非洲山毛豆油酸法与酶法脱胶工艺优化

以非洲山毛豆毛油为试验材料,研究了酸法脱胶与酶法脱胶工艺参数对其脱胶效果的影响.在单因素试验基础上,通过正交试验得出柠檬酸辅助脱胶的最佳条件为:柠檬酸添加量3.0 g/kg,脱胶温度70℃=,加水量4.5%,脱胶时间30 min.该条件下磷脂脱除率达93.95%,脱胶油的磷含量为28.91 mg/kg.利用均匀设计法确定了磷脂酶脱胶的最佳工艺参数为:脱胶时间5.5 h,酶添加量0.60 IU/g,脱胶温度57℃,加水量3.7%,pH 4.7.在此条件下脱胶油的磷含量为9.853 6mg/kg.试验证明,采用酶法可有效去除非水化磷脂,达到更好的脱胶效果.     

山毛豆油磷酸辅助脱胶工艺条件优化

目的：研究酸种类、酸添加量、加水量、脱胶温度、搅拌时间对山毛豆毛油脱胶率的影响。方法：在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析法对山毛豆毛油脱胶工艺进行优化。结果：得到山毛豆酸辅助脱胶最佳工艺条件为磷酸添加量2.47g/kg、加水量4.1%、脱胶温度62℃、搅拌时间45min。该条件下山毛豆毛油脱胶率为92.48%,与模型预测值91.5256%接近,脱胶山毛豆油中磷脂含量为0.095%。结论：磷酸辅助脱胶技术可对山毛豆毛油中的磷脂进行有效脱除。     

超声辅助菜籽毛油脱胶工艺研究

本研究采用水化脱胶、酸法脱胶以及超声辅助水化和酸法脱胶技术对菜籽毛油进行脱胶处理。通过单因素和正交实验考察了柠檬酸添加量、温度、加水量及处理时间对菜籽毛油脱胶效果的影响。结果表明:在柠檬酸添加量0.25%、处理温度60℃、加水量3.5%条件下处理15 min后,再经40 kHz、150 W的超声波处理15 min,菜籽毛油脱胶率可达82.5%,此时脱胶油中的磷含量为19.7 mg/kg。     

响应面法优化小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶工艺

以小麦胚芽油为原料,在单因素实验基础上,确定磷酸为脱胶剂,利用中心组合实验设计(CCD)及响应面分析法优化小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶工艺,建立了磷酸添加量、加水量、脱胶温度、脱胶时间与脱胶油中磷脂含量之间的数学模型,确定小麦胚芽油磷酸辅助水化脱胶的最佳工艺条件,即磷酸添加量0.51%、脱胶温度60℃、脱胶时间31 min、加水量为初始磷脂含量的3.53倍。在最佳工艺条件下对小麦胚芽油脱胶,脱胶油中磷脂含量为9.31 mg/kg,与模型预测值9.10mg/kg相近,说明该模型预测不同条件下小麦胚芽油脱胶是有效的。     

超声波辅助浓香菜籽油水化脱胶工艺优化

研究超声时间、超声温度、50%柠檬酸添加量、加水量4个因素对超声波辅助浓香菜籽油水化脱胶效果的影响。在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析法对超声波辅助浓香菜籽油水化脱胶工艺进行优化。结果表明:超声波辅助浓香菜籽油水化脱胶的最优条件为超声时间15.5 min、超声温度45℃、50%柠檬酸添加量4%(以油质量计)、加水量4%(以油质量计),在此条件下脱胶后浓香菜籽油中磷脂含量为4.06 mg/100 g,脱磷率为92.11%,总酚含量为42.08 mg/100 g。在传统脱胶工艺条件下,即3%水(以油质量计),55℃下搅拌20 min后沉淀24 h,浓香菜籽油中磷脂含量为39.48 mg/100 g,脱磷率为23.31%,总酚含量为62.17 mg/100 g。经GC-MS分析,超声波辅助水化脱胶的浓香菜籽油中鉴定出27种主要的挥发性风味物质,其中主要呈味物质为硫甙降解产物。     

