取代反应优先发生在C-6位伯羟基上.     

羟乙基瓜尔胶中羟乙基摩尔取代度以及取代位置的表征

本文探索了表征羟乙基瓜尔胶(HEG)中羟乙基摩尔取代度(MS)以及取代位置的化学方法。当反应温度为110℃,时间为14hr,HEG中羟基与混酐比例为1:2.5时,用混酐化学法可准确测定HEG的羟乙基MS,测定结果与计算值的相对误差小于10%。在pH=10.30和0℃的条件下,瓜尔胶的伯羟基被2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧化物(TEMPO)-NaClO-NaBr体系选择性氧化成羧基,由此可表征羟乙基链段的取代位置。在瓜尔胶醚化生成羟乙基瓜尔胶的过程中,醚化反应并不是完全发生在伯羟基上。伯羟基的反应活性是仲羟基的6-10倍。随着MS的增大,连接在仲羟基上羟乙基链段占所有羟乙基链段的比例逐渐增大,当MS=0.4时该比例基本不再变化,为40%左右。     

2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基促进的钒基催化剂催化苯直接氧化制苯酚

以钒基化合物为催化剂,在TEMPO(2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基)存在下,能形成快速催化分子氧氧化苯制苯酚的催化体系.在反应过程中,由类似芬顿试剂反应过程生成的羟基自由基亲核进攻苯环,形成羟基环己二烯自由基;该羟基氢可在TEMPO存在的催化体系中消除,同时苯环氢可立即转移至氧原子而生成苯酚.在以[(CH3)...     

羟丙基瓜尔胶中羟丙基摩尔取代度以及取代位置的表征

本文探索了表征羟丙基瓜尔胶(HPG)中羟丙基摩尔取代度(MS)以及取代位置的化学方法.当反应温度为110℃、反应时间为14h以及HPG中羟基与对甲苯磺酸-乙酸酐摩尔比为1:3.5时,用对甲苯磺酸-乙酸酐化学法和气相色谱法可准确测定HPG的羟丙基MS,与1H-NMR测定结果相对误差小于10%.在pH=10.30和0℃的条件下,瓜尔胶的伯羟基被2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮--氧化物(TEMPO)-NaClO-NaBr体系选择性氧化成羧基,由此可表征羟丙基链段的取代位置.     

聚合物微球固载的催化剂TEMPO在分子氧氧化环己醇过程中的催化特性

醇氧化为羰基化合物是有机合成工业中最重要的化学转变之一,在实验室研究和精细化工生产中都占有非常重要的地位.使用传统的化学计量强氧化剂(如CrO3, KMnO4, MnO2等),不但成本高及反应条件苛刻,还会产生大量污染环境的废弃物.因此,需要大力发展高效、绿色化的醇转变为羰基化合物的氧化途径.以2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)为催化剂,分子氧为氧化剂,可在温和条件下绿色化地实现醇的氧化转变.该催化氧化作用的实质是TEMPO经过单电子氧化过程转化为相应的氮羰基阳离子,该阳离子是一个具有强氧化性的氧化剂,可将伯醇和仲醇分别快速地、高转化率、高选择性地氧化为对应的醛或酮.然而,目前使用的TEMPO大多为均相催化剂,虽然表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,但反应后难以分离回收,不能再循环使用,严重制约着这一催化体系的发展.本文将TEMPO化学键合在聚合物载体上,在非均相催化剂的作用下,以期实现环已醇的分子氧氧化,将其转变为环已酮.首先采用悬浮聚合法,制备了交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球,该聚合物微球表面含有大量环氧基团,为实现TEMPO的固载化提供了条件.以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-OH-TEMPO)为试剂,使CPGMA微球表面的环氧基团发生开环反应,从而将TEMPO键合于微球表面,制得了固载有TEMPO的聚合物微球TEMPO/CPGMA.将此非均相催化剂与Fe(NO3)3组成共催化体系,应用于分子氧氧化环己醇的催化氧化过程,深入考察了该共催化体系的催化性能,并探索研究了催化氧化机理,考察了主要条件对催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,共催化体系TEMPO/CPGMA+Fe(NO3)3可以有效地催化分子氧氧化环己醇的氧化过程,将环己醇转化为唯一的产物环己酮,显示出良好的催化选择性.助催化剂Fe(NO3)3化学结构中的Fe3+离子和NO3–离子两种物种均参与催化过程,共同发挥助催化剂的作用,伴随着两种价态铁物种Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ)的转变以及NO3–与NO2–之间的转变,固载化的氮氧自由基TEMPO不断地转变为氮羰基阳离子,该氧化剂物种使环己醇的氧化反应不断地循环进行.对于共催化体系TEMPO/CPGMA+Fe(NO3)3的使用,适宜的反应条件为TEMPO与Fe(NO3)3的摩尔比为1：1,55°C,通入常压O2.反应35 h,环己酮的转化率可达到44.1%.因此,在温和条件下,使用固载化的TEMPO,有效地实现了环己醇向环己酮的转化.此外,固载化催化剂TEMPO/CPGMA在循环使用过程中表现出良好的重复使用性能.     

