荧光素酯与蒽甲酸酯之间的光致相互作用

我们合成了以不同链长连接的荧光素酯与蒽甲酸酯的四种二元化合物.在溶液中的构象研究表明.链呈不同程度的弯曲.但分子内两个发色团的相互作用是微弱的.激发蒽甲酸酯时,无论是在分子间还是在分子内,其单重态能量几乎都传递给了荧光素酯.激发荧光素酯时,并未观测到分子内的光致电子转移,尽管计算和模型化合物分子间的对照实验都表明它们之间是可以发生这种电子转移的.最可能的原因是这个系列在溶液中,分子内的两个发色平面没有好的匹配,或者说,这些二元化合物在所研究的溶液中,不能满足分子内的光致电子转移对构象的要求.     

荧光素与咔唑分子内的光致电子转移反应

合成了以-(CH_2)_4-连接的荧光素,咔唑二元化合物,运用吸收光谱,荧光光谱及荧光寿命研究了咔唑在荧光素不同取代位置上的二元化合物分子内的光致电子转移过程,结果表明:分子内电子转移以动态过程为主.且当咔唑接在荧光素2’羧基端时,荧光素与咔唑的面对面取向较咔唑接在荧光素6位羟基端的肩并肩取向更有利于光致电子转移反应.     

呫吨染料与给体和受体之间光致分子间和分子内的电子转移反应

合成了一些电子给体,电子受体和含呫吨染料的二元化合物.在激发染料时,测定和计算了染料与给体和受体之间的光致分子间和分子内的电子转移的速率常数和效率.发现激发的呫吨染料可与多种,其中包括很弱的给体和受体之间进行有效的光致电子转移反应.分子间的反应速率常数受扩散控制,有浓度的影响.闪光光解的实验表明,在浓度较低时,主要是通过染料的三重激发态来进行的.如存在异种电荷,则产生静态猝灭.分子内的光致电子转移反应与溶液的浓度无关,可从染料的单重激发态直接有效地进行.     

荧光素与紫精、咔唑分子内的光致电子转移反应

合成了以-(CH_2)_4连接的荧光素、紫精、咔唑二元及三元化合物,运用吸收光谱,荧光光谱及荧光寿命研究了荧光素-咔唑、紫精-荧光素、紫精-荧光素-咔唑等二元、三元化合物分子内的光致相互作用,结果表明:分子内紫精对荧光素荧光的淬灭主要通过形成不发荧光的络合物,荧光淬灭的效率φ_Q为0.97,荧光寿命淬灭的效率φ_(ET)为0,不发荧光络合物的淬灭的效率φ_C为0.97.咔唑对荧光素荧光的淬灭则以动态的光致电子转移过程为主,荧光淬灭的效率φ_Q为0.63,荧光寿命淬灭的效率φ_(ET)也为0.63,不发荧光络合物的淬灭效率φ_C为0.在三元化合物内紫精-荧光素和荧光素-咔唑对光致相互作用是一种竞争过程,以荧光素-咔唑对间的动态电子转移反应为主,φ_Q为0.97,φ_(ET)为0.65,不发荧光络合物的淬灭效率φ_C为0.32.从反应自由能变化的角度对此进行了讨论.     

曙红酯与紫精的分子内及分子间的电子转移

合成了以—(CH_2)_1O.—相连的曙红和丁基紫精的二元化合物,运用吸收光谱,荧光光谱及荧光寿命,研究了分子间及分子内的光致电子转移过程,及加入β-环糊精或糖淀粉对二元化合物体系的影响.结果表明:分子内比分子间的作用显著增强,加入环糊精或糖淀粉后,其与二元化合物形成包结络合物,使电子转移的过程得到改变.     

曙红与卟啉分子间和分子内的光致相互作用

合成了以半刚性链(一CH_2phCH_2—)和柔性链(—(CH_2)_4—)连接的曙红-卟啉二元化合物及其模型化合物.通过吸收光谱、荧光光谱、激发光谱及荧光寿命研究了模型化合物分子间的相互作用和二元化合物分子内的光致电子转移和能量传递.结果表明:二元化合物的模型化合物曙红乙酯和卟啉易形成基态复合物 在二元化合物分子内激发曙红时,曙红能将其单重态能量传递给卟啉,并能引发分子内的电子转移;激发卟啉时,能发生曙红向卟啉的电子转移.分析了分子构型和溶剂极性对2种过程的影响.     

