碳/碳复合材料的疲劳行为研究

碳/碳复合材料作为理想的高温结构材料,在服役过程中不可避免地涉及疲劳加载的情况,其疲劳行为的研究具有十分重要的意义.本文对近年来碳/碳复合材料疲劳行为的研究情况进行了综述,总结出了疲劳行为特点.提出了"界面控制"疲劳机理分析模型,并用此模型合理解释了碳/碳复合材料优异的抗疲劳性能以及异常的"疲劳强化"现象.并在此基础上,对今后的研究工作发表了一些看法.     

层板复合材料疲劳性能的实验研究

对层板复合材料在拉伸－拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的初始静刚度、初始静强度、剩余刚度、剩余强度、疲劳寿命进行了实验研究,取得了大量的有意义的实验数据,分析了层板复合材料的初始静刚度、初始静强度和疲劳寿命的概率分布,讨论了层板复合材料在不同应力水平下剩余刚度随疲劳循环周次的衰减变化及损伤破坏的形式,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

C/C复合材料的疲劳性能及损伤研究现状

碳/碳复合材料作为理想的高温结构材料,在服役过程中不可避免地涉及疲劳加载的情况,其疲劳行为的研究具有十分重要的意义.通过对近年来C/C复合材料疲劳行为的研究情况进行的综述,总结出了疲劳特点以及疲劳过程中材料微观结构的变化特点.并在此基础上,对今后的研究工作发表了一些看法.     

层板复合材料疲劳性能的实验研究

对层板复合材料在拉伸 -拉伸疲劳载荷作用下的初始静刚度、初始静强度、剩余刚度、剩余强度、疲劳寿命进行了实验研究 ,取得了大量的有意义的实验数据 ,分析了层板复合材料的初始静刚度、初始静强度和疲劳寿命的概率分布 ,讨论了层板复合材料在不同应力水平下剩余刚度随疲劳循环周次的衰减变化及损伤破坏的形式 ,得到了一些有意义的结论     

碳纤维束疲劳损伤失效试验

为了解碳纤维束的疲劳特性及疲劳加载后剩余强度的变化, 为建立碳纤维复合材料疲劳性能的细观力学分析模型提供必要的基础数据, 研究设计了碳纤维束静载力学性能及疲劳特性试验方案, 并进行了试验。采用最小二乘法拟合得到了单束碳纤维的应力-寿命(S-N)曲线。对经过预疲劳的碳纤维束试验件进行了剩余强度试验, 采用最小二乘法拟合得到了碳纤维束疲劳加载剩余强度模型。试验结果表明: 试验所用碳纤维束的条件疲劳极限为静拉伸强度的80.47%; 碳纤维束经历一定循环次数的拉-拉疲劳可以提高其强度, 其剩余强度随着疲劳加载循环次数的增加先增加后减小。     

单向碳/碳复合材料拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度预测模型

基于预测单向复合材料纵向拉伸强度的随机核模型,引入纤维单丝剩余强度二参数Weibull模型及纤维单丝与基体界面剩余强度模型,研究建立了单向复合材料纵向拉-拉疲劳寿命及剩余强度的预测模型。对经过一定次数拉-拉疲劳载荷循环后的纤维束抽取其纤维单丝进行剩余强度拉伸试验,建立了纤维单丝剩余强度的二参数Weibull模型,测试单向碳/碳（C/C）复合材料的纤维与基体界面强度。通过单向C/C复合材料算例分析表明,92.5%、90.6%和87.5%应力水平下对数预测寿命与对数试验寿命比值分别为0.79、1.00和1.11,表明所建立的寿命预测模型用于预测单向C/C复合材料疲劳寿命是可行的;纵向拉伸剩余强度预测值与试验值误差在10%以内,吻合较好,表明所提出的剩余强度预测模型具有较高的精度。     

三维四向编织复合材料界面损伤机理数值分析

考虑界面脱粘表面压应力下摩擦力对材料界面力学性能的影响,建立损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,编写用户材料子程序VUMAT,实现其在有限元软件ABAQUS中的嵌入。基于周期性胞元分析思想,在单胞模型中纤维束/基体、纤维束/纤维束分界面引入界面单元,结合损伤-摩擦相结合的界面本构模型,建立含界面相三维四向编织复合材料的细观有限元模型。模拟典型载荷下界面损伤的起始和扩展过程,分析界面应力传递和界面破坏机理,研究界面性能对复合材料宏细观力学性能的影响规律,为实现三维四向编织复合材料界面性能优化设计和控制提供参考。      