菜籽毛油酸法脱胶工艺条件的优化

研究酸种类、酸添加量、水添加量、酸处理温度、酸处理时间对菜籽毛油脱胶效果的影响.在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面分析法对菜籽毛油酸法脱胶工艺进行优化.优化的工艺条件为:酸处理温度60℃,50％柠檬酸添加量0.22％(占油质量),水添加量3.34％(占油质量),酸处理时间24.78 min.在优化条件下,脱胶菜籽油磷含量为15.67 mg/kg,脱胶率达93.76％,与模型预测值14.70 mg/kg,脱胶率94.15％很接近.     

蒜头果油水化脱胶和碱炼脱酸工艺优化

以蒜头果毛油为原料,采用单因素试验研究了水化脱胶过程中磷酸添加量、水添加量、脱胶温度和脱胶时间对脱胶率的影响,采用正交试验优化了工艺条件;采用单因素试验研究了碱炼脱酸过程中超碱量、碱液质量分数和脱酸温度对脱酸率的影响,并用响应面试验优化了工艺条件。结果表明:最优的脱胶工艺条件为磷酸添加量0.4%、水添加量4%、脱胶温度30℃、脱胶时间50 min,此条件下脱胶油磷脂含量降至0.023 mg/g,脱胶率可达98.67%;最优的碱炼脱酸工艺条件为超碱量0.2%、碱液质量分数10%、脱酸温度40℃、脱酸时间30 min,此条件下脱酸油的酸价(KOH)降至0.34 mg/g,脱酸率达96.79%。     

花生油水化脱胶工艺条件的研究

研究了花生油的水化脱胶工艺,考察离心转速、加水量、电解质、恒温时间、恒温温度等因素对花生油水化脱胶效果的影响。采用比色法检测脱胶花生油磷脂含量,通过对磷脂含量的分析讨论,最终确定花生油水化脱胶的最优工艺条件为:预热温度75℃,按每100g油加入1mL浓度为8%的柠檬酸溶液,搅拌时间5min,恒温温度80℃,恒温时间20min,4200r/min的转速离心20min。用柠檬酸水化复合脱胶工艺对花生油进行脱胶处理,可得到符合脱胶要求的脱胶油。     

影响铁核桃油低酸水化脱胶的因素及其流变学特性

考察脱胶方式、添加百分比、脱胶时间以及脱胶温度对低酸水化脱胶效果的影响,并对脱胶后的铁核桃油进行流变学特性分析。以添加百分比、脱胶时间、脱胶温度为自变量,以磷脂含量为响应值,采用Central Composite Design响应面试验设计优化铁核桃油低酸水化脱胶工艺。通过分析各因素的显著性和交互作用,优化得到铁核桃油低酸水化脱胶最佳工艺条件为:添加百分比为8.5%(0.2%磷酸溶液)、脱胶时间为80 min、脱胶温度为60℃,此条件下得到脱胶铁核桃油磷脂含量为0.474 mg/g、酸价为4.35 KOHmg/g、过氧化值为7.126 mmol/kg、羰基价为13.344 meq/kg。流变性结果表明:低酸水化脱胶可显著降低铁核桃油的黏度,且铁核桃油温度越高(5℃~50℃),黏度越低。     

米糠油脱胶和酸化凹凸棒土脱色工艺研究

采用正交实验研究了米糠毛油脱胶工艺,得到的酸法脱胶工艺最佳条件为磷酸添加量0.3%、脱胶温度70℃、加水量3%、反应时间40 min,此时米糠油脱胶率为87.7%。在此基础上,采用单因素实验考察了酸化凹凸棒土添加量、脱色温度、脱色时间对脱色率的影响。结果表明:在酸化凹凸棒土添加量5%、脱色温度110℃、脱色时间30 min条件下,米糠油脱色率达到96.6%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the