离子液体-水介质中离子液体负载TEMPO催化选择氧化合成脂肪醇羟基芳香醛和酮

由于脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基具有相同的氧化反应活性,所以当分子内同时含有脂肪醇羟基和苄醇羟基时,很难选择氧化苄醇羟基合成含脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛或酮。本文报道了在离子液体-水介质中,NCS/NaBr/IL-TEMPO（离子液体负载TEMPO）催化氧化合成含有脂肪醇羟基的芳香醛、酮的方法,反应条件温和,选择性好,收率高,且离子液体和催化剂可以循环使用。     

聚合物微球固载的催化剂TEMPO在分子氧氧化环己醇过程中的催化特性（英文）

醇氧化为羰基化合物是有机合成工业中最重要的化学转变之一,在实验室研究和精细化工生产中都占有非常重要的地位.使用传统的化学计量强氧化剂(如Cr O3,KMnO4,MnO2等),不但成本高及反应条件苛刻,还会产生大量污染环境的废弃物.因此,需要大力发展高效、绿色化的醇转变为羰基化合物的氧化途径.以2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(TEMPO)为催化剂,分子氧为氧化剂,可在温和条件下绿色化地实现醇的氧化转变.该催化氧化作用的实质是TEMPO经过单电子氧化过程转化为相应的氮羰基阳离子,该阳离子是一个具有强氧化性的氧化剂,可将伯醇和仲醇分别快速地、高转化率、高选择性地氧化为对应的醛或酮.然而,目前使用的TEMPO大多为均相催化剂,虽然表现出良好的催化活性和选择性,但反应后难以分离回收,不能再循环使用,严重制约着这一催化体系的发展.本文将TEMPO化学键合在聚合物载体上,在非均相催化剂的作用下,以期实现环已醇的分子氧氧化,将其转变为环已酮.首先采用悬浮聚合法,制备了交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球,该聚合物微球表面含有大量环氧基团,为实现TEMPO的固载化提供了条件.以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-OH-TEMPO)为试剂,使CPGMA微球表面的环氧基团发生开环反应,从而将TEMPO键合于微球表面,制得了固载有TEMPO的聚合物微球TEMPO/CPGMA.将此非均相催化剂与Fe(NO3)3组成共催化体系,应用于分子氧氧化环己醇的催化氧化过程,深入考察了该共催化体系的催化性能,并探索研究了催化氧化机理,考察了主要条件对催化氧化反应的影响.结果表明,共催化体系TEMPO/CPGMA+Fe(NO3)3可以有效地催化分子氧氧化环己醇的氧化过程,将环己醇转化为唯一的产物环己酮,显示出良好的催化选择性.助催化剂Fe(NO3)3化学结构中的Fe3+离子和NO3–离子两种物种均参与催化过程,共同发挥助催化剂的作用,伴随着两种价态铁物种Fe(Ⅱ)与Fe(Ⅲ)的转变以及NO3–与NO2–之间的转变,固载化的氮氧自由基TEMPO不断地转变为氮羰基阳离子,该氧化剂物种使环己醇的氧化反应不断地循环进行.对于共催化体系TEMPO/CPGMA+Fe(NO3)3的使用,适宜的反应条件为TEMPO与Fe(NO3)3的摩尔比为1:1,55°C,通入常压O2.反应35 h,环己酮的转化率可达到44.1%.因此,在温和条件下,使用固载化的TEMPO,有效地实现了环己醇向环己酮的转化.此外,固载化催化剂TEMPO/CPGMA在循环使用过程中表现出良好的重复使用性能.     