碳/碳复合材料内耗行为研究

碳／碳复合材料的内耗是材料内部各种结构因素共同作用的结果。通过分析碳纤维、热解碳基体及纤维／基体界面对碳／碳复合材料内耗特征的影响规律与机抽,对碳／碳复合材料的内耗行为进行了研究。     

三维编织复合材料的疲劳性能

研究了三维编织复合材料的疲劳性能和编织结构对疲劳性能的影响。进行了应力比为011 、实验频率为10 Hz 的拉2拉疲劳性能测试。结果表明, 三维编织复合材料的疲劳强度约为其抗拉强度的60 %～80 % , 比金属材料的疲劳强度的相对值高。编织角是影响三维编织结构复合材料疲劳性能的一个主要因素。随着编织角的增大, 疲劳过程中易出现各种损伤, 而且伴随明显的升温现象。编织角大的试件在疲劳实验过程中模量变化明显, 并且呈现逐渐升高的趋势, 这与金属材料的双模量变化规律不同。在疲劳次数为100 万次后, 试件的剩余强度高于静载拉伸强度, 这主要是由于在疲劳测试过程中, 试件内编织纱线的取向更接近受力方向所致。      

层板复合材料疲劳性能的唯象学研究模型及其应用

介绍了层板复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下剩余强度衰退模型、剩余刚度衰退模型及剩余强度和剩余刚度的关系模型，给出了模型的实验验证实例，讨论了这些模型的应用范围及需要进一步研究的问题。     

循环加载周期对二维C/C复合材料弯曲疲劳强度的影响

采用频率为10 Hz、 应力比为0.1的正弦波研究了室温下循环次数对二维炭毡C/C复合材料(2D炭毡C/C复合材料)的弯曲疲劳强度的影响, 并利用偏光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对该材料的热解碳组织形貌以及疲劳前后的断口形貌和微观结构进行了观察。结果表明, 2D炭毡C/C复合材料的热解碳结构由光滑层和各向同性层组成, 其疲劳极限为76.5 MPa, 是静态弯曲强度的90%。在不同循环周次的疲劳载荷作用后, 材料的剩余弯曲强度和韧性都得到了提高。在疲劳加载过程中, 纤维/基体的界面结合强度发生弱化, 纤维的协同承载能力得到提高, 使C/C复合材料出现了疲劳强化现象。      

Tensile and compressive damage coupling for fully-reversed bending fatigue of fibre-reinforced composites

ABSTRACT Due to their high specific stiffness and strength, fibre-reinforced composite materials are winning through in a wide range of applications in automotive, naval and aerospace industry. Their design for fatigue is a complicated problem and a large research effort is being spent on it today. However there is still a need for extensive experimental testing or large safety factors to be adopted, because numerical simulations of the fatigue damage behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites are often found to be unreliable. This is due to the limited applicability of the theoretical models developed so far, compared to the complex multi-axial fatigue loadings that composite components often have to sustain in in-service loading conditions.
In this paper a new phenomenological fatigue model is presented. It is basically a residual stiffness model, but through an appropriate choice of the stress measure, the residual strength and thus final failure can be predicted as well. Two coupled growth rate equations for tensile and compressive damage describe the damage growth under tension–compression loading conditions and provide a much more general approach than the use of the stress ratio R . The model has been applied to fully-reversed bending of plain woven glass/epoxy specimens. Stress redistributions and the three stages of stiffness degradation (sharp initial decline – gradual deterioration – final failure) could be simulated satisfactorily.     

Simulating in-plane fatigue damage in woven glass fibre-reinforced composites subject to fully reversed cyclic loading

The interest in using fibre‐reinforced composites in structural components is increasing. Some of these structural composites, such as wind turbine blades, aircraft components and torsion shafts are subject to fatigue loadings. It is widely accepted that fully reversed cyclic loading is the most adverse loading for fibre‐reinforced composites, but the modelling of the material behaviour under this loading condition is very difficult. In this paper, a damage model is presented for woven glass fibre‐reinforced composites subject to fully reversed cyclic loading. First fatigue experiments have been conducted in displacement‐controlled fully reversed bending and the stiffness degradation and damage patterns have been observed. Based on these experimental data, a damage model has been developed, which includes the in‐plane stress components and the degradation of the in‐plane elastic properties. The model has been implemented in a commercial finite‐element code and simulation of the successive stages in the fatigue life has been performed. The model has been validated for a plain woven glass fabric reinforced composite and simulated stiffness degradation, damage growth and damage distribution have been compared with experimental data.     