1-苯基-3-(4-硝基苯基)-5-(9-蒽基)-2-吡唑啉分子内高位共轭

通过对1 苯基 3 (4 硝基苯基) 5 (9 蒽基) 2 吡唑啉及其相关化合物的吸收光谱进行比较研究,发现该分子的吸收不同于分子内"Ar—N—N=C—Ar"发色团与蒽发色团的叠加.其中"Ar—N—N=C—Ar"发色团的吸收系数增强了12倍,存在极大的增色效应,蒽的精细吸收峰也均红移了20nm左右.说明两者存在基态下的相互作用.优势构象理论分析表明这是由于基态π电子轨道重叠的高位共轭效应引起的.该发现将有助于解释该类分子激发态下发色团间的非共轭电荷转移以及能量转移,并为寻找更大吸收系数的该类化合物提供了较好的方法.     

荧光素卟啉分子间分子内能量及电子转移反应

合成了以共价键相连的荧光素-卟啉二元分子.研究了荧光素酯与卟啉分子间和分子内的能量及电子转移过程.分子间的荧光猝灭实验表明,当激发荧光素时,荧光素的单重态能量有效地传给卟啉,动态荧光猝灭速度常数(k_d)为1.3×10~(12)s~(-1)·mol~(-1)L.吸收光谱和NMR谱结果表明荧光素与卟啉间有基态相互作用,其静态荧光猝灭速度常数(k_s)为3.6×10~(12)s~(-1)·mol~(-1)·L.在二元分子中,当激发荧光素时,从荧光素到卟啉的单重态能量传递效率在0.90以上,速度常数为 1.2×10~(10)S~(-1)·mol~(-1)·L,溶剂极性对其影响不大.当激发卟啉时,在极性溶剂中发生了电子转移,其转移效率为0.51,速度常数为2.3×10~8s~(-1)·mol~(-1)·L.     

烷氧基桥接的苯并菲和苝单亚胺二酯二元化合物的合成及性质研究

柱状相盘状液晶材料具有较高的载流子迁移率,而给体-桥-受体型超分子具有光诱导分子内电子转移的性质.为了使材料兼有这两种性质,我们合成了柔性烷氧基桥连接的、含有苯并菲单元和苝单亚胺二酯单元的二元化合物.其分子结构通过~1H NMR,IR,MS和元素分析进行表征.此外,循环伏安法测试结果表明二元化合物中两个结构单元的能级分别与对应单体的能级保持一致.稀溶液中的紫外可见吸收光谱及荧光光谱结果表明,光照时在给体单元和受体单元间发生有效的能量转移和电子转移.示差扫描热分析仪及偏光显微镜的测试结果表明当桥链碳原子数为10和12的二元化合物在加热时可形成稳定的液晶柱状相.由此可知,该类化合物具有作为新型有机光伏材料的前景.     

蒽-对二氰基乙烯基苯激基复合物的形成与能量传递

本文设计合成了三个以不同链长相连接的蒽-对二氰基乙烯基苯(An-DCVB)化合物。利用吸收光谱,荧光光谱,激光闪光光解和单光子计数器等证实An-DCVB受光激发,发生分子内电子转移,生成激基复合物且发现有三重态能量传递,描述了分子内电子转移的主要途径,研究并探讨了An-DCVB的三种不同连接链长对分子构象,激基复合物的形成以及三重态能量传递的影响。     

A comparative study on photo-induced electron transfer from fluorescein to anthraquinone and injection into colloidal TiO2

A dyad-anthraquinone-methyl ester of fluorescein-and its model compound-butyl ester-were synthesized. The effects of photo-induced electron transfer from fluorescein to an organic anthraquinone acceptor and injection into inorganic colloidal TiO(2) were studied respectively. It is found that the photo-induced electron transferring to an organic acceptor is much faster than injecting into inorganic colloidal particles when fluorescein was excited by visible light. While inorganic colloidal TiO(2) was excited by UV, the electron of fluorescein will inject into TiO(2).     

Fullerene-fluorescein-anthracene hybrids: a model for artificial photosynthesis and solar energy conversion

Two novel C₆₀-fluorescein-anthracene hybrids have been synthesized. Fluorescence quenching in the hybrids indicates an energy transfer from the excited state of anthracene to fluorescein and photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer from the excited state of fluorescein to the C₆₀ moiety.     