半乳糖伯羟基氧化及其衍生物的合成

半乳糖伯羟基氧化及其衍生物的合成;半乳糖;氧化;糖基异硫氰酸酯;亲核加成     

钨酸钠/过氧化氢体系对葡甲苷伯羟基的选择催化氧化

采用钨酸钠/过氧化氢体系对甲基葡萄糖苷的伯羟基进行选择催化氧化制备葡萄糖醛酸及其内酯,考察了不同催化氧化工艺条件对反应收率的影响,产物用HPLC检测,同时对反应机理进行了初步探讨。 结果表明, 该体系对葡甲苷伯羟基的氧化具有较好的催化活性和反应选择性,葡萄糖醛酸及其内酯总收率可达到74.07%。 与传统的淀粉硝酸氧化法工艺相比,该方法具有资源节约、环境友好的特点。     

RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA体系在空气中对苄醇的选择性氧化

对RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA体系催化空气氧化苄醇的反应进行了详细研究,结果表明在RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA的催化下,苄醇被有效地氧化成相应的醛.重要的是该催化体系具有较好的化学选择性,对苯甲醇和1-苯基乙醇的混合物,能高选择性地氧化苯甲醇,而后者基本不被氧化;对含伯羟基和仲羟基的3-(1'-羟乙基)苯甲醇和4-(1'-羟乙基)苯甲醇,能高选择性地氧化伯羟基,而仲羟基大部分不被氧化.该反应具有反应条件温和、操作简单、化学选择性好等特点.     

Sequential oxidation/asymmetric aldol reaction of primary alcohols by resin-supported catalysts

The sequential reaction including alcohol oxidation by TEMPO/Cu system and the asymmetric aldol reaction by peptide catalysis was realized using resin-supported catalysts. The step of oxidizing primary alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes could be dramatically enhanced through the introduction of triglycyl peptide to supported TEMPO and the method of pre-adsorbing a Cu-complex into resin beads.     

Comparison of TEMPO and its derivatives as mediators in laccase catalysed oxidation of alcohols

A series of TEMPO (2,2′,6,6′-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy) derivatives were studied as mediators of laccase (from Trametes versicolor) in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and 1-phenylethyl alcohol. TEMPO (1), 4-hydroxy-TEMPO (2) and 4-acetylamino-TEMPO (4) turned out to be the most active mediators for laccase. In addition, 4-acetylamino-TEMPO and 4-hydroxy-TEMPO were more active in the oxidation of 1-phenylethanol compared to TEMPO. For these mediators kinetic isotope effects in the range of 2.1-3.2 were observed for α-monodeutero-p-methylbenzyl alcohol oxidation. These values are consistent with a mechanism involving oxoammonium intermediacy. Competition experiments between benzyl alcohol and 1-phenylethanol showed that TEMPO and its derivatives react faster with primary alcohols than with secondary alcohols, also in line with the proposed mechanism.     

A TEMPO‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols

The copper‐catalyzed aerobic oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols without an external N‐oxide co‐oxidant is described. The catalyst system is composed of a Cu/diamine complex inspired by the enzyme tyrosinase, along with dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or N‐methylimidazole (NMI). The Cu catalyst system works without 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐l‐piperidinoxyl (TEMPO) at ambient pressure and temperature, and displays activity for un‐activated secondary alcohols, which remain a challenging substrate for catalytic aerobic systems. Our work underscores the importance of finding alternative mechanistic pathways for alcohol oxidation, which complement Cu/TEMPO systems, and demonstrate, in this case, a preference for the oxidation of activated secondary over primary alcohols.     

Efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones using ruthenium/TEMPO as the catalytic system.

The combination of RuCl2(PPh3)3 and TEMPO affords an efficient catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of a variety of primary and secondary alcohols, giving the corresponding aldehydes and ketones, in >99% selectivity in all cases. The Ru/TEMPO system displayed a preference for primary vs secondary alcohols. Results from Hammett correlation studies (rho = -0.58) and the primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 5.1) for the catalytic aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidations are inconsistent with either an oxoruthenium (O=Ru) or an oxoammonium based mechanism. We postulate a hydridometal mechanism, involving a "RuH2(PPh3)3" species as the active catalyst. TEMPO acts as a hydrogen transfer mediator and is either regenerated by oxygen, under catalytic aerobic conditions, or converted to TEMPH under stoichiometric anaerobic conditions.     

氮氧自由基TEMPO：选择氧化醇的高效有机小分子催化剂*

醇被氧化为相应的醛或酮是有机合成中重要的官能团转换反应之一。自从Anelli法（TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl）发现以来,由于所具有的醇被氧化为相应的醛或酮是有机合成中重要的官能团转换反应之一。自从Anelli法（TEMPO/NaBr/NaOCl）发现以来,由于所具有的高活性和高选择性, 有机小分子催化剂2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(TEMPO)催化醇的氧化反应成为温和条件下醇选择氧化的一个重要方法,并在实验室和工业生产中广泛应用。最近有关TEMPO催化醇氧化反应的研究,主要集中在开发用于分子氧对醇绿色氧化的催化体系和目的在于实现催化剂回收再用的TEMPO固载化研究两个领域上。本文以此为重点,综述了TEMPO催化醇氧化反应的发展和最近研究进展。     