加载循环数对2D针刺C/SiC复合材料疲劳剩余强度的影响

为研究陶瓷基复合材料的低周疲劳失效机理,通过试验和细观分析对其疲劳特性进行了探讨。研究了室温下加载循环数对2D针刺C/SiC复合材料拉-拉疲劳剩余强度的影响,并采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对该材料的断口形貌和微观结构进行了观察。结果表明:2D针刺C/SiC复合材料具有较好的抗疲劳特性,在85%极限拉伸强度(UTS)载荷下的循环数超过106;随着加载循环数的增加,剩余强度先增大然后下降。断口分析表明:纤维拔出长度随着加载循环数的增加而增加,说明在疲劳加载过程中,纤维/基体的界面结合强度降低,减缓了材料内部受力的不均匀性,提高了材料的承载能力,使2D针刺C/SiC复合材料出现了疲劳强化现象。      

Novel analytical model for fatigue cumulative damage estimation under random loading

A newly nonlinear cumulative damage model associated with the S‐N curve, which preserves the compatibility conditions established for S‐N plane, was proposed and assessed by Eskandari and Kim in 2015. The model requires one exponent, in addition to the S‐N curve, to calculate the residual strength. A methodology is established to determine analytically the lower bound value of the exponent. However, this value proved to be too low for a quasi‐isotropic glass‐fibre laminate, based on published residual strength data. Further on, good predictions are obtained for ascending and descending ordered block spectrum. Yet it failed at fully random spectrum. The model was modified by imposing a very small decrease on model exponent towards the lower bound value, each time an increase in peak stress occurs. This modified model has been found to give good agreement with fatigue experimental data at different spectrum loads.     

三维六向编织复合材料渐进损伤模拟及强度预测

基于三维六向编织复合材料的细观结构,假设第六向纱线的截面形状为菱形,建立了三维六向编织复合材料的渐进损伤有限元模型。采用Linde等提出的失效准则,引入周期性位移边界条件,对三维六向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸应力-应变行为进行了渐进损伤数值模拟,讨论了单胞模型在纵向拉伸载荷作用下的细观损伤起始、扩展和最终失效的演化过程,并预测了材料的拉伸强度。在此基础上,进一步研究了编织角、纤维体积分数和编织纱水平取向角等参数对材料纵向拉伸力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,三维六向编织复合材料的轴向纱线拉伸断裂是导致其破坏的最主要因素。所得数值结果与现有试验值吻合较好,验证了该模型的有效性,为更深入研究此类材料的力学性能奠定了基础。     

Monitoring the damage evolution of flexural fatigue in unidirectional carbon/carbon composites by electrical resistance change method

This paper reported simultaneous monitoring damage evolution of flexural fatigue in unidirectional carbon-fiber-reinforced carbon composites (C/C composites) by electrical resistance change (ERC) methods. The degree of irregularity in electrical resistance changes increased with stress levels increasing. The shapes of electrical resistance change rate–fatigue cycle curves can reflect stress levels and damage types of tested samples: sawtooth shapes reflected delamination at a higher stress level; and “peak” shapes reflected inner damages in one fiber bundle at the fatigue limit stress level. In addition, the similarity of initial electrical resistance–fatigue life curve and S–N curve was observed clearly. In summary, ERC methods can monitor the damage evolution and qualitatively estimate the fatigue life of unidirectional C/C composites.     

二维编织C/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的热传导系数预测

根据二维编织C/SiC复合材料的细观结构及其制备工艺特点,提出了一种预测该材料热传导系数的单胞模型。模型简化了编织结构纱线的实际构型,充分考虑了编织结构复合材料由于化学气相渗透(CVI)工艺制备陶瓷基复合材料产生的孔洞对热传导系数的影响。利用单胞模型预测了二维编织C/SiC的结构参数、纤维体积含量、孔洞体积含量对复合材料热传导系数的影响规律。结果表明: 随着纤维束扭结处产生间隙与纱线宽度比值的增大,热传导系数减小;当其它参数不变时,热传导系数随着纤维体积含量和孔洞体积含量的增加而下降。利用Hot Disk热测量仪采用瞬变平面热源法测试了二维编织C/SiC复合材料面内的热传导系数,试验结果与模型预测结果吻合较好。