STEADY-STATE FLUORESCENCE METHOD FOR EVALUATING EXCITED STATE PROTON REACTIONS: APPLICATION TO FLUORESCEIN

Abstract Fluorescein is a complex fluorophore in the sense that it displays four prototropic forms (cation, neutral, monoanion and dianion) in the pH range 1–9. In experiments with fluorescein-labeled proteins we have sometimes observed complex nanosecond emission kinetics, which could be due to conversion of the excited monoanion into the excited dianion through an excited state proton exchange with a proton acceptor in the labeled protein. However, the literature is ambiguous on whether this possible excited state proton reaction of fluorescein does occur in practice. In this article we describe a general steady-state fluorescence method for evaluating excited state proton reactions of simple as well as complex pH-sensitive fluorophores and apply it to evaluate excited state proton reactions of fluorescein. The method depends on finding a buffer that can serve as an excited state proton donor-acceptor but does not significantly perturb ground state proton equilibrium and especially does not form ground (or excited state complexes) with the fluorophore. Our results show that the excited monoanion-dianion proton reaction of fluorescein does occur in the presence of phosphate buffer, which serves as a proton donor-acceptor that does not significantly perturb ground state proton equilibria. The reaction becomes detectable at phosphate buffer concentrations greater than 20 mM and the reaction efficiency increases with increase in phosphate buffer concentrations. The reaction is most clearly demonstrated by adding phosphate buffer to a solution of fluorescein at constant pH 5.9 with preferential excitation of the monoanion. Under these conditions, the excited monoanion converts to the dianion during its lifetime. The conversion is detected experimentally as an increase in dianion and decrease in monoanion fluorescence intensities with increase in phosphate buffer concentration. The absorption spectrum is not significantly perturbed by the increase in phosphate buffer concentration. To quantitate the reaction, we have recorded titration graphs of fluorescence intensity versus pH for fluorescein solutions at low (5 mM) and high buffer (1 M) concentrations with preferential excitation of the monoanion and preferential detection of the dianion emission. We have also developed theoretical expressions that relate fluorescence intensity to pH in terms of the concentration of the four prototrophic forms of fluorescein, extinction coefficients, fluorescence efficiencies and ground and excited state pK_a. The theoretical expressions give very good fits to the experimental data and allow evaluation of fundamental parameters such as pK_a and fluorescence efficiencies. The analysis of the experimental data shows that the excited monoanion-dianion reaction does not significantly occur at 5 mM phosphate buffer concentration. However, at 1 M buffer concentration the reaction is sufficiently fast that it practically achieves equilibrium during the lifetimes of the excited fluorescein monoanion and dianion. The pK_a* of the excited monoanion-dianion proton reaction is around 6.3. The results and methods presented here should be useful in the development and testing of pH-sensitive labeling fluorophores and fluorescent indicators.     

A new pulsed light source for lifetime studies and time resolved spectroscopy: the synchrotron radiation from an electron storage ring

Synchrotron radiation from the Orsay Storage Ring (ACO) has been used as a repetitive source for lifetime and time resolved fluorescence studies. Our measurements and results concern: (1) Lifetime of standard compounds (quinine sulfate and fluorescein anion); (2) single vibronic level fluorescence (aniline and pyrazaine in the vapor phase; pyrazine lifetime has been measured for the first time to be 0.5 ± 0.2 ns); and (3) reactivity of excited molecules (decay time and time resolved spectra of 2-naphthol and fluorescein both undergoing fast protolytic reactions in the excited state). Storage ring synchrotron radiation characteristics and performances are discussed and compared to those of conventional “nanosecond” flash lamps. Possible new applications are foreseen.     

Excited state properties of transition metal phosphine complexes

Phosphine ligands determine the excited state properties of a variety of coordination compounds. Phosphines not only influence metal-centered excited states, but participate directly in charge transfer transitions owing to their electron donating and accepting ability. Moreover, intraligand excited states are accessible if the phosphine carries suitable substituents. This diversity is illustrated by selected examples. The excited state behavior is discussed on the basis of spectral (absorption and emission) and photochemical properties of appropriate phosphine complexes.     