含环氧基团的聚合物微球固载2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基催化剂的制备及其催化分子氧氧化苯甲醇

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)为单体, 以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EGDMA)为交联剂, 采用悬浮聚合法制得交联聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(CPGMA)微球, 然后以4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-OH-TEMPO)为试剂, 使CPGMA微球表面的环氧基团发生开环反应, 从而制得了TEMPO固载化微球TEMPO/CPGMA, 考察了制备条件对固载化反应的影响, 并采用多种方法对微球TEMPO/CPGMA进行了表征. 将微球TEMPO/CPGMA与CuCl组成共催化体系, 用于分子氧氧化苯甲醇, 考察了反应条件对催化体系性能的影响. 结果表明, 以含环氧基团的聚合物微球CPGMA为载体, 通过开环反应, 可成功地实现TEMPO的固载化, 开环反应属S_N2亲核取代反应, 适宜采用溶剂N,N''-二甲基甲酰胺和反应温度85℃. 非均相催化剂TEMPO/CPGMA与助催化剂CuCl构成共催化体系, 在室温、常压O₂条件下可高效地将苯甲醇氧化为苯甲醛, 产物选择性和产率分别为100%和90%. 主催化剂TEMPO与助催化剂CuCl适宜的摩尔比为1:1.2; 主催化剂适宜用量为0.90 g. 此外, TEMPO/CPGMA固体催化剂具有良好的循环使用性能.     

Cu(II)-nitroxyl radicals as catalytic galactose oxidase mimics

Results from Hammett correlation studies and primary kinetic isotope effects for the CuCl-TEMPO catalysed aerobic benzyl alcohol oxidations are inconsistent with an oxoammonium based mechanism. We postulate a copper-mediated dehydrogenation mechanism, in which TEMPO regenerates the active Cu(II)-species. This mechanism is analogous to that observed for Galactose Oxidase and mimics thereof.     

TEMPO-oxidation of cellulose: Synthesis and characterisation of polyglucuronans

A series of pseudo amorphous cellulose samples were reacted with catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine oxoammonium salt (TEMPO), sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide in water. In all samples the primary alcohol groups were selectively oxidised into carboxyl groups, and several water-soluble polyglucuronic acid sodium salts were obtained with different molecular weights. With this reaction system, the degradation of the amorphous cellulose samples may be minimized, provided the oxidation is performed at 4°C and at constant pH 10, with controlled amounts of TEMPO and sodium hypochlorite.     

Laccase-catalyzed mediated oxidation of benzyl alcohol: the role of TEMPO and formation of products including benzonitrile studied by nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Substituted benzyl alcohol was oxidized enzymatically with a laccase-mediator system and the products were investigated as a function of time by nanoelectrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (nanoESI-FTICRMS). With Trametes versicolor laccase (TVL), the mediator, 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl radical (TEMPO), undergoes oxidation and forms oxoammonium ion. Oxidized TEMPO oxidizes the alcohol and is simultaneously reduced to the N-OH form. The laccase then restores TEMPO back to the normal radical form and the oxidation cycle starts again. The role of TEMPO and the structures of its oxidized and reduced forms in the enzymatic oxidation process were clarified in collision-induced dissociation experiments and gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions. The amounts of enzyme and mediator were significant for product formation: with greater amounts overoxidation products, the corresponding benzoic acid and benzonitrile were formed. Smaller amounts of laccase and mediator generated benzaldehyde in high yield. The reaction pathway for benzonitrile formation is discussed and it is suggested to start from benzaldehyde and the ammonia in the ammonium acetate buffer.     

Mechanism of the oxidation of alcohols by oxoammonium cations

The mechanism of the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols by the oxoammonium cation derived from 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) has been investigated computationally at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level, along with free energies of solvation, using a reaction field model. In basic solution, the reaction involves formation of a complex between the alkoxide anion and the oxoammonium cation in a pre-oxidation equilibrium wherein methoxide leads to a much larger formation constant than isopropoxide. The differences in free energy of activation for the rate-determining hydrogen transfer within the pre-oxidation complexes were small; the differences in complex formation constants lead to a larger rate of reaction for the primary alcohol, as is observed experimentally. In acidic solution, rate-determining hydrogen atom transfer from the alcohol to the oxoammonium cation had a large unfavorable free energy change and would proceed more slowly than is observed. A more likely path involves a hydride transfer that would be more rapid with a secondary alcohol than primary, as is observed. Transition states for this process were located.