CHEMILUMINESCENCE and EPR STUDIES ON THE EXCITATION SITE OF FERRIC-HEME-OXO COMPLEXES OF NATURAL and MODEL HEME SYSTEMS

Chemiluminescence was detected both in the reaction system of H₂O₂ plus heme proteins such as methemo- and metmyoglobin and ferric-protoheme complexes used as a model system. The intensity of chemiluminescence was found to be mediated by ligand binding to the sixth coordination site of the ferric-protoheme compounds, e.g. chemiluminescence was not observed with the bisimidazole ferric-protoheme complex. On the other hand the pentacoordinated histidine ferric-protoheme complex exhibited strong light emission. Comparative studies with various ligand-heme compounds elucidated that light emission was inversely correlated with the binding strength of the respective ligand at the sixth coordination site. The basic reaction mechanism causing the establishment of an excited state was studied by monitoring chemiluminescence and EPR signal formation of ligand-modified heme proteins in the presence of different electron donors. External electron donors such as Trolox C, TMPD and ascorbic acid affected a strong reduction in the development of chemiluminescence suggesting the essential involvement of an inner-molecular electron transfer process. Our results allow the conclusion that chemiluminescence is generated from the decay of an excited state of oxo-heme compounds established as a result of a one electron transfer step from a ligand group to heme iron.     

Electron transfer dynamics from organic adsorbate to a semiconductor surface: zinc phthalocyanine on TiO2(110)

The femtosecond time evolutions of excited states in zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPC) films and at the interface with TiO2(110) have been studied by using time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-2PPE). The excited states are prepared in the first singlet excited state (S1) with excess vibrational energy. Two different films are examined: ultrathin (monolayer) and thick films of approximately 30 A in thickness. The decay behavior depends on the thickness of the film. In the case of the thick film, TR-2PPE spectra are dominated by the signals from ZnPC in the film. The excited states decay with tau = 118 fs mainly by intramolecular vibrational relaxation. After the excited states cascaded down to near the bottom of the S1 manifold, they decay slowly (tau = 56 ps) although the states are located at above the conduction band minimum of the bulk TiO2. The exciton migration in the thick film is the rate-determining step for the electron transfer from the film to the bulk TiO2. In the case of the ultrathin film, the contribution of electron transfer is more evident. The excited states decay faster than those in the thick film, because the electron transfer competes with the intramolecular relaxation processes. The electronic coupling with empty bands in the conduction band of TiO2 plays an important role in the electron transfer. The lower limit of the electron-transfer rate was estimated to be 1/296 fs(-1). After the excited states relax to the states whose energy is below the conduction band minimum of TiO2, they decay much more slowly because the electron-transfer channel is not available for these states.     

有机分子三重激发态的调控与应用

对近期有机分子三重激发态调控的研究进展进行了总结评述。控制分子的三重激发态性质,可以制备多种具有新颖性质的分子,如用于可激活光动力治疗(PDT)的光敏剂、磷光分子探针与生物标识试剂,以及可控的三重态湮灭上转换等。但目前对三重态控制方面的研究相对较少,其中的规律也很不明确。近期有文献陆续报道了使用超分子方法和共价修饰法进行的三重态调控,利用的光物理过程有单重态能量转移、三重态能量转移、电子转移等等。现有研究结果表明,三重态的调控规律与单重态的调控规律有所不同,例如:发色团的单重激发态(荧光)往往可以被光诱导电子转移(PET)所猝灭,但是在多个例子中已发现,相同发色团的三重态并不能被PET所猝灭。本文总结的研究结果及所作的分析,将对该领域的分子结构设计及后续研究起到一定的促进作用。     

Comparison of photoinduced electron transfer reactions of C60 and aromatic carbonyl compounds

The one-electron reduction potential of the triplet excited state of C₆₀ is similar to those of some aromatic carbonyl compounds. Thus, photoinduced electron transfer is expected to occur from the common electron donors to both C₆₀ and aromatic carbonyl compounds. In this paper comparison is made between photoinduced electron transfer from organosilanes and organostannanes used as the electron donors to the triplet excited states of C₆₀ and aromatic carbonyl compounds, providing valuable insight into their common mechanistic features for the C-C bond formation via photoinduced electron transfer as well as the new functionalization method of C₆₀.     

Influence of ZnO Nanoparticles on the Behavior of the Short-Lived Products of the Pulse Photolysis of Fluorescein and Its Halogen Derivatives in Isopropanol

Rapid processes, which occur on photoexcitation of fluorescein and a series of its halogen derivatives in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles in isopropanol, have been studied by pulse photolysis. The short-lived intermediates have been identified and the kinetics of their destruction have been studied. It is shown that photoinduced transfer of an electron from the singlet and triplet excited molecules of the dyestuffs into the conduction zone of the semiconductor occurs in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles.